Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 492 in total

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  1. Lum PT, Sekar M, Gan SH, Bonam SR, Shaikh MF
    ACS Chem Neurosci, 2021 Feb 03;12(3):391-418.
    PMID: 33475334 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00824
    Huntington's disease (HD), a neurodegenerative disease, normally starts in the prime of adult life, followed by a gradual occurrence of characteristic psychiatric disturbances and cognitive and motor dysfunction. To the best of our knowledge, there is no treatment available to completely mitigate the progression of HD. Among various therapeutic approaches, exhaustive literature reports have confirmed the medicinal benefits of natural products in HD experimental models. Building on this information, this review presents a brief overview of the neuroprotective mechanism(s) of natural products against in vitro/in vivo models of HD. Relevant studies were identified from several scientific databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Google Scholar. After screening through literature from 2005 to the present, a total of 14 medicinal plant species and 30 naturally isolated compounds investigated against HD based on either in vitro or in vivo models were included in the present review. Behavioral outcomes in the HD in vivo model showed that natural compounds significantly attenuated 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) induced memory loss and motor incoordination. The biochemical alteration has been markedly alleviated with reduced lipid peroxidation, increased endogenous enzymatic antioxidants, reduced acetylcholinesterase activity, and increased mitochondrial energy production. Interestingly, following treatment with certain natural products, 3-NP-induced damage in the striatum was ameliorated, as seen histologically. Overall, natural products afforded varying degrees of neuroprotection in preclinical studies of HD via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, preservation of mitochondrial function, inhibition of apoptosis, and induction of autophagy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cognition
  2. Normah Che Din, Soo, Siew Bee, Subramaniam, Ponnusamy, Ng, Lai Oon
    ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2010;11(2):158-170.
    MyJurnal
    Objective: The aim of the study is to examine the prevalence and factors influencing PTSD among a sample of help-seeking women experiencing domestic violence. Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey study of 40 women in two shelters in Malaysia from 2007 to 2008. Measures include the Detailed Assessment of Posttraumatic Stress; the Measure of Wife Abuse; the Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory; the Coping Scale for Adults; and the Provision of Social Relations. Results: Results showed that 60% of subjects
    exhibited patterns of symptoms consistent with the diagnosis of PTSD. The most prominent posttraumatic symptoms reported were re-experience, avoidance, dissociative responses, and symptoms of increased arousal. Both negative appraisals about themselves and self blame for the abusive situations were positively associated with increased tendency to develop PTSD. The greater use of optimism coping style and the higher quality social
    support appeared to lead to a significantly reduced tendency of developing PTSD. Negative appraisals about themselves were found to be the strongest positive predictor of PTSD [R² = 0.32, F(1,38)=17.67, p
    Matched MeSH terms: Cognition
  3. Firdaus Mukhtar, Tian, PS Oei, Mohd Jamil Mohd Yaacob
    MyJurnal
    Objective: Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) for depression is popular in Western countries. In the context of Malaysia, CBT has been applied as an individual session in a clinical setting. However, there is limited research in the area of group CBT for depression among Malays. The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of Group Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (GCBT) in reducing the negative cognitions that are related to depression in a group of Malay patients. Methods: One hundred and thirteen patients, diagnosed with depression, were randomly allocated to either a Treatment As Usual (TAU)
    group (n = 55), or a TAU plus GCBT group (n = 58). All participants completed two questionnaires that measured maladaptive cognitions at pretreatment, midway through treatment, post-treatment (week 4), and at followups after three (week 16) and six months (week 28). Results: The TAU+GCBT patients improved significantly more, and at a faster rate, than the TAU group; which showed minimal improvement. The effect size (Cohen’s d) of the treatment group was 0.93 and 96.55% of the treatment group achieved a clinically significant change. Conclusions: The findings suggest that GCBT, when used in addition to the TAU, is effective in reducing negative thoughts and maladaptive attitudes of Malaysian patients suffering from depression.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cognition
  4. Zahiruddin Othman, Muhammad Najib Muhammad Alwi, Kamarul Imran Musa, Muhammad Najib Muhammad Alwi, Ruzita Jamaluddin
    ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2009;10(1):54-74.
    MyJurnal
    Objective: Many studies have emphasized the significance of verbal memory for the functional outcome in schizophrenia. A preserved capability to encode and recall verbal information is essential for the long-term efficacy of psychoeducational programs and other
    psychological intervention to ensure the successful transfer of newly acquired skills or knowledge into everyday life. Aims of this study aimed to validate the MVALT among schizophrenia patients in HUSM. Methods: The subjects were 15 schizophrenia patients
    conveniently selected from the patients that attended follow up at the psychiatry clinic in HUSM or inpatients who have been admitted during the study period and 15 healthy control subjects as a comparison. Reliability and validity of the MVAVLT were analyzed. Results: The validation study showed that the Malay version Auditory Verbal Learning Test (MVAVLT) had a good validity (factor analysis 0.66 to 0.98) and test-retest reliability (pearson correlation ranged from 0.24 to 0.84) and has been shown to be sensitive in
    discriminating between normal and schizophrenia patients. In line with the previous research, the schizophrenia patients performed significantly worse than healthy control in all indexes measured in MVAVLT. Conclusion: The screening of deficits in verbal learning
    and memory among the schizophrenia patients is important, for early detection and treatment since it can be helpful for clinicians and psychologists in their counseling sessions. Subsequently, it helps patients to reduce such cognitive difficulties and their impact by using specific rehabilitation with the usage of newer antipsychotic agents.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cognition
  5. Chang, Teo Yong, Nasir Yusoff, Begum, Tahamina
    ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2015;16(1):75-83.
    MyJurnal
    Objective: Literatures on factors influencing performance of the Stroop interference have been elusive on coping styles. Past investigations of coping influence on Stroop test have been indirect and inconclusive due to variability of multidimensional coping models and application of different Stroop test. The concept of constricted versus flexible or broad cognitive style have linked personality and coping styles to Stroop performance. The objective of this study was to determine the associations of coping styles with Stroop resistance towards interference (Stroop RI) and subsequently determine the predictors of Stroop performance. Methods: This was a cross-sectional community research design study with purposive sampling. In this study, the self-administered Brief COPE inventory questionnaires and Stroop Test were performed among 205 undergraduate medical students. Results: Findings revealed that behavioural disengagement (r=-0.361), dysfunctional coping (r=-0.355), self-blame (r = 0.222), and substance abuse (r = -0.173) showed negative correlation and proven strong association with Stroop RI. Further multiple regression analyses identified behavioural disengagement (R2 = 0.13), and dysfunctional coping (R2 = 0.024) as significant predictors for interference. Conclusion: Coping styles have implication on Stroop test exhibited in varied cognitive styles. Integrating coping styles factor on Stroop test has glimpsed the future direction of other neuropsychological assessment batteries on the importance of profiling individualistic baseline norms. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 16 (1): January – June 2015: XX XX.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cognition
  6. Azlina Wati Nikmat, Syed Hassan Almashoor
    ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2015;16(1):84-94.
    MyJurnal
    Objective: Transition of people with cognitive impairment to nursing home is often an option when their disease progresses and their needs become too complex. The aim of this study was to identify the needs of people with cognitive impairment living in nursing homes and factors associated with higher level of needs.
    Methods: A cross sectional survey involving 110 respondents with cognitive impairment aged ≥60 was carried out. Respondents were assessed using the Short Mini Mental State Examination (SMMSE), Camberwell Assessment of Needs for Elderly (CANE), Barthel Index (BI), Friendship Scale (FS), and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS).
    Results: Respondents with cognitive impairment had a mean of 2.81 (SD=3.72) for unmet needs and 11.95 (SD=3.14) for the met needs, with higher mean suggesting a better outcome measure. The most frequent unmet needs were intimate relationships (66.40%), company (40.00%), and daytime activity (34.50%). Unmet needs were significantly associated with depression, social isolation, and cognitive impairment.
    Conclusion: Most of the needs of people with cognitive impairment in nursing homes were fulfilled, except in social area. Therefore, attention should be given in improving the care system, which emphasizes collaboration between people with cognitive impairment, family members, community, and government in helping to reduce the risk of loneliness in those with cognitive impairment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cognition Disorders
  7. Azlina Wati Nikmat, Nurul Azreen Hashim, Siti Aminah Omar, Salmi Razali
    ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2015;16(2):222-231.
    MyJurnal
    The evaluation of mental health among older adults has become increasingly important in health and social science. Although this has been studied in developed countries, there are also issues for emerging countries, which have aging populations. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of loneliness/social isolation and late-life depression among older adults with cognitive impairment living in institutional care. Methods: A cross sectional survey involving residents of four government nursing homes in West Malaysia was carried out. All residents aged 60 years old and above with cognitive impairment were included in the study. Participants were assessed by the Short Mini Mental State Examination (SMMSE), Friendship Scale (FS) and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Results: The prevalence of depression and loneliness/social isolation were 85.5% and 95.5% respectively. Depression was strongly associated with age, education attainment, financial conditions, health, cognitive impairment and loneliness/social isolation. Loneliness/social isolation was strongly associated to depression and relationship satisfaction with children. Conclusion: There was high prevalence of depression and loneliness/social isolation among older adults with cognitive impairment living in institutional care. Depression and loneliness/social isolation are interrelated and influence each other and these problems need to be addressed to improve their quality of life.
    Device, Questionnaire & Scale: Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE-12); Friendship Scale (FS); Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15)
    Matched MeSH terms: Cognition Disorders
  8. Mohammad Rahim Kamaluddin, Nadiah Syariani Md Sharif, Azizah Othman, Khaidzir Hj Ismail, Geshina Ayu Mat Saat
    ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2015;16(2):135-147.
    MyJurnal
    Apart from environmental and social factors, psychological traits is largely linked with criminal and delinquent behaviour. The purpose of this article is to review four critical psychological traits of individuals that may lead to criminal behaviour in a nutshell. Methods: An archival research methodology was employed in this study where relevant search for literatures on these four psychological traits was made across search engines such as Google Scholar with relevant articles selected for this review. The literatures were microscopically reviewed in order to demonstrate the linkage between psychological traits and criminal behaviour. Results: Four psychological traits: personality trait, low selfcontrol, aggression behaviour, and cognitive distortion were chosen to address such linkages. All these four traits were discussed thoroughly in relation to crime and criminality contexts. Conclusion: It is crucial to understand the role of these traits and in-depth understanding of each psychological trait with relation of criminal behaviour offers an opportunity to the public at large to expand their knowledge on the importance of practicing and equipping oneself with healthy psychological traits to hinder from criminal and delinquent acts. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 16 (2): July – December 2015: XX XX.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cognition
  9. Abdul Hamid Abdul Rahman, Suriati Mohamed Saini, Ibrahim Abu Samah
    ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2013;14(2):96-102.
    MyJurnal
    The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence and factors associated with psychosis in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients.
    Method: This is a cross-sectional study of 108 PD patients from neurological clinic UKM Medical Centre and Kuala Lumpur Hospital. The patients were recruited from August to December 2004. Psychosis was determined using SCID, the severity of psychosis was rated using BPRS. The cognitive functions were evaluated with MMSE and the severity of depression was assessed with HAM-D.
    Results: The result shows that the prevalence of psychosis in Parkinson's disease patients in this sample was 13%. The psychosis was found to be significantly associated with advancing age, duration of illness, severity of depression and cognitive impairment. Multivariate analysis demonstrates that severity of depression (OR = 1.08, 95% C.I. = 1.01 - 1.16) and advancing age (OR = 4.72, 95% C.I. = 1.37 - 16.29) increased risk of psychosis in PD patients.
    Conclusion: We found that advancing age and severity of depression increase risk to develop psychosis in patients with PD.

    Study site: neurological clinic UKM Medical Centre and Kuala Lumpur Hospita
    Matched MeSH terms: Cognition; Cognition Disorders
  10. Nasim Seyedsalehi, Rohany Nasir, Wan Shahrazad Wan Sulaiman, Ashkan Seyedsalehi, Sadaf Seyedsalehi
    MyJurnal
    Objective: The objective of this study to assess the comparative effectiveness of exposure and response prevention (GERP) and cognitive-behaviour therapy (GCBT) in a group of Iranian patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and comorbid depression symptoms (CDS).

    Methods: Ninety OCD patients were selected (both genders, married or unmarried and ages from 18-65 years) using a non-probability sampling (availability sampling) procedure. The respondents subsequently sampled via cluster randomization into three equal groups: a control group (n = 30) that did not receive any treatment intervention during the study and two other groups who received 12 weeks of psychotherapy in the form of GERP (n=30) or GCBT (n=30). This study obtained the required data through a clinical interview with all participants based on the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders text revision (DSM-IV-TR). The statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), Bonferroni correction and Pearson correlations.

    Result: We found that GCBT and GERP are effective treatments for alleviating OCD symptoms among patients. The results demonstrated that OCD scores were significantly reduced among participants after receiving GCBT and GERP treatments, with mean (standard deviation, SD) changes of 0.829 (0.287) and 0.970 (0.258), respectively. The study measured CDS through the Persian-language version of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II-PERSIAN). The study further found a significant correlation between OCD and CDS. The findings suggested that GCBT and GERP improved comorbid depression symptoms (CDS) significantly with mean (SD) changes of 13.57 (3.92) and 12.85 (4.50) respectively.

    Conclusion: GCBT and GERP separately produced equivalent improvements for OCD and CDS.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cognition
  11. Linthini Gannetion, Maria Magdalina Dennis Janting, Nur Deanna Rosli, Nurul Najwa Baharuddin, R., Geshina Ayu Mat Saat, Kamsiah Kamin, et al.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Psychotherapy is a form of treatment intervention targeting problematical human behaviour, emotion, and cognition using various psychological techniques and approaches. In Malaysia, the application of psychotherapy in ameliorating criminality among forensic populations is developing and evidence shows that some therapies like Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy and Reality Therapy have been practiced in many correctional institutions.

    Objective: This paper aims to review the role of psychotherapy for help in correctional settings as a means to ameliorate criminal behaviour and reduce recidivism rates.

    Method: An archival research was utilised, where articles and books regardless of the year of publication from different countries, including Malaysia were examined. Several keywords were used for the purpose of retrieval of related articles.

    Results and Discussion: Three different approaches of psychotherapies, i.e. Behavioural Therapy, Cognitive Therapy and Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy and their principles and effectiveness in rehabilitating the forensic populations were elaborated in this review. The principle behind the effectiveness of the psychotherapy was different, and this influences the choice of treatment that should be used in dealing with the forensic populations.

    Conclusion: Forensic populations have rights to obtain treatment, and the choice of therapy has to be relevant within the context of cost-effectiveness to ensure optimum effectiveness in ameliorating criminal tendencies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cognition
  12. Law TH, Ghanbari M, Hamid H, Abdul-Halin A, Ng CP
    Accid Anal Prev, 2016 Nov;96:64-70.
    PMID: 27505097 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2016.04.013
    Motorcyclists are particularly vulnerable to injury in crashes with heavy vehicles due to substantial differences in vehicle mass, the degree of protection and speed. There is a considerable difference in height between motorcycles and trucks; motorcycles are viewed by truck drivers from downward angles, and shorter distances between them mean steeper downward angles. Hence, we anticipated that the effects of motorcycle conspicuity treatments would be different for truck drivers. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effects of motorcycle conspicuity treatments on the identification and detection of motorcycles by truck drivers. Two complementary experiments were performed; the first experiment assessed the impact of motorcycle sensory conspicuity on the ability of un-alerted truck drivers to detect motorcycles, and the second experiment assessed the motorcycle cognitive conspicuity to alerted truck drivers. The sensory conspicuity was measured in terms of motorcycle detection rates by un-alerted truck drivers when they were not anticipating a motorcycle within a realistic driving scene, while the cognitive conspicuity was determined by the time taken by alerted truck drivers to actively search for a motorcycle. In the first experiment, the participants were presented with 10 pictures and were instructed to report the kinds of vehicles that were presented in the pictures. Each picture was shown to the participants for 600ms. In the second experiment, the participants were presented with the same set of pictures and were instructed to respond by clicking the right button on a mouse as soon as they detected a motorcycle in the picture. The results indicate that the motorcycle detection rate increases, and the response time to search for a motorcycle decreases, as the distance between the targeted motorcycle and the viewer decreases. This is true regardless of the type of conspicuity treatment used. The use of daytime running headlights (DRH) was found to increase the detection rate and the identification of a motorcycle by a truck driver at a farther distance, but effect deteriorates as the distance decreases. The results show that the detection rate and the identification of a motorcyclist wearing a black helmet with a reflective sticker increases as the distance between the motorcycle and the truck decreases. We also found that a motorcyclist wearing a white helmet and a white outfit is more identifiable and detectable at both shorter and longer distances. In conclusion, although this study provides evidence that the use of appropriate conspicuity treatments enhances motorcycle conspicuity to truck drivers, we suggest that more attention should be paid to the effect of background environment on motorcycle conspicuity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cognition*
  13. Azzubaidi MS, Saxena AK, Talib NA, Ahmed QU, Dogarai BB
    Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars), 2012;72(2):154-65.
    PMID: 22810217
    The fixed oil of black cumin seeds, Nigella sativa L. (NSO), has shown considerable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion has been linked to neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its subsequent cognitive impairment in which oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are the principal culprits. Cerebrovascular hypoperfusion was experimentally achieved by bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion (2VO) in rats. Morris water maze (MWM) test was employed to assess the effects of NSO on spatial cognitive function before and after 2VO intervention. Rats were divided into long-term memory (LTM) and short-term memory (STM) groups, each was further subdivided into 3 subgroups: sham control, untreated 2VO and NSO treated 2VO group. All subgroups were tested with MWM at the tenth postoperative week. Working memory test results for both sham control and NSO treated groups showed significantly lower escape latency time and total distance travelled than untreated 2VO group. Similarly, LTM and STM MWM tests for sham control and NSO treated groups revealed significantly better maze test performance as compared to untreated 2VO group. Sham control and NSO treated 2VO groups demonstrated superior probe memory test performance as compared to untreated 2VO group. The fixed oil of Nigella sativa seeds has demonstrated noticeable spatial cognitive preservation in rats challenged with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion which indicates a promising prospective neuroprotective effect.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cognition/drug effects*
  14. Pratap-Chand R, Sinniah M, Salem FA
    Acta Neurol. Scand., 1988 Sep;78(3):185-9.
    PMID: 3227804
    Cognitive impairment has been reported to occur in minor head injury (concussion). The value of the P300 evoked potential as a measure of cerebral concussion was studied in 20 patients with minor head injury and compared with the data from 20 normal subjects. Significant abnormalities of the P300 latency and amplitude were noted in these patients in the post-concussion period. The abnormalities improved completely on repeat testing. The correlation of the P300 to other parameters of head injury is discussed. The P300 constitutes a simple laboratory test that is sensitive measure of cerebral dysfunction in concussive head injuries.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cognition Disorders/physiopathology*
  15. Prakash ES, Narayan KA, Sethuraman KR
    Adv Physiol Educ, 2010 Sep;34(3):145-9.
    PMID: 20826769 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00026.2010
    One method of grading responses of the descriptive type is by using Structure of Observed Learning Outcomes (SOLO) taxonomy. The basis of this study was the expectation that if students were oriented to SOLO taxonomy, it would provide them an opportunity to understand some of the factors that teachers consider while grading descriptive responses and possibly develop strategies to improve scores. We first sampled the perceptions of 68 second-year undergraduate medical students doing the Respiratory System course regarding the usefulness of explicit discussion of SOLO taxonomy. Subsequently, in a distinct cohort of 20 second-year medical students doing the Central Nervous System course, we sought to determine whether explicit illustration of SOLO taxonomy combined with some advice on better answering descriptive test questions (to an experimental group) resulted in better student scores in a continuous assessment test compared with providing advice for better answering test questions but without any reference to SOLO taxonomy (the control group). Student ratings of the clarity of the presentation on SOLO taxonomy appeared satisfactory to the authors, as was student understanding of our presentation. The majority of participants indicated that knowledge of SOLO taxonomy would help them study and prepare better answers for questions of the descriptive type. Although scores in the experimental and control group were comparable, this experience nonetheless provided us with the motivation to orient students to SOLO taxonomy early on in the medical program and further research factors that affect students' development of strategies based on knowledge of SOLO taxonomy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cognition
  16. Lam LC, Ong PA, Dikot Y, Sofiatin Y, Wang H, Zhao M, et al.
    Age Ageing, 2015 Sep;44(5):835-40.
    PMID: 26271049 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afv099
    population ageing will lead to a leap in the dementia population in Asia. However, information about potentials for low-cost and low-risk interventions is limited.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cognition*
  17. Ahad MA, Chear NJ, Keat LG, Has ATC, Murugaiyah V, Hassan Z
    Ageing Res Rev, 2023 Aug;89:101990.
    PMID: 37343678 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101990
    Research employing a bio-enhanced fraction of Clitoria ternatea (CT) to treat cognitive decline in the animal model has not yet been found. This study aimed to determine the neuroprotective effect of CT root bioactive fraction (CTRF) in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) rat model. CTRF and its major compound, clitorienolactones A (CLA), were obtained using column chromatography. A validated HPLC-UV method was employed for the standardization of CTRF. CCH rats were given orally either vehicle or fraction (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg). Behavioural and hippocampal neuroplasticity studies were conducted following 4 weeks post-surgery. The brain hippocampus was extracted for proteins and neurotransmitters analyses. HPLC analysis showed that CTRF contained 25% (w/w) of CLA. All tested doses of CTRF and CLA (10 mg/kg) significantly restored cognitive deficits and reversed the inhibition of neuroplasticity by CCH. However, only CTRF (40 mg/kg) and CLA (10 mg/kg) significantly reversed the elevation of amyloid-beta plaque. Subsequently, treatment with CTRF (40 mg/kg) and CLA (10 mg/kg) alleviated the downregulation of molecular synaptic signalling proteins levels caused by CCH. The neurotransmitters level was restored following treatment of CTRF and CLA. Our finding suggested that CTRF improves memory and neuroplasticity in CCH rats which was mainly contributed by CLA.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cognition
  18. Mansor NS, Chow CM, Halaki M
    Aging Ment Health, 2020 06;24(6):841-856.
    PMID: 30784296 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2019.1574710
    The growing interest in preserving cognition through video games in the ageing population is evidenced by its wealth of literature. However, there has been a lack of consensus on video games efficacy and even limited understanding on the factors moderating its effectiveness. The present review sought to evaluate video game effects, relative to no-game control condition, on cognitive functions in older adults. The functions included processing speed, attention, delayed memory, reasoning, and executive functions (inhibition, shifting and updating memory). Personal and methodological moderators were explored to explain the variability in cognitive effects using meta-regression. Through a systematic literature search of online databases, 27 intervention studies were eligible, with a total of 1126 participants, for analysis. Using random-effect models, small but significant training effects were found on updating memory but none were detected in other cognitive functions. The heterogeneity across studies was in general high for all cognitive functions and was partially accounted for, in all cognitive functions except for inhibition and updating, by different moderators such as the proportion of females, outcome measure parameters, training intensity, and game type. The findings highlight limited effects of video games on cognitive functions that were largely influenced by factors related to study design.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cognition
  19. Vanoh D, Shahar S, Din NC, Omar A, Vyrn CA, Razali R, et al.
    Aging Clin Exp Res, 2017 Apr;29(2):173-182.
    PMID: 26980453 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-016-0553-2
    BACKGROUND: Concepts of successful aging (SA), usual aging (UA), and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have been developed to identify older adults at high risk of Alzheimer's diseases (AD), however, the predictors have rarely been investigated in a single study. Thus, this study aims to explore the risk factors of MCI as compared to UA and SA among older adults, in a large community based cohort study in Malaysia.
    METHOD: 1993 subjects from four states in Malaysia were recruited. A comprehensive interview-based questionnaire was administered to determine socio-demographic information, followed by assessments to evaluate cognitive function, functional status, dietary intake, lifestyle and psychosocial status. Risk factors of cognitive impairment were assessed using the ordinal logistic regression (OLR).
    RESULT: The prevalence of SA, UA and MCI in this study was 11, 73 and 16 % respectively. OLR indicated that higher fasting blood sugar, hyperlipidemia, disability, lower education level, not regularly involved in technical based activities, limited use of modern technologies, lower intake of fruits and fresh fruit juices and not practicing calorie restriction were among the risk factors of poor cognitive performance in this study.
    CONCLUSION: This study will be a stepping stone for future researchers to develop intervention strategies to prevent cognitive decline.
    Matched MeSH terms: Cognition
  20. Kobayashi LC, O'Shea BQ, Wixom C, Jones RN, Langa KM, Weir D, et al.
    Alzheimers Dement, 2024 Mar;20(3):1933-1943.
    PMID: 38159252 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13665
    INTRODUCTION: We conducted a cross-national comparison of the association between main lifetime occupational skills and later-life cognitive function across four economically and socially distinct countries.

    METHODS: Data were from population-based studies of aging and their Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocols (HCAPs) in the US, South Africa, India, and Mexico (N = 10,037; Age range: 50 to 105 years; 2016 to 2020). Main lifetime occupational skill was classified according to the International Standard Classification of Occupations. Weighted, adjusted regression models estimated pooled and country-specific associations between main lifetime occupational skill and later-life general cognitive function in men and women.

    RESULTS: We observed positive gradients between occupational skill and later-life cognitive function for men and women in the US and Mexico, a positive gradient for women but not men in India, and no association for men or women in South Africa.

    DISCUSSION: Main lifetime occupations may be a source of later-life cognitive reserve, with cross-national heterogeneity in this association.

    HIGHLIGHTS: No studies have examined cross-national differences in the association of occupational skill with cognition. We used data from Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocols in the US, Mexico, India, and South Africa. The association of occupational skill with cognitive function varies by country and gender.

    Matched MeSH terms: Cognition*
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