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  1. Łuniewska M, Wodniecka Z, Miller CA, Smolík F, Butcher M, Chondrogianni V, et al.
    PLoS One, 2019;14(8):e0220611.
    PMID: 31393919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220611
    We present a new set of subjective Age of Acquisition (AoA) ratings for 299 words (158 nouns, 141 verbs) in seven languages from various language families and cultural settings: American English, Czech, Scottish Gaelic, Lebanese Arabic, Malaysian Malay, Persian, and Western Armenian. The ratings were collected from a total of 173 participants and were highly reliable in each language. We applied the same method of data collection as used in a previous study on 25 languages which allowed us to create a database of fully comparable AoA ratings of 299 words in 32 languages. We found that in the seven languages not included in the previous study, the words are estimated to be acquired at roughly the same age as in the previously reported languages, i.e. mostly between the ages of 1 and 7 years. We also found that the order of word acquisition is moderately to highly correlated across all 32 languages, which extends our previous conclusion that early words are acquired in similar order across a wide range of languages and cultures.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  2. de Azevedo JP, Nascimento LR, Cortinovis MC, Oliveira SS, da Costa EV, da Silva EE
    J Clin Virol, 2004 Dec;31(4):248-52.
    PMID: 15494264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2004.04.007
    BACKGROUND: Human adenoviruses are classified into six species, A-F, and 51 serotypes are recognized. Adenoviruses can cause a broad range of diseases. Serotypes 3, 7 and 21 are most commonly associated with CNS disease. Serotype 21 (specie B) was isolated from brain tissue and CSF of patients with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in Malaysia.
    OBJECTIVES: Characterize, by molecular methods, species B adenoviruses isolated from poliomyelitis-suspected cases and investigate the possible etiological role of adenoviruses in acute flaccid paralysis (AFP).
    STUDY DESIGN: 622 virus isolates, including Sabin-related polioviruses, non-polio enteroviruses (NPEV) and adenoviruses, were recovered from fecal specimens in our laboratory during the period of 1997-2002 from AFP cases occurring in Brazil, Peru and Bolivia. Negative controls consisted of 528 fecal specimens collected from healthy children <==5 of age. Of these, 478 were contacts of AFP negative cases and 50 were from a day-care center.
    RESULTS: Sixty-four adenovirus strains isolated in HEp2 (human laryngeal tumor cells) cells were confirmed as such by an adenovirus-group specific PCR. Nucleotide sequencing identified the following adenovirus species: A (3 isolates), B (20 isolates), C (38 isolates), D (2 isolates) and E (1 isolate). The following serotypes belonging to the species B were identified: Ad3 (1 strain), Ad7 (17 strains) and, Ad16 (2 strains).
    CONCLUSION: Other viral agents became more recognized in association with CNS diseases in areas where wild polioviruses have been eradicated. The possible role of species B adenoviruses in the etiology of AFP cases similar to that caused by wild poliovirus is discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  3. Zyoud SH, Awang R, Sulaiman SA, Al-Jabi SW
    Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 2011 Feb;20(2):203-8.
    PMID: 21254292 DOI: 10.1002/pds.2060
    Acetaminophen overdose may be accompanied by electrolyte disturbances. The basis for electrolyte change appears to be due to increased fractional urinary electrolyte excretion.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  4. Zuridah H, Kirkwood CD, Bogdanovic-Sakran N, Bishop RF, Yap KL
    J Med Virol, 2010 Apr;82(4):707-11.
    PMID: 20166178 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21717
    This study examined the temporal distribution of rotavirus genotypes in Malaysia. Rotaviruses from children with diarrhea admitted to hospitals in 1996 (n = 93) and 2007 (n = 12) in two different regions of Peninsular (West) Malaysia were analyzed for their G and P genotypes using a hemi-nested RT-PCR assay. In the 2007 samples, the dominant strain was G9P[8]. It was identified in 42% of the samples. Different strains all possessing the G1 genotype were identified in the rest of the samples. In contrast, 81% of the samples collected in 1996 were the G1P[8] strain. No strains with G9 genotype were detected in samples collected in 1996.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  5. Zuridah H, Bahaman AR, Mohd Azmi ML, Mutalib AR
    Med J Malaysia, 2004 Jun;59(2):153-9.
    PMID: 15559163 MyJurnal
    A total of 157 stool samples were examined for Group A rotaviruses in diarrheic children admitted to 8 different major hospitals in Malaysia. The overall incidence rate in this study was 19.7% (31 of 157) with a variation of 9.5% to 39.1% in different locations. Majority of the infections detected were in those under 2 years of age and there were fewer admissions in the older age group. The stool samples were initially screened for rotavirus Group A by latex agglutination method and followed by RNA electrophoresis. The size and the characteristics wheel-shaped morphology of the viral preparations when examined by electron-microscopy further confirmed the presence of rotaviruses in the positive stool samples. Analysis of the RNA pattern showed that majority of the isolates, 51.6% (16 of 31) were Type IIC ('long' with comigration of RNA segments 7 and 8), 35.5% (11 of 31) with Type IIG ('long' with comigration of segments 7, 8, 9), 9.7% (3 of 31) with Type IG ('short' with comigration of RNA segments 7, 8, 9) and 3.2% (1 of 31) of mixed or atypical pattern. It appeared that over a 12 year interval, only one new or unusual rotavirus electropherotype was found. This is the first comprehensive report on the electropherotypes of rotaviruses covering eight different geographical locations in Malaysia and the data obtained is useful for understanding the geographic distribution and types of rotaviruses transmitting in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  6. Zulkipli MS, Dahlui M, Jamil N, Peramalah D, Wai HVC, Bulgiba A, et al.
    PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2018 02;12(2):e0006263.
    PMID: 29415036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006263
    BACKGROUND: Severe dengue infection often has unpredictable clinical progressions and outcomes. Obesity may play a role in the deterioration of dengue infection due to stronger body immune responses. Several studies found that obese dengue patients have a more severe presentation with a poorer prognosis. However, the association was inconclusive due to the variation in the results of earlier studies. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the relationship between obesity and dengue severity.

    METHODS: We performed a systematic search of relevant studies on Ovid (MEDLINE), EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus and grey literature databases. At least two authors independently conducted the literature search, selecting eligible studies, and extracting data. Meta-analysis using random-effects model was conducted to compute the pooled odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals (CI).

    FINDINGS: We obtained a total of 13,333 articles from the searches. For the final analysis, we included a total of fifteen studies among pediatric patients. Three cohort studies, two case-control studies, and one cross-sectional study found an association between obesity and dengue severity. In contrast, six cohort studies and three case-control studies found no significant relationship between obesity and dengue severity. Our meta-analysis revealed that there was 38 percent higher odds (Odds Ratio = 1.38; 95% CI:1.10, 1.73) of developing severe dengue infection among obese children compared to non-obese children. We found no heterogeneity found between studies. The differences in obesity classification, study quality, and study design do not modify the association between obesity and dengue severity.

    CONCLUSION: This review found that obesity is a risk factor for dengue severity among children. The result highlights and improves our understanding that obesity might influence the severity of dengue infection.

    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  7. Zulkifli SN, Yusof K
    Med J Malaysia, 1985 Jun;40(2):62-79.
    PMID: 3834289
    A 70 million population for Malaysia by the year 2010 has been officially targetted for in the Mid-Term Review of the Fourth Malaysia Plan, 1981-1985. In response to this, a preliminary investigation was undertaken into the health aspects of population growth. For this exercise, infant mortality rate was used as the health indicator. From trends seen vis-a-vis population growth, it appears that thus far, population growth has not been associated negatively with health (as measured by IMR). In recognition of the relevance of the medical, economic and education factors to health, trends in Malaysia's population ratio, per capita GNP and rates of school enrolment were also drawn; the selection of these as proxies being based on completeness of time-serial records. Although statistical regressions established the high correlation between medical doctors.population ratio and school enrolment rate with IMR, the limitations in this analysis did not permit any reliable inferences. In view of the difficulties in projections of trends, a comparison of health and related variables was carried out for several countries with high populations as near to 70 million as were available. The characteristics associated with low mortality and high life expectancy (health indices) were identified as low population growth, high literacy and high per capita GNP; this being stated with explicit qualifications. Other determinants of health were also discussed in brief, and the need for careful planning in the distribution of human and material resources was noted.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  8. Zulkifli SN
    Asia Pac J Public Health, 1992;6(4):210-6.
    PMID: 1345448
    Growth monitoring has been included as one of the basic strategies for child survival. In this paper, the rationale for this is reiterated both for individual as well as population nutritional surveillance. Methods for and approaches to growth monitoring are described. In addition, potential problems in implementing growth monitoring projects and interpreting the results are discussed. Despite its lack of sensitivity and specificity as a diagnostic tool, its advantages in terms of low cost, simplicity, reliability and social acceptability justify its use in nutritional surveillance, particularly in populations at risk of malnutrition.
    Publication year: 1992-1993
    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  9. Zulkifli A, Khairul Anuar A, Atiya AS
    PMID: 10695800
    A cross-sectional survey of the nutritional status of children aged 1-10 years old from the Kuala Betis resettlement villages was carried out. A total of 620 children were examined, of which 329 were preschool children and 291 were schoolchildren. The age was determined and anthropometric measurements such as weight, height and MUAC were taken. The nutritional status was assessed by looking at the distributions of the z-scores of weight-for-age (WAZ), height-for-age (HAZ) and weight-for-height (WHZ) in relation to the growth charts of the National Center for Health Statistics reference population. It was found that the nutritional status of the Orang Asli children was poor, with a prevalence of 33.7-65.3% underweight, 55.3-74.4% stunting and 4.4-29.7% wasting based on the NCHS reference values. The prevalence of malnutrition among the Malay children was lower, underweight--7.3-34.1%, stunting--9.8-34.1% and wasting--1.7-17.1%. The nutritional status of the Orang Asli children were poorer compared to the Malay children. More preschool Orang Asli children were stunted compared to the Orang Asli schoolchildren. This may be due to the poor economic base of the Orang Asli community during the transformation period after resettlement. A comprehensive primary health care program is essential, especially targeting the preschool Orang Asli children in these resettlement villages.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  10. Zulkifli A, Khairul AA, Atiya AS, Abdullah B, Yano A
    Med J Malaysia, 1999 Dec;54(4):453-8.
    PMID: 11072462
    A study of the prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminthiasis among pre-school children aged 0 to 7 years from an Orang Asli village resettlement scheme in Gua Musang, Kelantan was undertaken. The overall prevalence of soil transmitted helminthic (STH) infections was 56.0%. The predominant helminth found was Ascaris lumbricoides while the commonest type of infection was a mixed infection with Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura. The prevalence rates of Ascaris, Trichuris and hookworm infections were 47.5%, 33.9% and 6.2% respectively. The intensity of Ascaris infections were 64.5% light, 27.3% moderate and 8.3% heavy whilst the intensity of Trichuris infections were 80.5% light, 18.3% moderate and 1.2% heavy. However, the intensity of hookworm infections were 86.7% light, 13.3% moderate and no heavy infection. The prevalence of helminthiasis (STH) shows an-age dependent relationship, with the lowest prevalence in 0-< 1 year age group and highest in the 6-< 7 year age group.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  11. Zulkifli A, Kamal AA
    Med J Malaysia, 1980 Dec;35(2):164-5.
    PMID: 7266412
    This study was proposed to identify specific radiological appearances in Malaysian patients with bronchial asthma. All consecutive patients, seen in the Medical Unit, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia between 1976 and 1979, satisfying the American Thoracic Society [1962] criteria for bronchial asthma formed the subjects of this study. Analysis of 207 patients led to the following conclusion. There are specific radiological changes present in a proportion of bronchial asthmatics during the acute episode. These changes are more frequent in the younger age group and in those in which the age of onset are early, The duration of asthma seems to have some bearing to the radiological changes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  12. Zulkifli A, Ng WH, Chelvam P, Pillay RP
    Med J Malaysia, 1979 Sep;34(1):55-6.
    PMID: 317347
    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  13. Zulkarnain S, Yunus N, Kandasamy R, Zun AB, Mat Zin AA
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2020 Oct 01;21(10):3085-3091.
    PMID: 33112571 DOI: 10.31557/APJCP.2020.21.10.3085
    OBJECTIVE: Glioma is the commonest primary malignant brain tumour. Diagnosis is made based on cytology smear, frozen section and histopathological examination. Intraoperative pathological diagnosis using either cytology smear, frozen section or combination of both, plays a crucial role in patient's future management and prognosis. This study aims to determine the accuracy of cytology smear and frozen section in glioma, and to compare the difference between both techniques.

    METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 22 cases of glioma diagnosed intraoperatively from January 2013 until August 2019 in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. The selected tissues were processed for cytology smear and frozen section. The remaining tissues were proceeded for paraffin section. The diagnosis was categorized as either low-grade or high-grade glioma based on cellularity, nuclear pleomorphism, mitotic count, microvascular proliferation and necrosis. The sensitivity and specificity of frozen section and cytology smears were determined based on paraffin section being as the gold standard. The accuracy of both techniques was compared using statistical analysis.

    RESULTS: The overall sensitivity and specificity of cytology smear were 100% and 76.9%, respectively. Meanwhile, the sensitivity and specificity of frozen section were 100% and 84.6%. There was no significant difference in diagnostic accuracy between cytology smear and frozen section in glioma (p>0.05).

    CONCLUSION: Cytology smears provides an alternative method for frozen section due to good cellularity and morphology on smear. Cytology smear is rapid, inexpensive, small amount of tissue requirement and less technical demand. This finding may benefit to the hospital or treatment centres where frozen section facility is unavailable.

    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  14. Zulkafli Z, Janaveloo T, Wan Ab Rahman WS, Hassan MN, Abdullah WZ
    Oman Med J, 2019 Jul;34(4):336-340.
    PMID: 31360323 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2019.65
    Thrombocytosis in children as well as in adult is defined as platelet count ≥ 450 × 109/L, and it is usually a reactive feature to various medical disorders. However, extreme thrombocytosis (platelet count ≥ 1000 × 109/L) is an uncommon finding among pediatric and adult patients, which may indicate more than a reactive phenomenon. We describe a case of a five-year-old boy who was admitted due to recurrent epistaxis. He had no history of allergic tendency or trauma. Physical examination was unremarkable except for shotty neck nodes. Laboratory results at presentation showed normal hemoglobin and total leukocyte count with eosinophilia (0.92 × 109/L), and extreme thrombocytosis. Other relevant investigations including coagulation profile, serum ferritin, liver, and renal function tests were all within normal ranges. Stool samples for ova and cysts were negative. The peripheral blood smear and bone marrow aspirate confirmed thrombocytosis with increased megakaryocytic proliferation and no artefactual reasons for the high platelets such as red blood cell fragments. Different causes of thrombocytosis in childhood were investigated after considering the possible differential diagnoses for extreme thrombocytosis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  15. Zulfiqar MA, Noryati M, Hamzaini AH, Thambidorai CR
    Med J Malaysia, 2006 Jun;61(2):199-203.
    PMID: 16898311 MyJurnal
    The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of pneumatic reduction of intussusception using equipment readily available in the hospital. Twenty-two children aged between four months and four years had pneumatic reduction of intussusception. The device used was assembled using (i) a hand-held pump attached to a pressure gauge, and (ii) a 3-way Foley's balloon catheter. There was a 73% success rate and there were no complications. The device used was effective and safe for the pneumatic reduction of intussusception.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  16. Zulfiqar MA, Zaleha AM, Zulkifli I, Chia WY, Samad SA
    Med J Malaysia, 1998 Sep;53(3):284-7.
    PMID: 10968168
    Three children aged 3-11 years had ultrasonography of the urinary tract for the investigation of dysuria and haematuria. A bladder mass was seen in these 3 children. One child had computed tomography scan, cystoscopy and bladder biopsy because rhabdomyosarcoma was considered. The biopsy revealed an inflammatory process. The urine culture of the other 2 children revealed E. coli. On ultrasonography, the inflammatory mass may appear homogeneously hypoechoic or may contain moderate level echoes. The mucosal surface of the mass may be smooth or lobulated. It is important to consider an infective cause for a bladder mass in children because computed tomography, cystoscopy and biopsy may be avoided.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  17. Zulfiqar A, Abdul-Samad S, Alias D, Norizan A
    Med J Malaysia, 1993 Jun;48(2):160-5.
    PMID: 8350791
    Orbital pseudotumour is a non-specific inflammatory disease. Its highly variable clinical and radiographic presentation makes specific diagnosis difficult. This study on 31 proven cases of pseudotumour shows that unilateral involvement, retroorbital fat infiltration and enlargement of multiple extraocular muscles with involvement of the tendinous insertions are key computed tomography CT features which help to establish the diagnosis of orbital pseudotumour.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  18. Zueter AM, Mohamed Z, Abdullah AD, Mohamad N, Arifin N, Othman N, et al.
    Singapore Med J, 2014 Jul;55(7):367-71.
    PMID: 25091885
    INTRODUCTION: Strongyloidiasis is one of the most commonly neglected but clinically important parasitic infections worldwide, especially among immunocompromised patients. Evidence of infection among immunocompromised patients in Malaysia is, however, lacking. In this study, microscopy, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were used to detect Strongyloides stercoralis (S. stercoralis) infection among cancer patients in a Malaysian hospital.

    METHODS: A total of 192 stool and serum samples were collected from cancer patients who were receiving chemotherapy with or without steroid treatment at a hospital in northeastern Malaysia. Stool samples were examined for S. stercoralis using parasitological methods and real-time PCR. Serology by ELISA was performed to detect parasite-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgG4 and immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. For comparison, IgG4- and IgG-ELISAs were also performed on the sera of 150 healthy individuals from the same area.

    RESULTS: Of the 192 samples examined, 1 (0.5%) sample was positive for S. stercoralis by microscopy, 3 (1.6%) by real-time PCR, 8 (4.2%) by IgG-ELISA, 6 (3.1%) by IgG4-ELISA, and none was positive by IgE-ELISA. In comparison, healthy blood donors had significantly lower prevalence of parasite-specific IgG (2.67%, p < 0.05) and IgG4 (2.67%, p < 0.05) responses.

    CONCLUSION: This study showed that laboratory testing may be considered as a diagnostic investigation for S. stercoralis among immunocompromised cancer patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  19. Zubir FS, Saniasiaya J, Abdul Gani H
    Malays Fam Physician, 2021 Mar 25;16(1):133-135.
    PMID: 33948154 DOI: 10.51866/cr1070
    Temporal bone rhabdomyosarcoma is an aggressive entity that simulates chronic otitis ear infection. It is the most common soft tissue sarcoma amongst pediatric patients. Herein, we would like to report a case of temporal bone rhabdomyosarcoma involving a 2-year-old boy who presented with a one-month history of otorrhea with facial asymmetry. Early treatment led to remission of this severe neoplasm.
    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
  20. Zin CS
    J Pharm Bioallied Sci, 2020 Nov;12(Suppl 2):S841-S845.
    PMID: 33828387 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_251_19
    Background: Analgesic is commonly used in children but little is known about its patterns of utilization. This study explored the patterns of analgesic prescribing in children.

    Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study used prescription databases of tertiary hospital settings in Malaysia from 2010 to 2016. Prescriptions for nine NSAIDs (diclofenac, ketoprofen, etoricoxib, celecoxib, ibuprofen, indomethacin, mefenamic acid, meloxicam, and naproxen), tramadol, and five other opioids (morphine, oxycodone, fentanyl, buprenorphine, and dihydrocodeine) prescribed for children aged <18 years were included. Number of annual patients and prescriptions were measured and analyzed using Stata v15.

    Results: During a 7-year study period, a total of 5040 analgesic prescriptions of the nine NSAIDs, tramadol, and five other opioids were prescribed for 2460 pediatric patients (81.8% NSAIDs patients, 17.9% tramadol patients, and 0.3% opioid patients). Ibuprofen was the primary analgesic in young children less than 12 years old (≤2 years old [y.o.] [75%], 3-5 y.o. [85%], and 6-12 y.o. [56.3%]). However, there was a wide range of analgesics used in older children (>12 y.o.) with the majority for naproxen (13-15 y.o. (28.2%) and 16-17 y.o. (28.2%). Other frequently prescribed analgesics for older children included ibuprofen (20.6%) and diclofenac (18.2%) for 12-15 y.o. and diclofenac (26.7%) and tramadol (17.6%) for 16-17 y.o.

    Conclusion: Ibuprofen was the primary analgesic for children less than 12 y.o., whereas there was a wide range of analgesics prescribed for children age >12 y.o. including naproxen, diclofenac, and tramadol.

    Matched MeSH terms: Child, Preschool
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