Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 119 in total

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  1. Fulltext Split-dose vs same-day reduced-volume polyethylene glycol electrolyte lavage solution for morning colonoscopy
    Chan WK, Azmi N, Mahadeva S, Goh KL
    World J Gastroenterol, 2014 Oct 21;20(39):14488-94.
    PMID: 25339836 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i39.14488
    To compare same-day whole-dose vs split-dose of 2-litre polyethylene glycol electrolyte lavage solution (PEG-ELS) plus bisacodyl for colon cleansing for morning colonoscopy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Administration Schedule
  2. Fulltext An Asian regional analysis of cost-effectiveness of early irbesartan treatment versus conventional antihypertensive, late amlodipine, and late irbesartan treatments in patients with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and nephropathy
    Annemans L, Demarteau N, Hu S, Lee TJ, Morad Z, Supaporn T, et al.
    Value Health, 2008 May-Jun;11(3):354-64.
    PMID: 17888064 DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4733.2007.00250.x
    OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes, often leading to diabetic nephropathy, has increased globally, especially in Asia. Irbesartan treatment delays the progression of kidney disease at the early (microalbuminuria) and late (proteinuria) stages of nephropathy in hypertensive type 2 diabetics. This treatment has proven to be cost-effective in Western countries. This study assessed the cost-effectiveness of early irbesartan treatment in Asian settings.
    METHODS: An existing lifetime model was reprogrammed in Microsoft Excel to compare irbesartan started at an early stage to irbesartan or amlodipine started at a late stage, and standard treatments from a health-care perspective in China, Malaysia, Thailand, South Korea, and Taiwan. The main effectiveness parameters were incidences of end-stage renal disease, time in dialysis, and life expectancy. All costs were converted to 2004 US$ using official purchasing power parity. Local data were obtained for costs, transplantation,dialysis, and mortality rates. Probabilities regarding disease progression after treatment with the investigated drugs were extracted from two published clinical trials. A probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed.
    RESULTS: Early use of irbesartan yielded the largest clinical and economic benefits reducing need for dialysis by 61% to 63% versus the standard treatment, total costs by 9% (Thailand) to 42% (Taiwan), and increasing life expectancy by 0.31 to 0.48 years. Early irbesartan had a 66% (Thailand) to 95% (Taiwan) probability of being dominant over late irbesartan.
    CONCLUSION: Although the absolute results varied in different settings, reflecting differences in epidemiology, management, and costs, early irbesartan treatment was a cost-effective alternative in the Asian settings.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Administration Schedule
  3. Chemotherapeutic effect of CGI 18041 against subperiodic Brugia malayi infection in Presbytis cristata
    Mak JW, Ngah Z, Choong MF, Navaratnam V
    Trop. Med. Parasitol., 1995 Mar;46(1):6-8.
    PMID: 7631131
    CGI 18041, an adduct of benzothiazol isothiocyanate N-methyl piperazine, was evaluated for its antifilarial properties in subperiodic Brugia malayi infected Presbytis cristata. Animals experimentally infected with 200-400 subperiodic Brugia malayi infective larvae, were matched according to microfilaria density, infective dose, and duration of infection. They were then randomly assigned to various treatment and control groups. The compound was suspended in 1% Tween 20 in distilled water, sonicated, and then fed to monkeys using a stomach tube. Control animals received an equivalent volume of drug diluent. CGI 18041 at a single oral dose of 50 mg/kg had complete adulticidal and microfilaricidal activities against subperiodic B. malayi in P. cristata. It was also extremely effective at a single dose of 25 mg/kg, the final geometric mean microfilaria count being 1.6% of initial level, and only 1.0% of the infective dose was recovered as live adult worms at autopsy 6 weeks post-treatment. In control animals, these were 226.9% and 5.56% respectively.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Administration Schedule
  4. Multiple-dose pharmacokinetic study of proguanil and cycloguanil following 12-hourly administration of 100 mg proguanil hydrochloride
    Jamaludin A, Mohamad M, Navaratnam V, Yeoh PY, Wernsdorfer WH
    Trop. Med. Parasitol., 1990 Sep;41(3):268-72.
    PMID: 2255843
    A pharmacokinetic study with 12-hourly doses of 100 mg proguanil hydrochloride over 15 days has been conducted in six adult male Malaysian volunteers. Steady state for proguanil was established after the fourth dose on Day 2, for the active metabolite cycloguanil as from Day 3 inclusive. The steady state mean peak concentration of proguanil was 1201.6 +/- 132.4 nmol/l, the mean trough concentration 650.0 +/- 58.1 nmol/l. The corresponding values for cycloguanil were 317.0 +/- 44.4 nmol/l (mean peak) and 230.8 +/- 35.1 nmol/l (mean trough). The profiles and peak/trough ratios of proguanil and cycloguanil with 12-hourly dosing offer better prospects for protection against malaria than those obtained with 24-hourly doses of 200 mg proguanil hydrochloride, the current routine in malaria chemoprophylaxis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Administration Schedule
  5. Effects of unplanned treatment interruptions on HIV treatment failure - results from TAHOD
    Jiamsakul A, Kerr SJ, Ng OT, Lee MP, Chaiwarith R, Yunihastuti E, et al.
    Trop Med Int Health, 2016 May;21(5):662-74.
    PMID: 26950901 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12690
    OBJECTIVES: Treatment interruptions (TIs) of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) are known to lead to unfavourable treatment outcomes but do still occur in resource-limited settings. We investigated the effects of TI associated with adverse events (AEs) and non-AE-related reasons, including their durations, on treatment failure after cART resumption in HIV-infected individuals in Asia.

    METHODS: Patients initiating cART between 2006 and 2013 were included. TI was defined as stopping cART for >1 day. Treatment failure was defined as confirmed virological, immunological or clinical failure. Time to treatment failure during cART was analysed using Cox regression, not including periods off treatment. Covariables with P < 0.10 in univariable analyses were included in multivariable analyses, where P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

    RESULTS: Of 4549 patients from 13 countries in Asia, 3176 (69.8%) were male and the median age was 34 years. A total of 111 (2.4%) had TIs due to AEs and 135 (3.0%) had TIs for other reasons. Median interruption times were 22 days for AE and 148 days for non-AE TIs. In multivariable analyses, interruptions >30 days were associated with failure (31-180 days HR = 2.66, 95%CI (1.70-4.16); 181-365 days HR = 6.22, 95%CI (3.26-11.86); and >365 days HR = 9.10, 95% CI (4.27-19.38), all P < 0.001, compared to 0-14 days). Reasons for previous TI were not statistically significant (P = 0.158).

    CONCLUSIONS: Duration of interruptions of more than 30 days was the key factor associated with large increases in subsequent risk of treatment failure. If TI is unavoidable, its duration should be minimised to reduce the risk of failure after treatment resumption.

    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Administration Schedule
  6. Single-dose diethylcarbamazine in the control of periodic brugian filariasis in Peninsular Malaysia
    Hakim SL, Vythilingam I, Marzukhi MI, Mak JW
    Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1995 11 1;89(6):686-9.
    PMID: 8594697
    The study compared the effectiveness of a single dose of diethylcarbamazine (DEC) (6mg/kg) with the standard regimen of 6 doses (total 36 mg/kg) in mass chemotherapy for the control of brugian filariasis. Mass chemotherapy with single-dose DEC was instituted in one area and standard dose in the other and treatment was repeated after one year. Parasitological surveys were conducted before, and 3, 7 and 12 months after treatment. Pretreatment characteristics were not significantly different between the 2 treatment areas. There was a significant reduction in microfilaraemia prevalence rate from 24.7% to 14.7% at 12 months and to 6.8% at 19 months in the single dose area and from 22.8% to 9.6% at 12 months and to 2.7% at 19 months with the standard dose. Maximum reduction was at 7 months after treatment with both regimens. There was also significant progressive reduction in mean microfilarial density from 4.39 +/- 20.37 to 0.89 +/- 4.16 per 60 microL in the single-dose area and from 4.43 +/- 17.31 to 0.75 +/- per 60 microL in the standard dose area. There was a greater reduction of both microfilarial prevalence and density using the standard regimen but it was not statistically significant. Thus, a single dose of DEC is as effective as the standard dose in controlling periodic brugian filariasis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Administration Schedule
  7. Doxycycline in the treatment of falciparum malaria among aborigine children in West Malaysia
    Ponnampalam JT
    Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1981;75(3):372-7.
    PMID: 7034311
    Doxycycline in a single dose was found to be a valuable drug in the treatment of chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. It was less effective in a single daily dose of 4 mg/kg body-weight for four days, when it cured only five out of nine patients, while a dosage of 4 mg/kg body-weight for seven days cured 23 out of 26 patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Administration Schedule
  8. Double-blind randomised controlled trial of vitamin D3 supplementation for the prevention of acute respiratory infection in older adults and their carers (ViDiFlu)
    Martineau AR, Hanifa Y, Witt KD, Barnes NC, Hooper RL, Patel M, et al.
    Thorax, 2015 Oct;70(10):953-60.
    PMID: 26063508 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-206996
    RATIONALE: Low-dose vitamin D supplementation is already recommended in older adults for prevention of fractures and falls, but clinical trials investigating whether higher doses could provide additional protection against acute respiratory infection (ARI) are lacking.

    OBJECTIVE: To conduct a clinical trial of high-dose versus low-dose vitamin D3 supplementation for ARI prevention in residents of sheltered-accommodation housing blocks ('schemes') and their carers in London, UK.

    MEASUREMENTS AND METHODS: Fifty-four schemes (137 individual participants) were allocated to the active intervention (vitamin D3 2.4 mg once every 2 months +10 μg daily for residents, 3 mg once every 2 months for carers), and 54 schemes with 103 participants were allocated to control (placebo once every 2 months +vitamin D3 10 μg daily for residents, placebo once every 2 months for carers) for 1 year. Primary outcome was time to first ARI; secondary outcomes included time to first upper/lower respiratory infection (URI/LRI, analysed separately), and symptom duration.

    MAIN RESULTS: Inadequate vitamin D status was common at baseline: 220/240 (92%) participants had serum 25(OH)D concentration <75 nmol/L. The active intervention did not influence time to first ARI (adjusted HR (aHR) 1.18, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.74, p=0.42). When URI and LRI were analysed separately, allocation to the active intervention was associated with increased risk of URI (aHR 1.48, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.16, p=0.039) and increased duration of URI symptoms (median 7.0 vs 5.0 days for active vs control, adjusted ratio of geometric means 1.34, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.65, p=0.005), but not with altered risk or duration of LRI.

    CONCLUSIONS: Addition of intermittent bolus-dose vitamin D3 supplementation to a daily low-dose regimen did not influence risk of ARI in older adults and their carers, but was associated with increased risk and duration of URI.

    TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: clinicaltrials.gov NCT01069874.

    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Administration Schedule
  9. Safety and tolerability of once or twice daily neutral protamine hagedorn insulin in fasting pregnant women with diabetes during Ramadan
    Nor Azlin MI, Adam R, Sufian SS, Wahab NA, Mustafa N, Kamaruddin NA, et al.
    J Obstet Gynaecol Res, 2011 Feb;37(2):132-7.
    PMID: 21159037 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2010.01330.x
    AIM: To evaluate the safety and tolerability of once or twice daily neutral protamine hagedorn (NPH) insulin in fasting pregnant diabetics during Ramadan.
    METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study conducted during Ramadan 2006 and 2007. Twenty four pregnant diabetic women were given NPH insulin once at 5 pm or twice daily at 5 pm and 5 am. Demographic data, blood glucose control, insulin requirement, days of fasting and hypoglycemic episodes were analyzed.
    RESULTS: Most women were parity 1 (37.5%) in their second trimester (54.2%) and worked during the daytime (87.5%). Fourteen women (58.3%) had gestational diabetes mellitus, nine women (37.5%) had type 2 and one (4.2%) had type 1 diabetes mellitus. There were significant reductions in mean fasting blood glucose (6.16 mmol/L versus 5.34 mmol/L, P = 0.001), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (6.70% ± 0.91 versus 6.64% ± 0.96, P = 0.001) and serum fructosamine (232.4 mmol/L ± 24.0 versus 217.0 mmol/L ± 24.3, P = 0.001) after Ramadan compared to before Ramadan. Throughout the four weeks of Ramadan, home blood glucose monitoring showed a reducing trend and was within the acceptable limits. Insulin requirement was increased from the first to the fourth week with a reduction in insulin dose noted after (38.5 U/day) compared to before the start of Ramadan (40 U/day). Most women (79.2%) were able to fast for more than 15 days without any hypoglycemia or fetal demise.
    CONCLUSION: Once or twice daily NPH insulin is a safe and tolerable option for pregnant diabetics who wish to fast during Ramadan.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Administration Schedule
  10. Management and treatment outcomes of MDR-TB: results from a setting with high rates of drug resistance
    Ahmad N, Javaid A, Basit A, Afridi AK, Khan MA, Ahmad I, et al.
    Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2015 Sep;19(9):1109-14, i-ii.
    PMID: 26260834 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.15.0167
    Although Pakistan has a high burden of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), little is known about the management and treatment outcomes of MDR-TB patients in Pakistan.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Administration Schedule
  11. Fulltext The use of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis in seven Malaysian hospitals
    Lim VK, Cheong YM, Suleiman AB
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1994 Dec;25(4):698-701.
    PMID: 7667716
    A survey on the use of antibiotics in surgical prophylaxis was carried out in seven Malaysian hospitals. Details of antibiotic prescriptions were obtained through questionnaires completed by the prescriber. A total of 430 such prescriptions was analysed. A large number of different antibiotic regimens were used for a variety of surgical procedures. The majority of prescriptions (70%) were issued for procedures where such prophylaxis was probably not necessary. Antibiotics were also often prescribed for durations that were longer than necessary. There is an urgent need to educate surgeons and standardize surgical prophylactic regimens in order to reduce cost and combat the emergence of antibiotic resistance.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Administration Schedule
  12. Fulltext Comparison of effects of mass annual and biannual single dose therapy with diethylcarbamazine for the control of Malayan filariasis
    Panicker KN, Krishnamoorthy K, Sabesan S, Prathiba J, Abidha
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1991 Sep;22(3):402-11.
    PMID: 1818392
    Annual and biannual mass single dose diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) at 6 mg/kg body weight was administered to people in a Brugia malayi endemic area in Shertallai part of Kerala, India, in 1987 and 1988. The coverage of population ranged between 41.33% and 66.01% in different rounds. The highest percentage of treated population developing side reactions was 8.4%. Both annual and biannual regimens were effective in reducing the microfilaria prevalence significantly from 4.90% to 1.23% and from 6.27% to 0.62% respectively and the incidence of infection was minimal in the adult population and zero among children. There was significant reduction in mean microfilaria count in both annual (81.08%) and biannual (98.00%) areas. Marked reduction in the proportion of high density carriers and infectivity index of the population after DEC therapy was also observed. Beneficial effect of mass single dose DEC on clinical cases of filariasis was evident from the reduction in the prevalence of acute manifestations, recent edema cases and the proportion of chronic cases with acute episodes. Results obtained from mass treatment areas were compared with those of the control area.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Administration Schedule
  13. Mass treatment of Malayan filariasis in the Gumbasa irrigation area of Central Sulawesi
    Putrali J, Kaleb YM, Van Peenen PF, Saroso JS
    Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1975 Jun;6(2):206-10.
    PMID: 1166347
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Administration Schedule
  14. Minimal change glomerular disease in Malaysian adults and use of alternate day steroid therapy
    Wang F, Looi LM, Chua CT
    Q. J. Med., 1982;51(203):312-28.
    PMID: 7146313
    One hundred and forty-eight patients over the age of 12 years seen from July 1972 through December 1980 were accepted for this review of minimal change glomerular disease (MCGD). The diagnosis was based on a typical clinical presentation, and renal biopsy findings. MCGD forms 43.5 per cent of our patients with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. The patients were predominantly young adults (82 per cent) and the onset of nephrotic syndrome (NS) occurred below the age of 30 years. Most patients had severe oedema and hypoalbuminaemia. Few patients recovered spontaneously. One hundred and thirty patients were given long-term alternate-day steroid (LASt) therapy. Four had cyclophosphamide alone, 21 patients had cyclophosphamide after a trial of LASt. Eighty-four patients (62.7 per cent) were initial responders: 17 of these after cyclophosphamide, 26 (19.4 per cent) were initial non-responders: five cyclophosphamide, 19 were late responders. Nine patients were partial responders, six were non-responders and one went into renal failure. Forty-one patients defaulted, emigrated or were seen only locally at the time of study. Ninety-nine patients were followed for three to 102 months (mean 23 . 3 months). Thirty-seven patients were followed for 36 to 102 months. Relapses were infrequent but occurred as late as 60 months.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Administration Schedule
  15. Fulltext Long-term efficacy and safety of a generic atorvastatin in usual clinical care setting
    Ong LM, Punithavathi N, Lena YLL, Mahanim O, Leekha S, Storvas Clinical Trial Study Group
    Med J Malaysia, 2011 Aug;66(3):214-9.
    PMID: 22111443
    A multicentre study was conducted to assess the long term efficacy and safety of a generic atorvastatin in the treatment of primary hypercholesterolaemia. Eighty five patients who received 10mg or 20 mg of atorvastatin for 8 weeks depending on target cholesterol goal were followed up by their own physicians and had final evaluation at 52 weeks. Reduction in mean low density Lipoprotein (LDL-C) was 36.5%, 37.9% and 32.2% at weeks 4, 8 and 52 respectively. LDL-C target was maintained in 81% and 69% of patients at week 8 and 52 respectively without drug related serious adverse events. Generic atorvastatin is safe and effective in usual clinical care setting.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Administration Schedule
  16. Fulltext Fentanyl pre-treatment alleviates pain during injection of propofol-lipuro premixed with lignocaine
    Ahmad N, Zanariah Y, Balan S
    Med J Malaysia, 2008 Dec;63(5):431-3.
    PMID: 19803312
    We studied the effect of fentanyl pretreatment on alleviating pain during the injection of Propofol-Lipuro. One hundred and seventy patients were randomly allocated to receive either 100 mcg of intravenous fentanyl or normal saline (placebo) followed by intravenous Propofol-Lipuro premixed with 20 mg lignocaine. The incidence of injection pain was 32% and 13% in the placebo and fentanyl groups, respectively. We found a statistically significant reduction in incidence of injection pain in the fentanyl group when compared with the placebo group (p<0.003). The number needed to treat was 6 (3.2< 95% CI <15.1). In conclusion, fentanyl pretreatment is effective in alleviating pain during injection of Propofol-Lipuro.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Administration Schedule
  17. Fulltext Comparison of the efficacy of single and multiple regimens of carbimazole in the treatment of thyrotoxicosis
    Mafauzy M, Wan Mohamad WB, Zahary MK, Mustafa BE
    Med J Malaysia, 1993 Mar;48(1):71-5.
    PMID: 8341175
    Carbimazole, in 3 divided daily doses, is commonly prescribed for the treatment of thyrotoxicosis. However, based on its long intra-thyroid half-life, the drug may be effective when used as a single or twice daily dose. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of once, twice or thrice daily doses of carbimazole on thyroid function in patients with thyrotoxicosis. Seventy previously untreated thyrotoxic patients were randomly allocated to receive carbimazole 30 mg once (group 1), 15 mg twice (group 2) and 10 mg thrice (group 3) daily. All patients were also prescribed propranolol 20 mg thrice daily for the first 4 weeks. Blood was taken for total T3, T4, TSH, blood counts and liver enzymes determinations at the beginning and at 6 weeks of treatment. Only 48 (68.6%) patients were included in the analysis, as the rest defaulted follow-up (20.0%) or blood samples were not available at review (11.4%). Of the 48 patients, 17 were in group 1, 16 in group 2 and 15 in group 3. Following 6 weeks of treatment, there was no significant difference in the mean serum levels of total T3 and T4 between the 3 groups. However, there was a significant decrease in the mean serum levels of total T3 and T4 as compared to the start of the treatment. Four patients (23.5%) in group 1, 4 patients (25%) in group 2 and 3 patients (20%) in group 3 were still thyrotoxic at 6 weeks of treatment, whilst 10 patients (58.8%) in group 1, 6 patients (37.5%) in group 2 and 3 (20%) in group 3 were biochemically hypothyroid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Administration Schedule
  18. Fulltext Twice daily cimetidine in the initial treatment of chronic gastric ulcer--a double-blind placebo-controlled trial
    Tay HH, Yap I, Guan R, Koh PS, LaBrooy SJ, Kang JY
    Med J Malaysia, 1988 Jun;43(2):181-5.
    PMID: 3070309
    Thirty-one patients with endoscopically proven chronic gastric ulcer completed a randomised double-blind trial comparing the effects of cimetidine and placebo on ulcer healing. Seventeen patients received cimetidine 400 mg bid and 14 patients received placebo. Repeat endoscopy at six weeks showed that the ulcer had healed in 12 patients (71%) receiving cimetidine and in four patients (29%) receiving placebo (p=O.032). Non-smokers healed their ulcers better than smokers (83% vs 35%, p=O.023). The use of cimetidine was not associated with any adverse effects.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Administration Schedule
  19. Fulltext Shortening the onset time of atracurium for rapid tracheal intubation
    Jaradi H, Tay KH, Delilkan AE
    Med J Malaysia, 1989 Jun;44(2):143-6.
    PMID: 2626122
    The 'Priming principle' applied to non-depolarizing muscle relaxant atracurium was studied in 60 patients. This was a double blind study. The conditions observed for intubation were graded and the efficacy of priming dose of atracurium for shortening the onset time of intubation was studied. The patients were of ASA classification I and II and received standard premedication. The purpose of the study was to use the priming dose of atracurium to shorten the onset time of intubating dose of atracurium. This would be desirable in conditions requiring rapid intubation and in situations when the depolarizing muscle relaxant suxamethonium is contra-indicated. The results were statistically significant.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Administration Schedule
  20. Fulltext Tolerance of daily single compared to space dose of Merital
    Haq SM, Buhrich N
    Med J Malaysia, 1980 Jun;34(4):358-62.
    PMID: 7219263
    Merital is a recently introduced antidepressant agent which is structurally unrelated to the traditional antidepressant agents and which is reported to have minimal side effects. This study aimed to establish the olerance of a single compared to a spaced dose .schedule of Merital. It was found that a single morrung dose of Merital 100 mgs compared to a similar dose of the drug given in two divided doses did not appreciably increase the frequency or severity of side effects.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Administration Schedule
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