Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 246 in total

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  1. Sing CK, Md. Zahirul Islam Khan, Hassan Hj. Mohd Daud, Abd. Rahman Aziz
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:1597-1602.
    The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella sp. isolated from
    African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). A total of 30 catfish were harvested from four different farms and four different
    wet markets. A total of 60 samples (30 catfish skins and 30 catfish intestines) were used for Salmonella sp. isolation
    (pellet-method), its biochemical and serological test. Confirmation of Salmonella sp. were determined by polyvalent
    O antisera and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using genus specific primers for invA genes (DNA amplification
    showed one distinct band with molecular weight of 389 bp) and the species of isolated Salmonella sp. were identified
    by serotyping. The result showed 6/30 (20%) of fish or 6/60 (10%) of organ samples were positive for Salmonella sp.
    Among those positive for Salmonella sp., 4/6 were from intestine samples and 2/6 were from skin samples. No significant
    difference was found in the prevalence of Salmonella sp. isolates between fish harvested from farms and wet markets
    (p-value= 0.406). The Salmonella serovars identified were Salmonella corvallis (n=3), Salmonella mbandaka (n=2)
    and Salmonella typhmurium (n=1). Salmonella sp. isolates were resistance to Penicillin (P 10, 100%), Clindamycin
    (DA 2, 100%), Tetracycline (TE 30, 100%) and Rifampicin (RD 5, 100%) and all of the isolates were susceptible or
    intermediate resistance to Ceftazidime (CAZ 30) and Trimethopin (W 5). Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of
    all Salmonella sp. isolates in current study was 0.67 indicating that fish sampled in the present study was under high
    risk of been exposed to the tested antibiotics.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  2. Jamali H, Paydar M, Ismail S, Looi CY, Wong WF, Radmehr B, et al.
    BMC Microbiol, 2015;15:144.
    PMID: 26209099 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0476-7
    The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and characterization of Listeria species and Listeria monocytogenes isolated from raw fish and open-air fish market environments. Eight hundred and sixty two samples including raw fish and fish market environments (samples from workers' hands, workers' knives, containers and work surface) were collected from the open-air fish markets in the Northern region of Iran.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  3. Idris SB, Abdul Kadir A, Abdullah JFF, Ramanoon SZ, Basit MA, Abubakar MZZA
    Front Vet Sci, 2020;7:270.
    PMID: 32613011 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00270
    The development and utilization of nano-antibiotics is currently gaining attention as a possible solution to antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the pharmacokinetics of free oxytetracycline (OTC) and oxytetracycline loaded cockle shell calcium carbonate-based nanoparticle (OTC-CNP) after a single dose of intraperitoneal (IP) administration in BALB/c mice. A total of 100 female BALB/c mice divided into two groups of equal number (n = 50) were administered with 10 mg/kg OTC and OTC-CNP, respectively. Blood samples were collected before and post-administration from both groups at time 0, 5, 10, 15, and 30 min and 1, 2, 6, 24, and 48 h, and OTC plasma concentration was quantified using a validated HPLC-UV method. The pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed using a non-compartment model. The Cmax values of OTC in OTC-CNP and free OTC treated group were 64.99 and 23.53 μg/ml, respectively. OTC was detected up to 24 h in the OTC-CNP group as against 1 h in the free OTC group following intraperitoneal administration. In the OTC-CNP group, the plasma elimination rate of OTC was slower while the half-life, the area under the curve, and the volume of the distribution were increased. In conclusion, the pharmacokinetic profile of OTC in the OTC-CNP group differs significantly from that of free OTC. However, further studies are necessary to determine the antibacterial efficacy of OTC-CNP for the treatment of bacterial diseases.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  4. Odeyemi OA, Ahmad A
    Saudi J Biol Sci, 2017 Jan;24(1):65-70.
    PMID: 28053573 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.09.016
    This study aimed to investigate antibiotics resistance pattern and phenotyping of Aeromonas species isolated from different aquatic sources in Melaka, Malaysia. A total of 53 Aeromonas species were isolated from the following sources: sediment (n = 13), bivalve (n = 10), sea cucumber (n = 16) and sea water (n = 14) and resistance to 12 antibiotics - Tetracycline (30 μg), Kanamycin (30 μg), Oxytetracycline (30 μg), Ampicillin (10 μg), Streptomycin (10 μg), Gentamicin (10 μg), Sulphamethoxazole (25 μg), Nalixidic acid (30 μg), Trimethoprim (1.25 μg), Novobiocin (5 μg), Penicilin (10 μg) and Chloramphenicol (10 μg) was tested. The results obtained from this study reveal multi drug resistance pattern among the isolates. All the isolates were completely resistant to Ampicillin, Novobiocin, Sulphamethoxazole and Trimethoprim, respectively but susceptible to Tetracycline (100%), Kanamycin (5.7%), Gentamicin (5.7%) and Oxytetracycline (24.5%). Antibiotics phenotyping of the bacteria revealed 21 different phenotypes among the isolates.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  5. Siew SW, Musa SM, Sabri N', Farida Asras MF, Ahmad HF
    Environ Res, 2023 Feb 15;219:115139.
    PMID: 36565841 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115139
    The disposal of healthcare waste without prior elimination of pathogens and hazardous contaminants has negative effects on the environment and public health. This study aimed to profile the complete microbial community and correlate it with the antibiotic compounds identified in microwave pre-treated healthcare wastes collected from three different waste operators in Peninsular Malaysia. The bacterial and fungal compositions were determined via amplicon sequencing by targeting the full-length 16S rRNA gene and partial 18S with full-length ITS1-ITS2 regions, respectively. The antibiotic compounds were characterized using high-throughput spectrometry. There was significant variation in bacterial and fungal composition in three groups of samples, with alpha- (p-value = 0.04) and beta-diversity (p-values <0.006 and 
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics
  6. Hii SYF, Zaiful Bahrina NN, Mohd Zaidi MN, Hashim R, Ahmad N
    Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 2024 Feb;43(2):373-378.
    PMID: 37999783 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-023-04707-5
    Burkholderia pseudomallei is intrinsically resistant to many antibiotics. This study aimed to assess bacterial colony morphotypes and the validity of using disk diffusion method (DD) to determine antibiotic resistance in Malaysian clinical B. pseudomallei isolates for ceftazidime (CAZ), meropenem (MEM), amoxicillin-clavulanate (AMC) and doxycycline (DOX). DD produced good categorical agreements exhibiting concordance of 100% with reference method, broth microdilution for CAZ and DOX, 98.6% for MEM and 97.2% for AMC. Smooth-centred colonies were most frequently observed. EUCAST DD interpretative criterion is suitable to interpret B. pseudomallei CAZ, MEM, AMC and DOX resistance. Increasing AMC MIC in B. pseudomallei is a concern.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  7. Sandosham AA, Fredericks HJ, Ponnampalam JT, Seow CL, Ismail O, Othman AM, et al.
    J Trop Med Hyg, 1975 Mar;78(3):54-8.
    PMID: 1095776
    Chloroquine resistance is a well established entity in South East Asia, and presents a problem of increasing importance. Strains of P. falciparum resistant to chloroquine have also been found to be resistant to amodiaquine and a combination of pyrimethamine and sulphadoxine. Knowledge of the drug sensitivity of the strains of malaria parasite in a given locality is important so that the right choice of drugs can be made in treatment of the disease. The treatment of chloroquine resistant malaria in West Malaysia is a subject of another paper but suffice it to say that increased doses of chloroquine have still been found to be effective in treating many cases of falciparum malaria from areas of chloroquine resistance.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  8. Pang T, Bhutta ZA, Finlay BB, Altwegg M
    Trends Microbiol., 1995 Jul;3(7):253-5.
    PMID: 7551636
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  9. Basri L, Nor RM, Salleh A, Md Yasin IS, Saad MZ, Abd Rahaman NY, et al.
    Animals (Basel), 2020 Nov 18;10(11).
    PMID: 33217902 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112141
    A high death rate among red hybrid tilapias was observed in a farm in Selangor, Malaysia, in January 2020. The affected fish appeared lethargic, isolated from schooling group, showed loss of appetite, red and haemorrhagic skin, exophthalmia and enlarged gall bladders. Histopathological assessment revealed deformation of kidney tubules, and severe congestion with infiltrations of inflammatory cells in the brains and kidneys. Syncytial cells and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were occasionally observed in the liver and brain sections. Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV), Aeromonas hydrophila and Streptococcus agalactiae were identified in the affected fish, either through isolation or through PCR and sequencing analysis. The phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that the TiLV strain in this study was closely related to the previously reported Malaysian strain that was isolated in 2019. On the other hand, A. hydrophila and S. agalactiae were closer to Algerian and Brazilian strains, respectively. The multiple antibiotic resistance index for A. hydrophila and S. agalactiae was 0.50 and 0.25, respectively. Co-infections of virus and bacteria in cultured tilapia is a new threat for the tilapia industry.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  10. Sadiq MA, Hassan L, Aziz SA, Zakaria Z, Musa HI, Amin MM
    Vet World, 2018 Nov;11(10):1404-1408.
    PMID: 30532493 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1404-1408
    Background: Melioidosis is a fatal emerging infectious disease of both man and animal caused by bacteria Burkholderia pseudomallei. Variations were suggested to have existed among the different B. pseudomallei clinical strains/genotypes which may implicate bacterial susceptibility and resistance toward antibiotics.

    Aim: This study was designed to determine whether the phenotypic antibiotic resistance pattern of B. pseudomallei is associated with the source of isolates and the genotype.

    Materials and Methods: A collection of 111 B. pseudomallei isolates from veterinary cases of melioidosis and the environments (soil and water) were obtained from stock cultures of previous studies and were phylogenetically characterized by multilocus sequence typing (ST). The susceptibility to five antibiotics, namely meropenem (MEM), imipenem, ceftazidime (CAZ), cotrimoxazole (SXT), and co-amoxiclav (AMC), recommended in both acute and eradication phases of melioidosis treatment were tested using minimum inhibitory concentration antibiotics susceptibility test.

    Results: Majority of isolates were susceptible to all antibiotics tested while few resistant strains to MEM, SXT, CAZ, and AMC were observed. Statistically significant association was found between resistance to MEM and the veterinary clinical isolates (p<0.05). The likelihood of resistance to MEM was significantly higher among the novel ST 1130 isolates found in veterinary cases as compared to others.

    Conclusion: The resistance to MEM and SXT appeared to be higher among veterinary isolates, and the novel ST 1130 was more likely to be resistant to MEM as compared to others.

    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  11. Abubakar U, Muhammad HT, Sulaiman SAS, Ramatillah DL, Amir O
    Curr Pharm Teach Learn, 2020 03;12(3):265-273.
    PMID: 32273061 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2019.12.002
    BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Training pharmacy students in infectious diseases (ID) is important to enable them to participate in antibiotic stewardship programs. This study evaluated knowledge and self-confidence regarding antibiotic resistance, appropriate antibiotic therapy, and antibiotic stewardship among final year pharmacy undergraduate students.

    METHODS: A cross-sectional electronic survey was conducted at universities in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Pakistan. A 59-item survey was administered between October 2017 and December 2017.

    FINDINGS: The survey was completed by 211 students (response rate 77.8%). The mean knowledge score for antibiotic resistance, appropriate antibiotic therapy, and antibiotic stewardship was 5.6 ± 1.5, 4.7 ± 1.8 (maximum scores 10.0) and 3.1 ± 1.4 (maximum score 5.0), respectively. Significant variations were noted among the schools. There was poor awareness about the consequences of antibiotic resistance and cases with no need for an antibiotic. The knowledge of antibiotic resistance was higher among male respondents (6.1 vs. 5.4) and those who had attended antibiotic resistance (5.7 vs. 5.2) and antibiotic therapy (5.8 vs. 4.9) courses (p 

    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial/drug effects*
  12. Dassanayake MK, Khoo TJ, An J
    Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob, 2021 Dec 02;20(1):79.
    PMID: 34856999 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-021-00485-0
    BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The chemotherapeutic management of infections has become challenging due to the global emergence of antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria. The recent expansion of studies on plant-derived natural products has lead to the discovery of a plethora of phytochemicals with the potential to combat bacterial drug resistance via various mechanisms of action. This review paper summarizes the primary antibiotic resistance mechanisms of bacteria and also discusses the antibiotic-potentiating ability of phytoextracts and various classes of isolated phytochemicals in reversing antibiotic resistance in anthrax agent Bacillus anthracis and emerging superbug bacteria.

    METHODS: Growth inhibitory indices and fractional inhibitory concentration index were applied to evaluate the in vitro synergistic activity of phytoextract-antibiotic combinations in general.

    FINDINGS: A number of studies have indicated that plant-derived natural compounds are capable of significantly reducing the minimum inhibitory concentration of standard antibiotics by altering drug-resistance mechanisms of B. anthracis and other superbug infection causing bacteria. Phytochemical compounds allicin, oleanolic acid, epigallocatechin gallate and curcumin and Jatropha curcas extracts were exceptional synergistic potentiators of various standard antibiotics.

    CONCLUSION: Considering these facts, phytochemicals represents a valuable and novel source of bioactive compounds with potent antibiotic synergism to modulate bacterial drug-resistance.

    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial/drug effects
  13. Appelbaum PC
    Clin Infect Dis, 1992 Jul;15(1):77-83.
    PMID: 1617076
    Clinical resistance to penicillin in Streptococcus pneumoniae was first reported by researchers in Boston in 1965; subsequently, this phenomenon was reported from Australia (1967) and South Africa (1977). Since these early reports, penicillin resistance has been encountered with increasing frequency in strains of S. pneumoniae from around the world. In South Africa strains resistant to penicillin and chloramphenicol as well as multiresistant strains have been isolated. Similar patterns of resistance have been reported from Spain. Preliminary evidence points to a high prevalence of resistant pneumococci in Hungary, other countries of Eastern Europe, and some countries in other areas of Europe, notably France. In the United States most reports of resistant pneumococci come from Alaska and the South, but resistance is increasing in other states and in Canada. Pneumococcal resistance has also been described in Zambia, Japan, Malaysia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Chile, and Brazil; information from other African, Asian, and South American countries is not available. The rising prevalence of penicillin-resistant pneumococci worldwide mandates selective susceptibility testing and epidemiological investigations during outbreaks.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  14. Maurice Bilung L, Sin Chai L, Tahar AS, Ted CK, Apun K
    Biomed Res Int, 2018;2018:3067494.
    PMID: 30065935 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3067494
    This study aimed to identify Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes, characterize the isolates, and determine the antibiotic resistance profiles of the isolates Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes in fresh produce, fertilizer, and environmental samples from vegetable farms (organic and conventional farms). A total of 386 samples (vegetables, soil, water, and fertilizer with manure) were examined. The identification of bacterial isolates was performed using PCR and characterized using ERIC-PCR and BOX-PCR. The discriminating power of the typing method was analyzed using Simpson's Index of Diversity. Thirty-four (n=34) Listeria isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test using the disc-diffusion technique. The PCR analysis revealed that Listeria spp. were present in 7.51% (29/386) of all the samples (vegetable, soil, fertilizer, and water). None of the samples examined were positive for the presence of L. monocytogenes. Percentages of 100% (15/15) and 73.30% (11/15) of the Listeria spp. isolated from vegetables, fertilizer, and soil from organic farm B had indistinguishable DNA fingerprints by using ERIC-PCR and BOX-PCR, respectively. Listeria spp. isolated from 86 samples of vegetable, fertilizer, and environment of organic farm A and conventional farm C had distinct DNA fingerprints. Simpson's Index of Diversity, D, of ERIC-PCR and BOX-PCR is 0.604 and 0.888, respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that most of the Listeria spp. in this study were found to be resistant to ampicillin, rifampin, penicillin G, tetracycline, clindamycin, cephalothin, and ceftriaxone. The isolates had MAR index ranging between 0.31 and 0.85. In conclusion, hygienic measures at farm level are crucial to the reduction of Listeria transmission along the food chain.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial*
  15. Parasakthi N, Vadivelu J, Ariffin H, Iyer L, Palasubramaniam S, Arasu A
    Int J Infect Dis, 2000;4(3):123-8.
    PMID: 11179914
    OBJECTIVES: To describe the epidemiology, antimicrobial susceptibility, genomic profiles, and control of a nosocomial outbreak of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (MRKP) that occurred in the pediatric oncology unit of the University of Malaya Medical Centre in Kuala Lumpur.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective epidemiologic and microbiologic study was conducted of MRKP isolated from the blood and wound of a boy with necrotizing fasciitis after a 7-day course of ceftazidime and amikacin. In the following 2 weeks, phenotypically similar MRKP were isolated from the blood cultures of four other patients and rectal swabs of another three patients and two liquid soap samples located in the same ward.

    RESULTS: Antimicrobial profiles demonstrated that all the isolates were resistant to ceftazidime, sensitive to imipenem and ciprofloxacin, and confirmed to be extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producers. Plasmids of varying molecular weights were present in all isolates. In eight of these isolates, which included four from blood, there were common large molecular weight plasmids ranging from 80 kb to 100 kb. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis using XbaI demonstrated six different DNA profiles, A to F. Profile A was shared by two blood culture isolates and were related by 91%. Profile B was found in one rectal swab isolate and one isolate from liquid soap and were related by 94%. Profile C was shared by one blood isolate and one liquid soap isolate and showed 100% relatedness. Profiles D, E, and F each were demonstrated by one blood isolate and two rectal swab isolates, respectively. These showed only 65% relatedness.

    CONCLUSIONS: The MRKP strains in this outbreak were not clonal in origin. The decline of the outbreak after 4 weeks was attributed to the reemphasis of standard infection control procedures and the implementation of a program that addressed sites of environmental contamination.

    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics
  16. Ariza Adnan
    Medical Health Reviews, 2008;2008(1):29-44.
    MyJurnal
    The issue of antibiotic resistance has been around ever since the first antibiotic penicillin was introduced to the world. It continues to rise, becoming a major problem across the globe and Malaysia is no exception. Hospital is a critical component of the antibiotic resistance problem worldwide. The problems of antibiotic resistance are typically magnified in a hospital setting due to the common variables in the hospital environment that favour its development. These include a combination of highly susceptible patients, intensive and prolonged antibiotic use, and crossinfection resulting in nosocomial infections with highly resistant bacterial pathogens such as multi-resistant gram-negative rods, vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) and methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as well as resistant fungal infections. Transmission of highly resistant bacteria from patient to patient within the hospital environment amplifies the problem of antibiotic resistance and may result in the infection of patients who are not receiving antibiotics. Transmission of antibiotic-resistant strains from hospital personnel to patients or vice versa may also occur. What are the available strategies and what works best in managing antibiotic resistance in the hospital? This review will highlight the seriousness of the resistance problem and identify actions that address it especially in the context of improving the problem in Malaysian hospitals.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  17. Lesley, M.B., Velnetti, L., Fazira, A.A., Kasing, A., Samuel, L., Micky, V., et al.
    MyJurnal
    This study was conducted to detect the presence of Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes)
    and screen for its antibiotic susceptibility characteristic from wildlife and water samples at
    Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia. Samples collected were incubated and streaked on
    selective medium PALCAM agar to confirm the presence of Listeria spp. before they were
    further tested using molecular analysis. Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay were
    performed to target specific virulence gene, haemolysin gene, hlyA to further distinguish the
    presence of this pathogenic bacteria in the samples. Overall, out of the 30 samples tested, 10
    samples were confirmed as to contain L. monocytogenes strains and selected to subsequent
    antibiotic susceptibility test. Susceptibility patterns to 10 antibiotics were investigated
    among the L. monocytogenes strains. All strains were uniformly resistant to tetracycline and
    erythromycin. On the other hand, all strains were sensitive to gentamycin and tobramycin. The
    multiple antibiotic resistance shown by the strains in this study indicate the potential health
    hazard associated with the possible transmission between wildlife and water to its surrounding
    environment especially visitors and workers of Kubah National Park, Sarawak, Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  18. Greta Miranda Goh, Awg Khairul Bin Awang Mohammad
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Increase in antibiotic resistance (ABR) worldwide, specifically in developing countries, requires the need to pay attention to self-medicated antibiotics, perception and attitude of ABR. Self-medication on antibiotics practices have a major pitfall, which is that users do not follow a prescribed course of drug and may usually stop the drug regimen once they feeling better. The spread of ABR is known to be associated with inadequate dosing, and incomplete courses which increases the actual cost of treating illnesses and social burden. This research is motivated by the alarming spread of ABR in Malaysia, the paucity of data on self-medication with antibiotics, and the alarming rate of pharmacy or drug stores that sell antibiotics and prescription-only medicines that are unauthorized to do so. Thus, the study has been done to observe the pattern of antibiotics usage of undergraduate students in a public uni- versity. Methods: Quantitative study with cross-sectional study have been chosen in this study and the target sample is localUniversiti Malaysia Sarawak(UNIMAS) undergraduate students with use of convenience sampling method. Besides, data collection has been done at main library (Centre for Academic Information Services)of UNIMASand students pavilion, UNIMAS by using the fully English online and hardcopy self-administered questionnaire adapted from previous study. Then, the data collected has been analysed by using SPSS Version 22. Results: In this study, 30.5% out of 403respondents have admitted that have taken antibiotics within 6 months and common reason of taking antibiotics given are fever, respiratory tract infection, and pain. Besides, there are 36% of respondents are not compliance to their antibiotics once prescribed with reason of already felt better and healed from the illness. More than 50% of the respondents are believed that antibiotics can treat the viral infection and work on the cold or coughs. For the attitude’s aspect, more than 60% of the respondents are expecting the doctor to prescribed them antibiotics when they are having cold symptoms and 49.9% will take antibiotics when they get cold to help them recover more quickly. Conclusion: This study has showed that there about a quarter of respondents (36%) still using antibiotics in improper method of consumption. Besides, some of the respondents have misunderstanding perception toward anti- biotics and bad attitudes on compliance toward the antibiotics. Thus, this problem from the young adult population could contributes to the increasing trend of antibiotics resistance in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  19. Venkateskumar K, Parasuraman S, Chuen LY, Ravichandran V, Balamurgan S
    Curr Drug Discov Technol, 2020;17(4):507-514.
    PMID: 31424372 DOI: 10.2174/1570163816666190819141344
    About 95% of earth living space lies deep below the ocean's surface and it harbors extraordinary diversity of marine organisms. Marine biodiversity is an exceptional reservoir of natural products, bioactive compounds, nutraceuticals and other potential compounds of commercial value. Timeline for the development of the drug from a plant, synthetic and other alternative sources is too lengthy. Exploration of the marine environment for potential bioactive compounds has gained focus and huge opportunity lies ahead for the exploration of such vast resources in the ocean. Further, the evolution of superbugs with increasing resistance to the currently available drugs is alarming and it needs coordinated efforts to resolve them. World Health Organization recommends the need and necessity to develop effective bioactive compounds to combat problems associated with antimicrobial resistance. Based on these factors, it is imperative to shift the focus towards the marine environment for potential bioactive compounds that could be utilized to tackle antimicrobial resistance. Current research trends also indicate the huge strides in research involving marine environment for drug discovery. The objective of this review article is to provide an overview of marine resources, recently reported research from marine resources, challenges, future research prospects in the marine environment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial/drug effects
  20. Monowar T, Bhore SJ
    Lancet Infect Dis, 2014 Jul;14(7):549.
    PMID: 24964938 DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70799-6
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial*
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