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[Nipah virus infection]

Kaku Y

Uirusu, 2004 Dec;54(2):237-42.
PMID: 15745162

Nipah virus (NiV), emerged in Peninsular Malaysia, caused an outbreak of severe febrile encephalitis in humans and respiratory diseases in pigs between 1998 and 1999. By May of 1999, the death of 105 humans and the culling of about 1.1 million pigs were reported. Fruitbats of Pteropid species were identified as the natural reservoir hosts. The epidemiological studies suggested that NiV was introduced into pig farms by fruitbats, and was than transmitted to humans (mainly pig farmers) and other animals such as dogs, cats and horses. In 2004, NiV reappeared in Bangladesh with greater lethality. In contrast to the Malaysia case, epidemiologic characteristics of this outbreak suggested the possibility of fruitbats-to-person, or person-to-person transmission. In this article, the epidemiological comparison between two outbreaks in Malaysia and Bangladesh, and the new-trends of virological studies of NiV will be discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Dogs
[Modification of blood coagulation through Arwin]

Vinazzer H

Subsid Med, 1974;4:53-5.
PMID: 4450561
Matched MeSH terms: Dogs
[Helminths from cats and dogs in Malaya; observations on their epidemiological significance for man]

ROHDE K

Z Parasitenkd, 1962;22:237-44.
PMID: 13982445
Matched MeSH terms: Dogs
[Development of new nutrient medium for MDCK and Vero cells based on soy hydrolysate obtained using bromeline and assessment of growth characteristics of influenza virus vaccine strains cultivated on them]

Mazurkova NA, Troshkova, Shishkina LN, Stavskiĭ EA, Drozdov IG

Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol., 2011 3 31.
PMID: 21449080

AIM: To develop nutrient medium for MDCK and Vero cells based on soy hydrolysate obtained using bromeline and to assess of growth characteristics of influenza virus vaccine strains cultivated on them.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Physico-chemical characteristics of hydrolysate were assessed according to FS 42-3874-99. Growth characteristics of nutrient medium based on soy hydrolysate and vaccine strains of influenza virus A/Solomon Islands/03/06 (H1N1), A/Wisconsin/67/2005 (H3N2) and B/Malaysia/2506/2004 were studied on MDCK and Vero cells.
RESULTS: MDCK and Vero cells grew well on medium based on soy hydrolysate obtained using bromeline with decreased (to 2% and 3% respectively) content of fetal calf serum and allowed effective production of vaccine strains of influenza virus.
CONCLUSION: Technology for producing of nutrient medium based on hydrolysate of soy flour obtained using bromeline was developed. This medium could successively used for cultivation of continued cell cultures MDCK and Vero used as substrate for tissue culture-based vaccines against influenza.

Matched MeSH terms: Dogs
[Babesiosis of dogs in Germany: epidemiologic case analysis]

Gothe R, Wegerdt S

Tierarztl Prax, 1991 Apr;19(2):170-3.
PMID: 2068714

Between January 1987 and February 1990 Babesia infections were detected in 320 dogs in Germany by means of microscopical and/or serological methods. It was found, that 316 dogs were infected with Babesia canis and 4 animals with Babesia gibsoni. Of the Babesia-canis-positive dogs 184 were abroad up to 4 months before diagnosis, mainly in France, Spain and Italy, but also in Hungary, Greece, Jugoslavia, Portugal, Morocco, Togo, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Turkey, Romania, Austria and the Netherlands. For further 36 dogs the possible place of infection for Babesia canis could not be clarified geographically. 5 dogs each were simultaneously infested with Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Dermacentor reticulatus, respectively. The four dogs infected with Babesia gibsoni were previously in Sri Lanka (2), Brazil (1) or Algeria/Kenya (1). In 88 dogs from the Offenburg/Lahr/Freiburg area, which were not abroad, infections with Babesia canis were diagnosed from January to June as well as from September to December, however, most cases occurring in April and May. Of these dogs approximately 20% were found to be infested with Dermacentor reticulatus. These ticks were also collected on the vegetation in the Offenburg area. Therefore, an endemic focus of Babesia canis can be deduced in the area of Offenburg/Lahr/Freiburg and Dermacentor reticulatus as vector also in Germany.

Matched MeSH terms: Dogs
Zoonotic implications of cats and dogs in filarial transmission in Peninsular Malaysia

Mak JW, Yen PK, Lim KC, Ramiah N

Trop Geogr Med, 1980 Sep;32(3):259-64.
PMID: 7210162

Filarial infections in 447 cats and 68 dogs from six endemic areas of human filariasis in Peninsular Malaysia were studied as part of the study on the zoonotic transmission of subperiodic Brugia malayi infection. 20.6% of cats and 57.4% of dogs had filarial infections. Cats were infected with subperiodic B. malayi, B. pahangi, Dirofilaria repens and D. immitis. Dogs were infected with B. pahangi and D. immitis. 6.9% of the cats had subperiodic B. malayi infection. The zoonotic implications of these infections and their impact on the filariasis control programme in Peninsular Malaysia were discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Dogs
Fulltext Zoonotic Ancylostoma ceylanicum infection detected by endoscopy

Ngui R, Lim YA, Ismail WH, Lim KN, Mahmud R

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2014 Jul;91(1):86-8.
PMID: 24891471 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0756

We report a case of Ancylostoma ceylanicum infection detected by endoscopy. It was diagnosed and confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing. The patient is a 58-year-old Malaysian woman who lives in a rural area, where uncontrolled populations of stray and semidomesticated dogs live in close proximity with humans.

Matched MeSH terms: Dogs
Fulltext Zerumbone-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Induces Apoptosis of Canine Mammary Adenocarcinoma Cells

Foong JN, Selvarajah GT, Rasedee A, Rahman HS, How CW, Beh CY, et al.

Biomed Res Int, 2018;2018:8691569.
PMID: 30410940 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8691569

Canine mammary gland tumor (CMT) is the most common tumor in intact female dog. Zerumbone (ZER) has promising anticancer properties, but plagued with poor water solubility, poor absorption, bioavailability, and delivery to target tissues. To solubilize, ZER was loaded into nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) to produce ZER-loaded NLC (ZER-NLC). The objectives of this study were to determine the antiproliferative effect and the mode of cell death induced by ZER-NLC and ZER on a canine mammary gland tumor (CMT) adenocarcinoma primary cell line. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between ZER-NLC and ZER treatments in the inhibition of CMT cell proliferation; thus, the loading of ZER into NLC did not compromise the cytotoxic effect of ZER. Microscopically, ZER-NLC- and ZER-treated CMT cells showed apoptotic cell morphology. ZER-NLC and ZER treatments significantly downregulated the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 and upregulated the proapoptotic Bax gene expressions in CMT cells. Both ZER-NLC and ZER-treated CMT cells showed significant (p<0.0001) increases in caspase-8, -9, and -3/7 protein activities. In conclusion, ZER-NLC induced CMT cell death via regulation of Bcl-2 and Bax gene expressions and caspase activations, indicating the involvement of both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis. This study provided evidences for the potential of ZER-NLC as an anticanine mammary gland adenocarcinoma chemotherapy.

Matched MeSH terms: Dogs
Fulltext Wonders of halal and balanced, diet’ instructions

Norhaslinda, R., Adzim, M. K. R., Norhayati, A. H.

Asian Journal of Medicine and Biomedicine, 2018;1(1):23-27.
MyJurnal

Food defined as material that can be brought into the body of a human, animal or plant sources for
upholding the balance of life and it includes rice, vegetables, bread and others. However, in Islam, its
emphasized more on clean, harmless food and also with a code known as Halal diet. Halal is a term from
the Quran which means permissible or lawful. In Islam, known special regulations in the slaughter of
animals to be Halal diet include with saying the name of Allah the Almighty and make an incision to cut
the lifeblood of the animal's neck, letting the action veins and organs intact. In contrast, Haram means 'not
allowed' or 'forbidden' in Islam. Among the Haram foods as mentioned in the Qur'an and the Sunnah, it
includes carrion, blood, dogs, pigs, and alcohol.

Matched MeSH terms: Dogs
Fulltext Washout Ratio in the Hepatic Vein Measured by Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography to Distinguish Between Inflammatory and Noninflammatory Hepatic Disorders in Dogs

Morishita K, Hiramoto A, Michishita A, Takagi S, Osuga T, Lim SY, et al.

J. Vet. Intern. Med., 2017 May;31(3):770-777.
PMID: 28382699 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14685

BACKGROUND: Perflubutane microbubbles, a second-generation ultrasound contrast agent, are phagocytized by Kupffer cells. This characteristic may be useful to differentiate diffuse hepatic diseases in dogs.
HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the washout ratio in the hepatic vein (HV) measured by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) can distinguish between inflammatory and noninflammatory hepatic disorders in dogs.
ANIMALS: Forty-one client-owned dogs with hepatic disorders including 14 with hepatitis, 7 with primary hypoplasia of the portal vein (PHPV), 9 with congenital portosystemic shunt (cPSS), and 11 with other hepatopathy were enrolled. Six dogs without hepatic disease also were evaluated as healthy controls.
METHODS: Dogs with hepatic disorders were prospectively included. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of the HV was performed for 2 minutes. Washout ratio was defined as the attenuation rate from peak intensity to the intensity at the end of the CEUS study.
RESULTS: Washout ratio in the hepatitis group (median, 18.0%; range, 2.0-37.0%) was significantly lower than that of the PHPV (median, 52.2%; range, 11.5-86.3%), cPSS (median, 60.0%; range, 28.6-77.4%), other hepatopathy (median, 70.5%; range, 26.6-88.4%), and normal (median, 78.0%; range, 60.7-91.7%) groups. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for hepatitis was 0.960, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.853-0.990. Washout ratio ≤37.1% resulted in a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI, 78.5-100%) and specificity of 85.2% (95% CI, 67.5-94.1%) for the prediction of hepatitis.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Washout ratio can distinguish hepatitis from the other noninflammatory disorders with high accuracy. This result might reflect impaired Kupffer cell phagocytosis in dogs with hepatitis.

Matched MeSH terms: Dogs
Fulltext Viral Fitness Landscapes in Diverse Host Species Reveal Multiple Evolutionary Lines for the NS1 Gene of Influenza A Viruses

Muñoz-Moreno R, Martínez-Romero C, Blanco-Melo D, Forst CV, Nachbagauer R, Benitez AA, et al.

Cell Rep, 2019 12 17;29(12):3997-4009.e5.
PMID: 31851929 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.070

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) have a remarkable tropism in their ability to circulate in both mammalian and avian species. The IAV NS1 protein is a multifunctional virulence factor that inhibits the type I interferon host response through a myriad of mechanisms. How NS1 has evolved to enable this remarkable property across species and its specific impact in the overall replication, pathogenicity, and host preference remain unknown. Here we analyze the NS1 evolutionary landscape and host tropism using a barcoded library of recombinant IAVs. Results show a surprisingly great variety of NS1 phenotypes according to their ability to replicate in different hosts. The IAV NS1 genes appear to have taken diverse and random evolutionary pathways within their multiple phylogenetic lineages. In summary, the high evolutionary plasticity of this viral protein underscores the ability of IAVs to adapt to multiple hosts and aids in our understanding of its global prevalence.

Matched MeSH terms: Dogs
Vector-Borne Diseases in Stray Dogs in Peninsular Malaysia and Molecular Detection of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia spp. from Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) Ticks

Koh FX, Panchadcharam C, Tay ST

J Med Entomol, 2016 Jan;53(1):183-7.
PMID: 26494821 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv153

Little data are available on the prevalence and transmission of vector-borne diseases in stray dogs in Peninsular Malaysia. This study was designed to determine the occurrence of vector-borne pathogens in Malaysian stray dogs using serological and molecular approaches. In total, 48 dog blood samples were subjected to serological analysis using SNAP 4Dx kit (IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME). The presence of Ehrlichia and Anaplasma DNA in the dog blood samples and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) ticks was detected using nested polymerase chain reaction assays. Positive serological findings against Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum were obtained in 17 (39.5%) and four (9.3%) of 43 dog samples, respectively. None of the dog blood samples were positive for Borrelia burgdorferi and Dirofilaria immitis. DNA of E. canis and A. phagocytophilum was detected in 12 (25.5%) and two (4.3%) of 47 dog blood samples, and 17 (51.5%) and one (3.0%) of 33 R. sanguineus ticks, respectively. Additionally, DNA of Ehrlichia spp. closely related to Ehrlichia chaffeensis was detected in two (6.1%) R. sanguineus ticks. This study highlights the prevalence of anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis in dogs in Malaysia. Due to the zoonotic potential of Ehrlichia and Anaplasma spp., appropriate measures should be instituted for prevention and control of vector-borne diseases in dogs.

Matched MeSH terms: Dogs/blood; Dogs/microbiology*; Dogs/parasitology
Fulltext Validity and reliability of knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) scale for dog bite prevention in children

Syahrizal Abdul Halim, Rosalia Saimon, Parveen Kaur Sarjeet Singh, Razitasham Safii

Borneo Epidemiology Journal, 2020;1(1):67-78.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Rabies is a highly fatal disease that is mostly caused by a dog bite. The Dog Bite Prevention KAP scale is a 30-item scale that is designed to measure children’s level of safety knowledge on dog’s behaviour, precautionary behaviour around dogs, perceived vulnerability towards dogs and help-seeking behaviour following a dog bite. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the test-retest reliability and validity of outcome measures
Methods: This questionnaire was administered to samples of school student aged from 13 years to 14 years at a secondary school located in Bau District, Sarawak. They were purposively selected for a baseline interview (Time 1) anda ten-day follow-up (Time 2). This study was conducted within four months, which were from 10 April to 31 August 2018. Descriptive analysis, content analysis, Cronbach’s alpha, intra-class correlation and exploratory factor analysis were performed in thisstudy.Results: A total of 64 boys and 114 girls were involved in the study, whereby 79.2%, 10.1%, 7.9%, 2.2% and 0.6% of them were of Bidayuh ethnic, Chinese, Iban, Malays and other ethnic, respectively. The Cronbach's alpha was 0.796. The test-retest intra-class correlation was adequate, with 0.84 for perceived vulnerability towards dogs and 0.81 for precautionary behaviour around dogs. Principal components analysis with varimax rotation resulted in two factors, which explained 39% of the variance (perceived vulnerability towards dogs) and 49% of the variance (precautionary behaviour around dogs)
Conclusion: The questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool for a dog-bite prevention survey

Matched MeSH terms: Dogs
Fulltext Validation of a modified algometer to measure mechanical nociceptive thresholds in awake dogs

Kaka U, Chen HC, Goh YM, Abubakar AA, Fakurazi S, Ebrahimi M

Biomed Res Int, 2015;2015:375421.
PMID: 26075236 DOI: 10.1155/2015/375421

This study was conducted to validate the use of a modified algometer device to measure mechanical nociceptive thresholds in six dogs. Dogs were administered morphine intravenously (IV) at 1 mg/kg or saline at equivolume in a crossover design with one-week washout period. Mechanical nociceptive thresholds were determined before, after the administration of treatments at 5 minutes, and hourly for 8 hours. Thresholds were recorded at the carpal pad, metacarpal foot pad, tibia, femur, and abdomen. Heart rates, body temperature, and respiration were recorded at similar time points. Thresholds increased significantly (P < 0.05) from baseline values for up to 3 hours at tibia and abdomen, 4 hours at metacarpal pad, and 5 hours at the carpal pad and femur. Hypothermia, bradycardia, and change in respiration were observed in all dogs after morphine injection. Saline did not alter any threshold levels during the eight-hour study period, indicating no evidence of tolerance, learned avoidance, or local hyperaesthesia. The device and methods of testing were well tolerated by all the dogs. Results suggest that the modified algometer and method of application are useful to measure nociceptive mechanical thresholds in awake dogs.

Matched MeSH terms: Dogs
Utility of recombinant LipL41 based IgM and IgG ELISA in diagnosis of canine leptospirosis in an endemic area - a study from Kerala, India

Ambily R, Mini M, Siju J, Vamshikrishna S, Abhinay G, Gleeja VL, et al.

Trop Biomed, 2019 Sep 01;36(3):654-663.
PMID: 33597487

A study was undertaken to evaluate the relevance of detecting IgM and IgG antibodies in diagnosis of canine leptospirosis in Kerala, a southern state of India, which is endemic for the disease. A total of 205 blood (35 from healthy vaccinated, 30 from healthy unvaccinated and 140 from diseased dogs) and 151 urine samples (11 from healthy vaccinated and 140 from diseased dogs) were collected from three districts of Kerala, Thrissur, Palakkad and Kozhikode with high incidence of leptospirosis. Recombinant LipL41 protein was used as antigen and IgG and IgM based ELISAs were standardized. The results were compared with the gold standard test, microscopic agglutination test (MAT). The MAT positive samples (146 samples) were divided into those having titre >1:800 and those between 1:100 and 1:400 in view that the former constituted the acute cases. It was found that IgM ELISA was more specific and sensitive in detecting acute cases (MAT >1:800) whereas IgG ELISA was less specific. In case of seroprevalence studies (MAT titre 1:100 to 1: 400), IgG ELISA was found to be more sensitive and specific than IgM ELISA. Receiver operating characteristic curves when plotted, revealed the accuracy of IgM ELISA in acute leptospirosis. Many samples were positive for both IgG and IgM antibodies. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) targeting lipl41 gene was standardized and urine and blood samples from the same dogs were tested. PCR was found to be the specific test for the early detection of leptospires in blood even before seroconversion. However, PCR analysis of the urine samples was found to be insensitive. Hence, it can be concluded that the diagnostic strategies should be modified, and a combination of serological and molecular tests is recommended in endemic areas rather than simple detection of IgM or IgG antibodies, for the early detection of acute clinical cases of leptospirosis.

Matched MeSH terms: Dogs
Fulltext Using a syringe needle to cut dentin and dislodge and remove a metallic obstruction from the root canal

Vivekananda Pai AR, Arora V

J Conserv Dent, 2018 4 21;21(2):230-232.
PMID: 29674831 DOI: 10.4103/JCD.JCD_316_16

A metallic obstruction in the canal orifice of a maxillary right canine could not be bypassed during endodontic treatment. Aids such as ultrasonics and retrieval kits were not available for the removal of the obstruction. Therefore, a novel approach using a disposable syringe needle was employed. A 22-gauge needle was inserted into the orifice and turned in an arc with a gentle apical pressure and alternate rocking motion around the obstruction. This procedure was repeated few times to cut dentin and successfully dislodge and remove the obstruction using the sharp beveled tip of the needle. This case report demonstrates that, in the absence of other aids, the use of a disposable syringe needle is a simple, economical, and yet an effective technique for conservative removal of dentin and to dislodge and remove an obstruction from the root canal. However, its effectiveness depends on case selection and straight-line accessibility to the obstruction.

Matched MeSH terms: Dogs
Unilateral comminuted and complicated fracture of the mandible due to dog attack

Ngeow WC, Lian CB

Singapore Dent J, 1996 Jul;21(1):16-8.
PMID: 10597177

Fractures of the mandible and their management are discussed in detail in textbooks and articles dealing with facial trauma. This paper presents the management and treatment of a case of a unilateral comminuted and complicated fracture of the mandible due to dog attack on a geriatric patient. The attack also severed the patient's right arm. Due to the severity of the trauma, an emergency surgery was performed on the mandible and arm.

Matched MeSH terms: Dogs
Two more coronaviruses may infect people

King A

Science, 2021 05 28;372(6545):893.
PMID: 34045334 DOI: 10.1126/science.372.6545.893
Matched MeSH terms: Dogs/virology
TroCCAP recommendations for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of parasitic infections in dogs and cats in the tropics

Dantas-Torres F, Ketzis J, Mihalca AD, Baneth G, Otranto D, Tort GP, et al.

Vet Parasitol, 2020 Jul;283:109167.
PMID: 32580071 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109167

The Tropical Council for Companion Animal Parasites Ltd. (TroCCAP) is a not-for-profit organisation whose mission is to independently inform, guide and make best-practice recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment and control of companion animal parasites in the tropics and sub-tropics, with the aim of protecting animal and human health. In line with this primary mission, TroCCAP recently developed guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and control of feline and canine parasites in the tropics. The development of these guidelines required unique and complex considerations to be addressed, often inapplicable to developed nations. Much of the tropics encompass middle-to-low income countries in which poor standards of environmental hygiene and large populations of stray dogs and cats coexist. In these regions, a range of parasites pose a high risk to companion animals, which ultimately may place their owners at risk of acquiring parasitic zoonoses. These considerations led to the development of unique recommendations with regard, for example, to deworming and endoparasite testing intervals for the control of both global and 'region-specific' parasites in the tropics. Moreover, the 'off-' or 'extra'-label use of drugs for the treatment and control of parasitic infections is common practice in many tropical countries and many generic products lack manufacturers' information on efficacy, safety, and quality control. Recommendations and advice concerning the use of such drugs and protocols are also addressed in these guidelines. The formation of these guidelines is an important first step towards improving the education of veterinarians specifically regarding best-practice for the diagnosis, treatment and control of canine and feline parasites in the tropics.

Matched MeSH terms: Dogs
Toxocara malaysiensis infection in domestic cats in Vietnam--An emerging zoonotic issue?

Le TH, Anh NT, Nguyen KT, Nguyen NT, Thuy do TT, Gasser RB

Infect Genet Evol, 2016 Jan;37:94-8.
PMID: 26584512 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.11.009

Toxocara canis of canids is a parasitic nematode (ascaridoid) that infects humans and other hosts, causing different forms of toxocariasis. This species of Toxocara appears to be the most important cause of human disease, likely followed by Toxocara cati from felids. Although some studies from Malaysia and China have shown that cats can harbor another congener, T. malaysiensis, no information is available about this parasite for other countries. Moreover, the zoonotic potential of this parasite is unknown at this point. In the present study, we conducted the first investigation of domestic dogs and cats for Toxocara in Vietnam using molecular tools. Toxocara malaysiensis was identified as a common ascaridoid of domestic cats (in the absence of T. cati), and T. canis was commonly found in dogs. Together with findings from previous studies, the present results emphasize the need to explore the significance and zoonotic potential of T. malaysiensis in Vietnam and other countries where this parasite is endemic and prevalent in cats.

Matched MeSH terms: Dogs

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