The relative efficacy and incidence of hypernatremia of a rice starch based low sodium (sodium of 60 mmol/L) oral electrolyte solution was compared to the standard WHO oral rehydration solution (ORS; sodium 90 mmol/L) in 60 infants with non choleragenic acute diarrhoea. Both solutions were found to be equally effective in correcting dehydration as determined by the respective post hydration weight gain which was 150 +/- 175 gms in the rice starch low sodium ORS group and 164 +/- 125 gms in the standard WHO ORS group. However, the mean frequency of stools was greater and the duration of stay longer in the WHO ORS group compared to the rice starch low sodium group. There were 5 cases of hypernatremia in the WHO ORS group as opposed to only one in the rice starch low sodium ORS group. The present study shows that a rice starch low sodium ORS was as effective as the standard WHO ORS and had a lower incidence of hypernatremia in the fluid and electrolyte management of infants with non choleragenic diarrhoea.
Matched MeSH terms: Electrolytes/administration & dosage; Electrolytes/therapeutic use
Two hundred and ninety five children admitted with acute gastroenteritis from January 1, 1996 to December 31, 1996 to the Paediatric unit, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, were reviewed. Eighty-nine percent of children received treatment before admission. Information regarding the type of treatment received were available in 152 (52%) cases. Eighty percent of them were prescribed medications, 40% were prescribed glucose-electrolyte mixtures, and 13% were advised a change of formula. Only 18 children (12%) were advised to take glucose-electrolyte mixtures alone. The four most common prescribed drugs were: antibiotics (43%), antipyretics (39%), antidiarrhoeal agents (30%), and antiemetics (24%). The use of antibiotics, antiemetics and antidiarrhoeal drugs for children with acute gastroenteritis among primary care doctors appears to be common. The use of glucose-electrolyte mixtures was uncommon.
This is to cross-over study to assess the effectiveness of fresh young coconut water (CW), and carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage (CEB) compared with plain water (PW) for whole body rehydration and blood volume (BV) restoration during a 2 h rehydration period following exercise-induced dehydration. Eight healthy male volunteers (mean age and VO2max of 22.4 +/- 3.3 years and 45.8 +/- 1.5 ml min kg-1 respectively) exercised at 60% of VO2max in the heat (31.1 +/- 0.03 degrees C, 51.4 +/- 0.1% rh) until 2.78 +/- 0.06% (1.6 +/- 0.1 kg) of their body weight (BW) was lost. After exercise, the subjects sat for 2 h in a thermoneutral environment (22.5 +/- 0.1 degrees C; 67.0 +/- 1.0% rh) and drank a volume of PW, CW and CEB on different occasions representing 120% of the fluid loss. A blood and urine sample, and the body weight of each subject was taken before and after exercise and at 30 min intervals throughout a rehydration period. Each subject remained fasted throughout rehydration. Each fluid was consumed in three portions in separate trials representing 50% (781 +/- 47 ml), 40% (625 +/- 33 ml) and 30% (469 +/- 28 ml) of the 120% fluid loss at 0, 30 and 60 min of the 2 h rehydration period, respectively. The drinks given were randomised. In all the trials the subjects were somewhat hypohydrated (range 0.08-0.18 kg BW below euhydrated BW; p > 0.05) after a 2 h rehydration period since additional water and BW were lost as a result of urine formation, respiration, sweat and metabolism. The percent of body weight loss that was regained (used as index of percent rehydration) during CW, PW, and CEB trials was 75 +/- 5%, 73 +/- 5% and 80 +/- 4% respectively, but was not statistically different between trials. The rehydration index, which provided an indication of how much of what was actually ingested was used for body weight restoration, was again not different statistically between trials (1.56 +/- 0.14, 1.36 +/- 0.13 and 1.71 +/- 0.21 for CW, CEB and PW respectively). Although BV restoration was better with CW, it was not statistically different from CEB and PW. Cumulative urine output was similar in all trials. There were no difference at any time in serum Na+ and Cl-, serum osmolality, and net fluid balance between the three trials. Urine osmolality decreased after 1 h during the rehydration period and it was lowest in the PW trial. Plasma glucose concentrations were significantly higher compared with PW ingestion when CW and CEB were ingested during the rehydration period. CW was significantly sweeter, caused less nausea, fullness and no stomach upset and was also easier to consume in a larger amount compared with CEB and PW ingestion. In conclusion, ingestion of fresh young coconut water, a natural refreshing beverage, could be used for whole body rehydration after exercise.
The aim of this work was to study radiation and the effects of temperature on conductivity properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based potassium hydroxide (KOH) and propylene carbonate (PC), where the ionic conduction preferentially occurs in the amorphous phase by free radicals ions through gamma-irradiation. Alkaline composite polymer electrolyte (ACPE) consisting of PVA, KOH and PC of different concentration ratios were prepared by solvent-casting technique. The ACPE were irradiated with different doses from 5 kGy up to 200 kGy. The conductivity properties of the electrolyte films were measured at different frequencies in the range 20 Hz to 1 MHz using LCR meter. The results showed that the conductivity properties were dependent on the radiation dose, temperature and the concentration of the polymer blends.
The effects of indomethacin and nabumetone on urine and electrolyte excretion in conscious rats were examined. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were housed individually for a five-week duration, consisting of acclimatization, control, experimental, and recovery phases. During the experimental phase, rats were given either indomethacin (1.5 mg . kg(-1) body weight . day(-1) in 0.5 ml saline, n = 10), nabumetone (15 mg . kg(-1) body weight . day(-1) 0.5 ml saline, n = 10), or 0.5 ml saline alone (n = 10) for a period of two weeks. Water and food intake, body weight, urine output, and electrolyte excretions were estimated. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. Urine output in the indomethacin- and nabumetone-treated groups was not different from the controls, but was significantly different between the drug-treated groups (P<0.01). Sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium excretions were not different between nabumetone-treated and control rats. However, sodium and potassium excretion was significantly lower in rats receiving indomethacin when compared to the control rats. Calcium and magnesium outputs, although did not differ from the controls, nevertheless decreased significantly with indomethacin (P<0.01). It appears that indomethacin and nabumetone when given at maximum human therapeutic doses may affect urine and electrolyte output in conscious rats.
Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic studies have been undertaken to investigate the interactions among components in a system of hexanoyl chitosan-lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF(3)SO(3))-diethyl carbonate (DEC)/ethylene carbonate (EC). LiCF(3)SO(3) interacts with the hexanoyl chitosan to form a hexanoyl chitosan-salt complex that results in the shifting of the N(COR)(2), CONHR and OCOR bands to lower wavenumbers. Interactions between EC and DEC with LiCF(3)SO(3) has been noted and discussed. Evidence of interaction between EC and DEC has been obtained experimentally. Studies on polymer-plasticizer spectra suggested that there is no interaction between the polymer host and plasticizers. Competition between plasticizer and polymer on associating with Li(+) ions was observed from the spectral data for gel polymer electrolytes. The obtained spectroscopic data has been correlated with the conductivity performance of hexanoyl chitosan-based polymer electrolytes.
Chemical modification of natural rubber (NR) has frequently been attempted to improve the performance in specific application. 30% poly(methyl metacrylate) (PMMA) grafted into NR (MG30) has been explored as a potential candidate for polymer electrolytes. The complexation effect of salt and plasticizer in polymer host electrolytes had been investigated using FTIR. The carbonyl stretch of MG30 locates at 1729 cm-1, with the addition of lithium trimethanesulfonate (LiCF3SO3) salt, new band evolves at lower frequency region at 1643-1645 cm-1. The nondegenerate vibrational mode of nus(SO3) of salted electrolytes appearing at 1031-1034 cm-1 comes from 'free' trimethanesulfonate anions and the 1040-1046 cm-1 absorption from the monodentate ion paired with triflates. These indicate MG30-salt interaction. When MG30 and ethylene carbonate (EC) formed film, the CH3 asymmetric bend of MG30 appearing at 1447cm-1 is shifted to 1449 cm-1 in the EC-polymer complex. The CO stretching at 1729 cm-1 also shifted to 1728 cm-1. Hence, the EC-MG30 system is complexed to each other. EC-LiCF3SO3 interactions are indicated by the shifting of CO bending band of EC from 718 cm-1 being shifted to 720 cm-1 in the complex. In Li+-EC interaction where the ring breathing region at 897 cm-1 in EC has shifted to 899 cm-1 in EC-salt spectrum. The band appearing at 1643-1645 cm-1 due to the coordination of Li+
The polymer electrolytes composing of the blend of polyvinyl chloride-polymethyl methacrylate (PVC/PMMA) with lithium triflate (LiCF3SO3) as salt, ethylene carbonate (EC) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) as plasticizers and silica (SiO2) as the composite filler were prepared. FTIR studies confirm the complexation between PVC/PMMA blends. The CCl stretching mode at 834 cm-1 for pure PVC is shifted to 847 cm-1 in PVC-PMMA-LiCF3SO3 system. This suggests that there is interaction between Cl in PVC with Li+ ion from LiCF3SO3. The band due to OCH3 at 1150 cm-1 for PVC-PMMA blend is shifted to 1168 cm-1 in PVC-PMMA-LiCF3SO3 system. This shift is expected to be due to the interaction between Li+ ion and the oxygen atom in PMMA. The symmetric vibration band and the asymmetric vibration band of LiCF3SO3 at 1033 and 1256 cm-1 shifted to 1075 and 1286 cm-1 in the DBP-EC plasticized PVC-PMMA-LiCF3SO3 complexes. The interaction between Li+ ions and SiO2 will lead to an increase in the number of free plasticizers (which does not interact with Li+ ions). When the silica content increases from 2% to 5%, the intensity of the peak at 896 cm-1 (due to the ring breathing vibration of free EC) increases in PVC-PMMA-LiCF3SO3-DBP-EC system.
Polymer electrolytes based on poly(ethylene oxide)-lithium triflate (PEO-LiCF3SO3) and poly(ethylene oxide)-lithium sulphate (PEO-Li2S4) were prepared by using solution casting method. Measurements of conductivity and dielectric were carried out on these films as a function of frequency at various temperatures. It was observed that PEO-LiCF3SO3 polymer electrolytes have higher conductivity. The interaction between PEO and Li salts were studied by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR).
Introduction: The aim of treatment for hyperemesis gravidarum is to stop vomiting, correction of dehydration, starvation and electrolytes imbalance. The common types of fluid used for fluid replacement are isotonic solutions like normal saline and hartman's solutions. The absence of potassium in normal saline makes hartman's solution superior but there is a possibility that the lactate component in hartman's solution could worsen the starvation state of the patients. This study is to evaluate which of these two solutions is more effective for fluid replacement in hyperemesis gravidarum. The objectives are to compare which solution corrects dehydration, hypokalaemia and acetonuria faster and to evaluate whether the ketosis state is aggravated by lactate component in hartman's solution. Materials and Methods: Patients with hyperemesis gravidarum were randomised to receive either Hartman's solution or normal saline at the rate of 125mls/hour. Blood urea and serum electrolytes, haematocrit, lactate and urine acetone were taken during admission and repeated every 12 hours. The volume of fluid required to correct dehydration, hypokalaemia and acetonuria were compared. Comparison of the pre and post treatment level of serum lactate were also done. Results: Both hartman's solution and normal saline are both effective in correcting dehydration (11.52±3.28 pints versus 11.94 ± 2.30pints respectively) and acetonuria (11.64 ± 2.75 pints versus 11.64 ± 2.54 pints respectively).
A lower volume of hartman's solution was needed to correct hypokalaemia (8.34 ± 2.44 pints versus 8.88 ± 2.63 pints) but was not statistically significant. Ketonaemia was not made worse after treatment with hartman's solution. Conclusion: Normal saline and hartman's solution are equally effective in treating complications of hyperemesis gravidarum.
An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of 2 types of housing systems and early age feed restriction on heat shock protein (hsp) 70 expression and blood parameters in broiler chickens subjected to road transportation. On d 1, female chicks were housed either in windowless environmentally controlled chambers (temperature was set at 32 degrees C on d 1 and gradually reduced to 23 degrees C by d 21; CH) or in conventional open-sided houses (OH) with cyclic temperatures (minimum, 24 degrees C; maximum, 34 degrees C). Equal number of chicks from each housing system were subjected to either ad libitum feeding or 60% feed restriction on d 4, 5, and 6 (FR). On d 42, all of the birds were crated and transported for 6 h. Birds raised in OH had smaller increases in heterophil:lymphocyte ratios and plasma corticosterone concentrations than those of CH. Subjecting birds to FR dampened heterophil:lymphocyte ratios and corticosterone reactions to transportation. After 4 h of transportation, the OH birds had greater hsp 70 expression than their CH counterparts. Within the CH, the FR chicks showed higher hsp 70 density than those of the ad libitum-fed group. Except for glucose, housing system had a negligible effect on serum levels of cholesterol, potassium, and chloride. Collectively, the results suggest that the improved tolerance to transport stress in OH and FR chicks could be associated with better hsp 70 expression.
Nephrolepis cordifolia rhizome (sword fern) juice was investigated for diuretic activity in wistar rats. Different parameters viz. total urine volume (corrected for water intake during the test period), urine concentration of electrolytes such as sodium, potassium and chloride have been evaluated. Rhizome juice of Nephrolepis cordifolia (100 mg/kg), the reference drug, furosemide (20 mg/kg) was administrated orally to male Wistar rats and their urine output was quantitated at several intervals of time after the dose. After single dose of the rhizome juice of Nephrolepis cordifolia, urine output was significantly increased. Increase in urinary levels of Na+, K+ and Cl- was also observed after the administration of rhizome juice.
In the present study, Electrochemical Oxidation was used to remove COD and color from semi-aerobic landfill leachate collected from Pulau Burung Landfill Site (PBLS), Penang, Malaysia. Experiments were conducted in a batch laboratory-scale system in the presence of NaCl as electrolyte and aluminum electrodes. Central composite design (CCD) under Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the electrochemical oxidation process conditions using chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color removals as responses, and the electrolyte concentrations, current density and reaction time as control factors. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed good coefficient of determination (R(2)) values of >0.98, thus ensuring satisfactory fitting of the second-order regression model with the experimental data. In un-optimized condition, maximum removals for COD (48.77%) and color (58.21%) were achieved at current density 80 mA/cm(2), electrolyte concentration 3,000 mg/L and reaction time 240 min. While after optimization at current density 75 mA/cm(2), electrolyte concentration 2,000 mg/L and reaction time 218 min a maximum of 49.33 and 59.24% removals were observed for COD and color respectively.
In this study polymer electrolytes composed of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as a host polymer and ethylene carbonate (EC) as a plasticizer complexed with different lithium salts, i.e. lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) and lithium triflate (LiCF3SO3) were prepared by the solution casting technique. The conductivities of the films were characterized by impedance spectroscopy. At room temperature, the highest conductivities were 4.07 × 10–7S cm–1 and 3.40 × 10–5 S cm–1 achieved, respectively from the films containing 30 wt% LiBF4 in the PMMA-EC-LiBF4 system and 35 wt% LiCF3SO3 in the PMMA-EC-LiCF3SO3 system. The conductivity-temperature dependence of the films seemed to obey the Arrhenius equation in which the ion transport in these materials was thermally assisted. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the surface of PMMA-EC-LiCF3SO3 film was smooth and homogeneous, hence lithium ions could traverse through the PMMA-EC-LiCF3SO3 film more easily compared to the PMMA-EC-LiBF4 film. X-Ray diffraction studies revealed that complexation had occurred and the complexes formed were amorphous.
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy studies of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), and chitosan polymer blend doped with ammonium nitrate (NH(4)NO(3)) salt and plasticized with ethylene carbonate (EC) have been performed with emphasis on the shift of the carboxamide, amine and hydroxyl bands. 1% acetic acid solution was used as the solvent. It is observed from the chitosan film spectrum that evidence of polymer-solvent interaction can be observed from the shifting of the carboxamide band at 1660 cm(-1) and the amine band at 1591 cm(-1) to 1650 and 1557 cm(-1) respectively and the shift of the hydroxyl band from 3377 to 3354 cm(-1). The hydroxyl band in the spectrum of PVA powder is observed at 3354 cm(-1) and is observed at 3343 cm(-1) in the spectrum of the PVA film. On addition of NH(4)NO(3) up to 30 wt.%, the carboxamide, amine and hydroxyl bands shifted from 1650, 1557 and 3354 cm(-1) to 1642, 1541 and 3348 cm(-1) indicating that the chitosan has complexed with the salt. In the PVA-NH(4)NO(3) spectrum, the hydroxyl band has shifted from 3343 to 3272 cm(-1) on addition of salt from 10 to 30 wt.%. EC acts as a plasticizing agent since there is no shift in the bands as observed in the spectrum of PVA-chitosan-EC films. The mechanism of ion migration is proposed for the plasticized and unplasticized PVA-chitosan-NH(4)NO(3) systems. In the spectrum of PVA-chitosan-NH(4)NO(3)-EC complex, the doublet CO stretching in EC is observed in the vicinity 1800 and 1700. This indicates that there is some interaction between the salt and EC.
The fabrication of TiO2 nanotubes (TNT) was carried out by electrochemical anodization of Ti in aqueous electrolyte containing NH4F. The effect of electrolyte pH, applied voltage, fluoride concentration and anodization duration on the formation of TNT was investigated. It was observed that self-organized TNT can be formed by adjusting the electrolyte to pH 2-4 whereby applied voltage of 10-20 V can be performed to produce highly ordered, well-organized TNT. At 20 V, TNT can be fabricated in the concentration range of 0.07 M to 0.20 M NH4F. Higher fluoride concentration leads to etching of Ti surface and reveals the Ti grain boundaries. The prepared TNT films also show an increase in depth and in size with time and the growth of TNT films reach a steady state after 120 minutes. The morphology and geometrical aspect of the TNT would be an important factor influencing the photoelectrochemical response, with higher photocurrent response is generally associated with thicker layer of TNT. Consequently, one can tailor the resulting TNT to desired surface morphologies by simply manipulating the electrochemical parameters for wide applications such as solar energy conversion and photoelectrocatalysis.
In this present study, a series of polymer electrolyte thin films were synthesized by incorporating different ratios of lithium triflate (LiCF3SO3) in a low molecular weight polyvinyl chloride (PVC) matrix by the solution casting technique. The incorporation of LiCF3SO3 suppressed the high degree of crystallinity in PVC enabling the system to possess an appreciable ionic conductivity. The ionic conductivity of the samples, with different LiCF3SO3 content, was determined by the aid of ac impedance spectroscopy. The highest ionic conductivity of 4.04 10–9 S cm–1 was identified for the composition of PVC: LiCF3SO3 (75:25). Further understanding of the ionic conductivity mechanism was based on temperature-dependent conductivity data which obeyed Arrhenius theory, indicating that the ionic conductivity enhancement was thermally assisted. The possible dipole-dipole interaction between the chemical constituents was confirmed with changes in cage peak, analysed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
Due to their high ionic conductivity, solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) systems have attracted wide spread attention as the most appropriate choice to fabricate all-solid-state electrochemical devices, namely batteries, sensors and fuel cells. In this work, ion conductive polymer electrolyte membranes have been prepared for battery fabrication. However, fractals were found to grow in these polymer electrolyte membranes weeks after they were prepared. It was believed that the formation of fractal aggregates in these membranes were due to ionic movement. The discovery of fractal growth pattern can be used to understand the effects of such phenomenon in the polymer electrolyte membranes. Digital images of the fractal growth patterns were taken and a simulation model was developed based on the Brownian motion theory and a fractal dialect known as L-system. A computer coding has been designed to simulate and visualize the fractal growth.
In the present work, polymer electrolytes of poly(vinylidene fluoride co-hexafluoroproplyne) (PVDF-HFP) and PVDF-HFP/poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PVDF-HFP/PEMA) blend complexed with different concentrations of ammonium triflate (NH4CF3SO3) were prepared and characterized. The structural and thermal properties of the electrolytes were studied by XRD and DSC while the electrical properties were investigated by impedance spectroscopy. Ionic transference number measurements were done by D.C polarization technique. The results of these study showed that the PVDF-HFP/PEMA based electrolytes exhibit higher ionic conductivity as compared to PVDF-HFP based electrolytes. This could be attributed to the higher degree of amorphicity in the PVDF-HFP/PEMA based electrolytes. The results of ionic transference number measurements showed that the charge transport in these electrolytes was mainly due to ions and only negligible contribution comes from electrons.