Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 244 in total

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  1. Fulltext Antibiotic resistance and plasmid profiling of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from cockles in Padang, Indonesia
    Zulkifli, Y., Alitheen, N.B., Raha, A.R., Yeap, S.K., Marlina, Son, R., et al.
    International Food Research Journal, 2009;16(1):53-58.
    MyJurnal
    Vibrio parahaemolyticus is one of the most widely recognized pathogenic Vibrio species due to numerous outbreaks and its’ wide occurrence in marine environment. In this study, 32 isolates of V. parahaemolyticus isolated from cockles were tested for sensitivity to 16 antibiotics and the presence of plasmids. All the isolates were multi-resistance, defined as resistant to atleast three different antibiotics with multiple antibiotic resistance indexes ranging from 0.31 to 0.69, indicating the isolates originate from high risk sources of contamination where antibiotics are often used. In the plasmid profiling test, only 15 isolates (47%) harbored plasmid DNA, which ranged in size from 2.7 to 56.2 kb, separating the isolates into 14 plasmid profiles. Hence, food contaminated with antibiotic resistant V. parahaemolyticus could be a major threat to public health due to the distinct possibility that they can be a significant reservoir of genes encoding antibiotic resistance determinants that can be transferred intra or interspecies. As in many developing countries, raw food hygiene and antimicrobial resistance epidemiology is still in the infancy stage in the locality of the study and thus our data provide a current baseline profile of antimicrobial resistance and plasmid of V. parahaemolyticusfrom cockles in Padang, Indonesia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  2. Fulltext Stepwise evolution of pandrug-resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae
    Zowawi HM, Forde BM, Alfaresi M, Alzarouni A, Farahat Y, Chong TM, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2015;5:15082.
    PMID: 26478520 DOI: 10.1038/srep15082
    Carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) pose an urgent risk to global human health. CRE that are non-susceptible to all commercially available antibiotics threaten to return us to the pre-antibiotic era. Using Single Molecule Real Time (SMRT) sequencing we determined the complete genome of a pandrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate, representing the first complete genome sequence of CRE resistant to all commercially available antibiotics. The precise location of acquired antibiotic resistance elements, including mobile elements carrying genes for the OXA-181 carbapenemase, were defined. Intriguingly, we identified three chromosomal copies of an ISEcp1-bla(OXA-181) mobile element, one of which has disrupted the mgrB regulatory gene, accounting for resistance to colistin. Our findings provide the first description of pandrug-resistant CRE at the genomic level, and reveal the critical role of mobile resistance elements in accelerating the emergence of resistance to other last resort antibiotics.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  3. Fulltext Molecular detection of the New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 gene in Enterobacteriaceae isolates in a tertiary medical centre
    Zainol Abidin NZ, Sulong A, Alfizah H, Muttaqillah NA, Ding CH
    Malays J Pathol, 2015 Dec;37(3):227-32.
    PMID: 26712667 MyJurnal
    New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 (NDM-1) is a relatively recent carbapenemase enzyme that inactivates all β-lactam antibiotics with the exception of aztreonam. This study aims to ascertain the baseline prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of NDM-1-producing Enterobacteriaceae in a tertiary medical center in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial*
  4. Antibiotic resistance and plasmid profiling of Vibrio spp. in tropical waters of Peninsular Malaysia
    You KG, Bong CW, Lee CW
    Environ Monit Assess, 2016 Mar;188(3):171.
    PMID: 26884358 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5163-0
    Vibrio species isolated from four different sampling stations in the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia were screened for their antimicrobial resistance and plasmid profiles. A total of 138 isolates belonging to 15 different species were identified. Vibrio campbellii, V. parahaemolyticus, V. harveyi, and V. tubiashii were found to predominance species at all stations. High incidence of erythromycin, ampicillin, and mecillinam resistance was observed among the Vibrio isolates. In contrast, resistance against aztreonam, cefepime, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and sulfonamides was low. All the Vibrio isolates in this study were found to be susceptible to imipenem, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and oxytetracycline. Ninety-five percent of the Vibrio isolates were resistant to one or more different classes of antibiotic, and 20 different resistance antibiograms were identified. Thirty-two distinct plasmid profiles with molecular weight ranging from 2.2 to 24.8 kb were detected among the resistance isolates. This study showed that multidrug-resistant Vibrio spp. were common in the aquatic environments of west coast of Peninsular Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial/genetics*
  5. Characterization and Comparative Overview of Complete Sequences of the First Plasmids of Pandoraea across Clinical and Non-clinical Strains
    Yong D, Tee KK, Yin WF, Chan KG
    Front Microbiol, 2016;7:1606.
    PMID: 27790203
    To date, information on plasmid analysis in Pandoraea spp. is scarce. To address the gap of knowledge on this, the complete sequences of eight plasmids from Pandoraea spp. namely Pandoraea faecigallinarum DSM 23572(T) (pPF72-1, pPF72-2), Pandoraea oxalativorans DSM 23570(T) (pPO70-1, pPO70-2, pPO70-3, pPO70-4), Pandoraea vervacti NS15 (pPV15) and Pandoraea apista DSM 16535(T) (pPA35) were studied for the first time in this study. The information on plasmid sequences in Pandoraea spp. is useful as the sequences did not match any known plasmid sequence deposited in public databases. Replication genes were not identified in some plasmids, a situation that has led to the possibility of host interaction involvement. Some plasmids were also void of par genes and intriguingly, repA gene was also not discovered in these plasmids. This further leads to the hypothesis of host-plasmid interaction. Plasmid stabilization/stability protein-encoding genes were observed in some plasmids but were not established for participating in plasmid segregation. Toxin-antitoxin systems MazEF, VapBC, RelBE, YgiT-MqsR, HigBA, and ParDE were identified across the plasmids and their presence would improve plasmid maintenance. Conjugation genes were identified portraying the conjugation ability amongst Pandoraea plasmids. Additionally, we found a shared region amongst some of the plasmids that consists of conjugation genes. The identification of genes involved in replication, segregation, toxin-antitoxin systems and conjugation, would aid the design of drugs to prevent the survival or transmission of plasmids carrying pathogenic properties. Additionally, genes conferring virulence and antibiotic resistance were identified amongst the plasmids. The observed features in the plasmids shed light on the Pandoraea spp. as opportunistic pathogens.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  6. Antimicrobial susceptibility of bifidobacteria
    Yazid AM, Ali AM, Shuhaimi M, Kalaivaani V, Rokiah MY, Reezal A
    Lett Appl Microbiol, 2000 Jul;31(1):57-62.
    PMID: 10886616
    Eighteen Bifidobacterium strains were tested for their susceptibility to a range of antimicrobial agents. All the strains tested, including the reference culture Lactobacillus acidophilus CH2, were susceptible to several groups of antimicrobial agents, they were cephalosporin (cefamandole, cefazolin, cefaperazone, cefoxitin), polypeptide (bacitracin), macrolide (erythromycin), penicillin (amoxicillin), phenicol (chloramphenicol) and beta-lactam (imipenem). Fourteen strains were resistant to more than 10 antibiotics. The reference culture was resistant to only three antibiotics. The results showed that bifidobacteria are resistant to a wide range of antimicrobial agents.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial*
  7. Comparison of E-test with agar dilution methods in testing susceptibility of N. gonorrhoeae to azithromycin
    Yasin RM, Suan KA, Meng CY
    Sex Transm Dis, 1997 May;24(5):257-60.
    PMID: 9153733
    BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Neisseria gonorrhoeae varies from one country to another and may also change with time. To monitor these variations and changes, it is desirable to have a method that is simple and reproducible. This study was undertaken to determine the in vitro susceptibility of N. gonorrhoeae to azithromycin and to assess the reliability of results obtained using E-test methodology for determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of azithromycin.

    STUDY DESIGN: The MICs for 135 clinical isolates of N. gonorrhoeae were determined by a modified Kirby-Bauer method recommended by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards against penicillin, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, norfloxacin, tetracycline, kanamycin, spectinomycin, and azithromycin. The MIC of azithromycin was determined by both the E-test and agar dilution method. All tests were done simultaneously.

    RESULTS: The MIC of azithromycin to all 135 isolates ranged from 0.078 to 0.25 microgram/ml with the agar dilution method and from 0.016 to 0.50 microgram/ml with the E-test. The MIC50 and MIC90 of azithromycin were 0.064 microgram/ml and 0.125 microgram/ml, respectively, by the agar dilution method, whereas they are slightly higher by the E-test method. Seventy-six of the isolates were beta-lactamase producers and 69 were high-level tetracycline-resistant N. gonorrhoeae. There was no difference in the MIC50 and MIC90 of azithromycin in these groups of isolates. The percentage agreement within the acceptable +/-1 log2 dilution difference between MICs obtained by E-test and those obtained by the agar dilution method was 97.8%.

    CONCLUSIONS: Azithromycin has a very good in vitro antigonococcal activity, and the E-test is a reliable method to determine the MIC of azithromycin against N. gonorrhoeae.

    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  8. Fulltext Salmonella Typhi genomics: envisaging the future of typhoid eradication
    Yap KP, Thong KL
    Trop Med Int Health, 2017 08;22(8):918-925.
    PMID: 28544285 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12899
    Next-generation whole-genome sequencing has revolutionised the study of infectious diseases in recent years. The availability of genome sequences and its understanding have transformed the field of molecular microbiology, epidemiology, infection treatments and vaccine developments. We review the key findings of the publicly accessible genomes of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi since the first complete genome to the most recent release of thousands of Salmonella Typhi genomes, which remarkably shape the genomic research of S. Typhi and other pathogens. Important new insights acquired from the genome sequencing of S. Typhi, pertaining to genomic variations, evolution, population structure, antibiotic resistance, virulence, pathogenesis, disease surveillance/investigation and disease control are discussed. As the numbers of sequenced genomes are increasing at an unprecedented rate, fine variations in the gene pool of S. Typhi are captured in high resolution, allowing deeper understanding of the pathogen's evolutionary trends and its pathogenesis, paving the way to bringing us closer to eradication of typhoid through effective vaccine/treatment development.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial*
  9. Fulltext Changes in the Carbon Metabolism of Escherichia coli During the Evolution of Doxycycline Resistance
    Yang Y, Mi J, Liang J, Liao X, Ma B, Zou Y, et al.
    Front Microbiol, 2019;10:2506.
    PMID: 31736928 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02506
    Despite our continuous improvement in understanding the evolution of antibiotic resistance, the changes in the carbon metabolism during the evolution of antibiotic resistance remains unclear. To investigate the evolution of antibiotic resistance and the changes in carbon metabolism under antibiotic pressure, Escherichia coli K-12 was evolved for 38 passages under a concentration gradient of doxycycline (DOX). The 0th-passage sensitive strain W0, the 20th-passage moderately resistant strain M20, and the 38th-passage highly resistant strain E38 were selected for the determination of biofilm formation, colony area, and carbon metabolism levels, as well as genome and transcriptome sequencing. The MIC of DOX with E. coli significantly increased from 4 to 96 μg/ml, and the IC50 increased from 2.18 ± 0.08 to 64.79 ± 0.75 μg/ml after 38 passages of domestication. Compared with the sensitive strain W0, the biofilm formation amount of the resistant strains M20 and E38 was significantly increased (p < 0.05). Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were distributed in antibiotic resistance-related genes such as ribosome targets, cell membranes, and multiple efflux pumps. In addition, there were no mutated genes related to carbon metabolism. However, the genes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and carbon metabolism pathway were downregulated, showing a significant decrease in the metabolic intensity of 23 carbon sources (p < 0.05). The results presented here show that there may be a correlation between the evolution of E. coli DOX resistance and the decrease of carbon metabolism, and the mechanism was worthy of further research, providing a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of microbial resistance.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  10. Fulltext Combinatorial Antimicrobial Efficacy and Mechanism of Linalool Against Clinically Relevant Klebsiella pneumoniae
    Yang SK, Yusoff K, Ajat M, Wee CY, Yap PS, Lim SH, et al.
    Front Microbiol, 2021;12:635016.
    PMID: 33815320 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.635016
    Antibiotic-adjuvant combinatory therapy serves as a viable treatment option in addressing antibiotic resistance in the clinical setting. This study was carried out to assess and characterize the adjuvant potential and mode of action of linalool against carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPC-KP). Linalool exhibited bactericidal activity alone (11,250 μg/ml) and in combination with meropenem (5,625 μg/ml). Comparative proteomic analysis showed significant reduction in the number of cytoplasmic and membrane proteins, indicating membrane damage in linalool-treated KPC-KP cells. Upregulation of oxidative stress regulator proteins and downregulation of oxidative stress-sensitive proteins indicated oxidative stress. Zeta potential measurement and outer membrane permeability assay revealed that linalool increases the bacterial surface charge as well as the membrane permeability. Intracellular leakage of nucleic acid and proteins was detected upon linalool treatment. Scanning and transmission electron microscopies further revealed the breakage of bacterial membrane and loss of intracellular materials. Linalool induced oxidative stress by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) which initiates lipid peroxidation, leading to damage of the bacterial membrane. This leads to intracellular leakage, eventually killing the KPC-KP cells. Our study demonstrated that linalool possesses great potential in future clinical applications as an adjuvant along with existing antibiotics attributed to their ability in disrupting the bacterial membrane by inducing oxidative stress. This facilitates the uptake of antibiotics into the bacterial cells, enhancing bacterial killing.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  11. Fulltext The Missing Piece: Recent Approaches Investigating the Antimicrobial Mode of Action of Essential Oils
    Yang SK, Tan NP, Chong CW, Abushelaibi A, Lim SH, Lai KS
    Evol Bioinform Online, 2021;17:1176934320938391.
    PMID: 34017165 DOI: 10.1177/1176934320938391
    Antibiotic resistance is a major global health issue that has seen alarming rates of increase in all parts of the world over the past two decades. The surge in antibiotic resistance has resulted in longer hospital stays, higher medical costs, and elevated mortality rates. Constant attempts have been made to discover newer and more effective antimicrobials to reduce the severity of antibiotic resistance. Plant secondary metabolites, such as essential oils, have been the major focus due to their complexity and bioactive nature. However, the underlying mechanism of their antimicrobial effect remains largely unknown. Understanding the antimicrobial mode of action of essential oils is crucial in developing potential strategies for the use of essential oils in a clinical setting. Recent advances in genomics and proteomics have enhanced our understanding of the antimicrobial mode of action of essential oils. We might well be at the dawn of completing a mystery on how essential oils carry out their antimicrobial activities. Therefore, an overview of essential oils with regard to their antimicrobial activities and mode of action is discussed in this review. Recent approaches used in identifying the antimicrobial mode of action of essential oils, specifically from the perspective of genomics and proteomics, are also synthesized. Based on the information gathered from this review, we offer recommendations for future strategies and prospects for the study of essential oils and their function as antimicrobials.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  12. Fulltext Antimicrobial activity and mode of action of terpene linalyl anthranilate against carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae
    Yang SK, Yusoff K, Ajat M, Yap WS, Lim SE, Lai KS
    J Pharm Anal, 2021 Apr;11(2):210-219.
    PMID: 34012697 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.05.014
    Mining of plant-derived antimicrobials is the major focus at current to counter antibiotic resistance. This study was conducted to characterize the antimicrobial activity and mode of action of linalyl anthranilate (LNA) against carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPC-KP). LNA alone exhibited bactericidal activity at 2.5% (V/V), and in combination with meropenem (MPM) at 1.25% (V/V). Comparative proteomic analysis showed a significant reduction in the number of cytoplasmic and membrane proteins, indicating membrane damage in LNA-treated KPC-KP cells. Up-regulation of oxidative stress regulator proteins and down-regulation of oxidative stress-sensitive proteins indicated oxidative stress. Zeta potential measurement and outer membrane permeability assay revealed that LNA increases both bacterial surface charge and membrane permeability. Ethidium bromide influx/efflux assay showed increased uptake of ethidium bromide in LNA-treated cells, inferring membrane damage. Furthermore, intracellular leakage of nucleic acid and proteins was detected upon LNA treatment. Scanning and transmission electron microscopies again revealed the breakage of bacterial membrane and loss of intracellular materials. LNA was found to induce oxidative stress by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) that initiate lipid peroxidation and damage the bacterial membrane. In conclusion, LNA generates ROS, initiates lipid peroxidation, and damages the bacterial membrane, resulting in intracellular leakage and eventually killing the KPC-KP cells.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  13. Fulltext Factors influencing inappropriate use of antibiotics: Findings from a nationwide survey of the general public in Malaysia
    Wong LP, Alias H, Husin SA, Ali ZB, Sim B, Ponnampalavanar SSS
    PLoS One, 2021;16(10):e0258698.
    PMID: 34669733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258698
    Antibiotic resistance is one of the biggest threats to global public health. Misuse of antibiotics has never been investigated on a nationwide scale among the general public in Malaysia. This study aimed to identify sociodemographic and knowledge factors associated with inappropriate use of antibiotics in the Malaysian context to inform the development of interventions to mitigate inappropriate antibiotic use. We conducted computer-assisted telephone interviews (CATI) between June 2019 and December 2019. The telephone numbers were randomly generated from the electronic residential telephone directory of all 13 states and 3 Federal Territories in Malaysia. The survey consisted of questions on demographics, knowledge about antibiotics and antibiotic resistance (53 items), and practices of antibiotic use (16 questions). A total of 864 complete responses were received. Pronounced erroneous beliefs that antibiotics are effective against infections caused by viruses and that antibiotics can speed up recovery from coughs and colds were evident. The proportions that were aware of the terms 'drug resistance', 'antimicrobial resistance', and 'superbugs' were low. The mean and standard deviation (SD) for the antibiotic knowledge score was 23.7 (SD ±9.25; range 0 to 50) out of a possible score of 52. Regarding antibiotic practices, a considerable proportion reported non-adherence to recommended doses. The mean and SD for the antibiotic practices score was 37.9 (SD ± 6.5; range 17 to 47) out of a possible score of 48. Participants who earned an average monthly household income of MYR1001-3000 (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.04-2.50) were more likely to report higher antibiotic practice scores than those with
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial*
  14. Surveillance of antibiotic resistance in South East Asia
    Williams JD, Moosdeen F, Teoh-Chan CH, Lim VK, Jayanetra P
    Eur J Epidemiol, 1989 Jun;5(2):207-13.
    PMID: 2504618
    Antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria, particularly Salmonella and Shigella, requires surveillance worldwide. This study describes results of surveys in Hong Kong, Bangkok and Kuala Lumpur. All strains were isolated in hospitals which have large community catchment areas in addition to specialised hospital units. The prevalence of resistant strains was high in all areas. Gram-negative bacteria such as Enterobacter associated with hospital infections were resistant to penicillins and cephalosporins, with gentamicin resistance ranging from about 20% in Kuala Lumpur and Hong Kong, to 35% in Bangkok. Ninety-seven percent of Shigella isolated in Thailand were resistant to ampicillin. About 10% of Salmonella were resistant to chloramphenicol in all three centres.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  15. Fulltext Pentocin MQ1: A Novel, Broad-Spectrum, Pore-Forming Bacteriocin From Lactobacillus pentosus CS2 With Quorum Sensing Regulatory Mechanism and Biopreservative Potential
    Wayah SB, Philip K
    Front Microbiol, 2018;9:564.
    PMID: 29636737 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00564
    Micrococcus luteus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus cereus are major food-borne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria. Emergence of antibiotic resistance and consumer demand for foods containing less of chemical preservatives led to a search for natural antimicrobials. A study aimed at characterizing, investigating the mechanism of action and regulation of biosynthesis and evaluating the biopreservative potential of pentocin from Lactobacillus pentosus CS2 was conducted. Pentocin MQ1 is a novel bacteriocin isolated from L. pentosus CS2 of coconut shake origin. The purification strategy involved adsorption-desorption of bacteriocin followed by RP-HPLC. It has a molecular weight of 2110.672 Da as determined by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and a molar extinction value of 298.82 M-1 cm-1. Pentocin MQ1 is not plasmid-borne and its biosynthesis is regulated by a quorum sensing mechanism. It has a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, exhibited high chemical, thermal and pH stability but proved sensitive to proteolytic enzymes. It is potent against M. luteus, B. cereus, and L. monocytogenes at micromolar concentrations. It is quick-acting and exhibited a bactericidal mode of action against its targets. Target killing was mediated by pore formation. We report for the first time membrane permeabilization as a mechanism of action of the pentocin from the study against Gram-positive bacteria. Pentocin MQ1 is a cell wall-associated bacteriocin. Application of pentocin MQ1 improved the microbiological quality and extended the shelf life of fresh banana. This is the first report on the biopreservation of banana using bacteriocin. These findings place pentocin MQ1 as a potential biopreservative for further evaluation in food and medical applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  16. Fulltext Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles by Aqueous Stem Extract of Entada spiralis and Screening of Their Biomedical Activity
    Wan Mat Khalir WKA, Shameli K, Jazayeri SD, Othman NA, Che Jusoh NW, Hassan NM
    Front Chem, 2020;8:620.
    PMID: 32974269 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00620
    Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) have been established as antibacterial nanoparticles and have been innovatively developed to overcome the occurrence of antibiotic resistance in the environment. In this study, an environmentally friendly and easy method of the biosynthesis of Ag-NPs plants, mediated by aqueous extract stem extract of Entada spiralis (E. spiralis), was successfully developed. The E. spiralis/Ag-NPs samples were characterized using spectroscopy and the microscopic technique of UV-visible (UV-vis), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Transmission Electron Microscope (FETEM), zeta potential, and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analyses. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) absorption at 400-450 nm in the UV-vis spectra established the formation of E. spiralis/Ag-NPs. The crystalline structure of E. spiralis/Ag-NPs was displayed in the XRD analysis. The small size, around 18.49 ± 4.23 nm, and spherical shape of Ag-NPs with good distribution was observed in the FETEM image. The best physicochemical parameters on Ag-NPs biosynthesis using E. spiralis extract occurred at a moderate temperature (~52.0°C), 0.100 M of silver nitrate, 2.50 g of E. spiralis dosage and 600 min of stirring reaction time. The antibacterial activity was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Proteus vulgaris using an antibacterial disk diffusion assay. Based on the results, it is evident that E. spiralis/Ag-NPs are susceptible to all the bacteria and has promising potential to be applied in both the industry and medical fields.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  17. Exploring Antimicrobials from the Flora and Fauna of Marine: Opportunities and Limitations
    Venkateskumar K, Parasuraman S, Chuen LY, Ravichandran V, Balamurgan S
    Curr Drug Discov Technol, 2020;17(4):507-514.
    PMID: 31424372 DOI: 10.2174/1570163816666190819141344
    About 95% of earth living space lies deep below the ocean's surface and it harbors extraordinary diversity of marine organisms. Marine biodiversity is an exceptional reservoir of natural products, bioactive compounds, nutraceuticals and other potential compounds of commercial value. Timeline for the development of the drug from a plant, synthetic and other alternative sources is too lengthy. Exploration of the marine environment for potential bioactive compounds has gained focus and huge opportunity lies ahead for the exploration of such vast resources in the ocean. Further, the evolution of superbugs with increasing resistance to the currently available drugs is alarming and it needs coordinated efforts to resolve them. World Health Organization recommends the need and necessity to develop effective bioactive compounds to combat problems associated with antimicrobial resistance. Based on these factors, it is imperative to shift the focus towards the marine environment for potential bioactive compounds that could be utilized to tackle antimicrobial resistance. Current research trends also indicate the huge strides in research involving marine environment for drug discovery. The objective of this review article is to provide an overview of marine resources, recently reported research from marine resources, challenges, future research prospects in the marine environment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial/drug effects
  18. Surface engineered iron oxide nanoparticles as efficient materials for antibiofilm application
    Velusamy P, Su CH, Kannan K, Kumar GV, Anbu P, Gopinath SCB
    Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 2021 Mar 10.
    PMID: 33751641 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2146
    Overuse of antibiotics has led to the development of multi drug resistant strains. Antibiotic resistance is a major drawback in the biomedical field since medical implants are prone to infection by biofilms of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria. With increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria, the search for alternative method is utmost importance. In this regard, magnetic nanoparticles are commonly used as a substitute for antibiotics that can circumvent the problem of biofilms growth on the surface of biomedical implants. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have unique magnetic properties that can be exploited in various ways in the biomedical applications. IONPs are engineered employing different methods to induce surface functionalization that include the use of polyethyleneimine and oleic acid. IONPs have a mechanical effect on biofilms when in presence of an external magnet. In this review, a detailed description of surface engineered magnetic nanoparticles as ideal antibacterial agents is provided, accompanied by various methods of literature review. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  19. Occurrence and antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in retail broiler chicken
    Usha, M.R., Fauziah, M., Tunung, R., Chai, L.C., Cheah, Y.K., Farinazleen, M.G., et al.
    International Food Research Journal, 2010;17(2):247-255.
    MyJurnal
    Broiler part samples (80 fresh and 80 chilled) were examined for the prevalence and numbers of C. jejuni and C. coli by employing most-probable-number (MPN) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. The prevalence of the bacteria was high where C. jejuni was detected in 92.5% fresh and 53.8% chilled samples while C. coli in 80.0% fresh and 56.3% chilled. The number of these bacteria in the positive fresh and chilled samples was from 3 to more than 2400 MPN/g and from 3 to 290 MPN/g, respectively. Antibiotic resistance test (using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method) on 10 C. jejuni and 13 C. coli isolates toward ampicillin, tobramycin, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, cephalothin, gentamicin and norfloxacin revealed high resistance toward all antibiotics (20.0% - 100.0%). All isolates were resistant to at least two antibiotics. This study highlights the potential of multidrug-resistant C. jejuni and C. coli transmission to humans through fresh and chilled broiler parts. Consecutive studies with bigger sample sizes and covering all over Malaysia are warranted in future.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
  20. Fulltext Biosafety of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from vegetables based on antimicrobial sensitivity and RAPD profiling
    Tunung, R., Jeyaletchumi, P., Noorlis, A., Tang, Y.H., Sandra, A., Ghazali, F.M., et al.
    International Food Research Journal, 2012;19(2):467-474.
    MyJurnal
    This study was undertaken to characterize the antibiotic resistance and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiles of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from raw vegetable samples. A total of 46 isolates of V. parahaemolyticus recovered from raw vegetables samples and were confirmed by PCR were analyzed in this study. Most of the isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid (93.48%) and were the least resistant towards imipinem (4.35%). The MAR index results also demonstrated high individual and multiple resistances to antibiotics among the isolates. From the RAPD analysis, the size for RAPD fragments generated ranged from 250 bp to 1,500 bp, with most of the strains contained three major gene fragments of 350, 1,000 and 1,350 bp. The RAPD profiles revealed a high level of DNA sequence diversity within the isolates. Antibiotic resistance and RAPD proved to be effective tools in characterizing and differentiating the V. parahaemolyticus strains.
    Matched MeSH terms: Drug Resistance, Microbial
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