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  1. Experimental infection of the leaf-monkeys, Presbytis cristata and Presbytis melalophos with subperiodic Brugia malayi
    Mak JW, Choong MF, Lam PL, Suresh K
    Acta Trop, 1990 May;47(4):223-6.
    PMID: 1973024
    The leaf-monkeys, Presbytis cristata and Presbytis melalophos, experimentally infected with subperiodic Brugia malayi, have been used for studies on the pathoimmunology of the infection and the screening of potential filaricides during the last 6-8 years, and considerable information on the pattern of microfilaraemia and adult worm recoveries have been obtained. The prepatent periods in 97 P. cristata and 45 P. melalophos, each infected with about 200 infective larvae, were similar, these being approximately 70 and 68 days respectively. Although all infected animals became microfilaraemic, the peak geometric mean count was much higher in P. cristata than in P. melalophos, this being 182.0 and 65.8 per ml blood respectively. Mean adult worm recovery expressed as the percentage of the infective dose was 4.7% and 2.5%, respectively. Most worms were recovered from the sacral nodes/thoracic duct or inguinal lymph nodes in these animals. In view of the higher worm recovery and the higher peak microfilaraemia attained, it is concluded that P. cristata is a better model for the infection than P. melalophos.
    Matched MeSH terms: Elephantiasis, Filarial/parasitology*
  2. Operational issues in the control of the vectors of Brugia
    Chang MS
    Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 2002 Dec;96 Suppl 2:S71-6.
    PMID: 12625920
    An estimated 13 million people in the Oriental Region have brugian filariasis. The filarial parasites that cause this disease exist in periodic and sub-periodic forms and are transmitted by four genera of mosquito: Anopheles, Mansonia and, less frequently, Coquillettidia and Ochlerotatus. In most endemic countries, control of the disease has been entirely based on chemotherapy, although house-spraying and use of insecticide-treated bednets can be quite effective against the vectors of nocturnally periodic Brugia malayi and B. timori. The vector-control methods that may be applied against the Mansonia mosquitoes that transmit the parasites causing sub-periodic brugian filariasis are reviewed here. Most of the conventional methods for controlling the immature, aquatic stages of mosquitoes have proved unsatisfactory against Mansonia. The reason is that, unlike the those of other genera, the larvae and pupae of Mansonia spp. are relatively immobile and obtain air not at the water surface but from the underwater roots, stems and leaves of floating plants to which the larvae and pupae attach. Removal of host plants can be very effective in reducing Mansonia productivity, whereas large-scale use of herbicides is restricted by the potential adverse effects on the ecosystem. Environmental management in water-development projects remains the best option.
    Matched MeSH terms: Elephantiasis, Filarial/prevention & control*; Elephantiasis, Filarial/transmission
  3. Experimental chemotherapy of lymphatic filariasis. A review
    Mak JW, Navaratnam V, Ramachandran CP
    Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 1991 Feb;85(1):131-7.
    PMID: 1888210
    An intense global collaborative effort under the leadership of the Steering Committee of the Filariasis Scientific Working Group of the Tropical Diseases Research Programme, World Health Organization, has brought together researchers, pharmaceutical chemists and clinicians in the development and search for antifilarial compounds which are more effective and more convenient to administer than diethylcarbamazine citrate, the current drug of choice for lymphatic filariasis. The Brugia spp.-rodent model has been used extensively for the primary screening and B. pahangi infections in the dog or cat for the secondary screening, of potential filaricides. Recently, the leaf-monkey (Presbytis spp.) infected with subperiodic B. malayi or Wuchereria kalimantani has been used for the tertiary evaluation and pharmacokinetic studies of compounds which have shown effectiveness in the primary and secondary screens. Both P. cristata and P. melalophos are extremely susceptible to subperiodic B. malayi infection, but the former is a better host as a higher peak microfilaremia and adult worm recovery rate were obtained. Although more than 30 potential filaricides have been evaluated in the tertiary screen, only a few compounds have shown some promise against lymphatic filariasis. CGP 20376, a 5-methoxyl-6-dithiocarbamic-S-(2-carboxy-ethyl) ester derivative of benzothiazole, had complete adulticidal and microfilaricidal activities against the parasite at a single oral dose of 20 mg kg-1. However, as the compound or its metabolites caused hepatotoxicity, its clinical use in the present formulation is not recommended.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
    Matched MeSH terms: Elephantiasis, Filarial/drug therapy*
  4. Potential use of IgG2-ELISA in the diagnosis of chronic elephantiasis and IgG4-ELISA in the follow-up of microfilaraemic patients infected with Brugia malayi
    Rahmah N, Anuar AK, Karim R, Mehdi R, Sinniah B, Omar AW
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1994 Nov 30;205(1):202-7.
    PMID: 7999024
    Sera from fifty subjects with different presentations of Brugian filariasis and from common soil-transmitted helminth infections were tested for specific anti-filarial IgG and its subclasses. Anti-filarial IgG, IgG1 and IgG3 showed cross-reactivities with soil-transmitted helminthic infections and no significant differences in optical densities among the various groups of filarial patients. In comparison with other groups of subjects, IgG4-ELISA of sera from microfilaraemic patients and some previously microfilaraemic patients showed a significant increase in optical density readings, while IgG2-ELISA showed elevated optical density readings in sera of patients with chronic elephantiasis. Therefore IgG2-ELISA is potentially useful in the diagnosis of brugian chronic elephantiasis while IgG4-ELISA may be beneficial for follow-up diagnosis of treated microfilaraemic patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Elephantiasis, Filarial/blood; Elephantiasis, Filarial/diagnosis*; Elephantiasis, Filarial/immunology
  5. A Brugia malayi antigen specifically recognized by infected individuals
    Rahmah N, Anuar AK, A'shikin AN, Lim BH, Mehdi R, Abdullah B, et al.
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1998 Sep 29;250(3):586-8.
    PMID: 9784388
    Western blot analyses were performed on 444 serum specimens: 40 sera from microfilaraemic individuals, 10 sera from elephantiasis patients, 24 treated individuals, 50 sera from residents of endemic areas without anti-filarial IgG4 antibodies (endemic normals), 20 sera from amicrofilaraemic individuals with high anti-filarial IgG4 antibodies, 200 sera from healthy city-dwellers (non-endemic samples), and 100 sera from soil-transmitted helminth-infected individuals. Phast electrophoresis system was used to electrophorese Brugia malayi soluble adult worm antigen on 10-15% SDS-PAGE gradient gels followed by electrophoretic transfer onto PVDF membranes. Membrane strips were then successively incubated with blocking solution, human sera, and monoclonal anti-human IgG4 antibody-HRP, with adequate washings done in between each incubation step. Luminol chemiluminescence detection was then used to develop the blots. An antigenic band with the MW of approximately 37 kDa was found to be consistently present in the Western blots of all microfilaraemic sera, all amicrofilaraemic sera with high titres of anti-filarial IgG4 antibodies, some treated patients, and some elephantiasis patients. The antigen did not occur in immunoblots of individuals with other helminthic infections, normal endemic individuals, and city dwellers. Therefore the B. malayi antigen of with the MW of approximately 37 kDa demonstrated specific reactions with sera of B. malayi-infected individuals and thus may be useful for diagnostic application.
    Matched MeSH terms: Elephantiasis, Filarial/blood; Elephantiasis, Filarial/immunology*
  6. Generation and selection of naïve Fab library for parasitic antigen: Anti-BmSXP antibodies for lymphatic filariasis
    Omar N, Hamidon NH, Yunus MH, Noordin R, Choong YS, Lim TS
    Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 2018 May;65(3):346-354.
    PMID: 28833498 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1591
    Phage display has been applied successfully as a tool for the generation of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Naive antibody libraries are unique as they are able to overcome several limitations associated with conventional mAb generation methods like the hybridoma technology. Here, we performed an in vitro selection and generation of Fab antibodies against Brugia malayi SXP protein (BmSXP), a recombinant antigen for the detection of lymphatic filariasis. We developed a naïve multi ethnic Fab antibody library with an estimated diversity of 2.99 × 109 . The antibody library was used to screen for mAbs against BmSXP recombinant antigen. Soluble monoclonal Fab antibodies against BmSXP were successfully isolated from the naïve library. The Fab antibodies obtained were expressed and analyzed to show its binding capability. The diversity obtained from a pool of donors from various ethnic groups allowed for a diverse antibody library to be generated. The mAbs obtained were also functional in soluble form, which makes it useful for further downstream applications. We believe that the Fab mAbs are valuable for further studies and could also contribute to improvements in the diagnosis of filariasis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Elephantiasis, Filarial/immunology*
  7. Fulltext Recent advances on the use of biochemical extracts as filaricidal agents
    Al-Abd NM, Nor ZM, Al-Adhroey AH, Suhaimi A, Sivanandam S
    Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2013;2013:986573.
    PMID: 24298292 DOI: 10.1155/2013/986573
    Lymphatic filariasis is a parasitic infection that causes a devastating public health and socioeconomic burden with an estimated infection of over 120 million individuals worldwide. The infection is caused by three closely related nematode parasites, namely, Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and B. timori, which are transmitted to human through mosquitoes of Anopheles, Culex, and Aedes genera. The species have many ecological variants and are diversified in terms of their genetic fingerprint. The rapid spread of the disease and the genetic diversification cause the lymphatic filarial parasites to respond differently to diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. This in turn prompts the current challenge encountered in its management. Furthermore, most of the chemical medications used are characterized by adverse side effects. These complications urgently warrant intense prospecting on bio-chemicals that have potent efficacy against either the filarial worms or thier vector. In lieu of this, we presented a review on recent literature that reported the efficacy of filaricidal biochemicals and those employed as vector control agents. In addition, methods used for biochemical extraction, screening procedures, and structure of the bioactive compounds were also presented.
    Matched MeSH terms: Elephantiasis, Filarial
  8. Pan LF-ELISA using BmR1 and BmSXP recombinant antigens for detection of lymphatic filariasis
    Abdul Rahman R, Hwen-Yee C, Noordin R
    Filaria journal, 2007;6:10.
    PMID: 17961264
    Anti-filarial IgG4 antibody has been shown to be a good marker for detection of lymphatic filaria infection. Previous studies demonstrated that anti-filarial IgG4 assay using BmR1 recombinant antigen was highly specific and sensitive for detection of brugian filariasis. For bancroftian filariasis, an equivalent assay employing recombinant antigen expressed from the ORF of SXP1 gene has been reported. In order to detect infections by all species of lymphatic filarial, BmR1 and BmSXP recombinant antigens were employed in the development of a pan LF-ELISA.
    Matched MeSH terms: Elephantiasis, Filarial
  9. Multicentre evaluations of two new rapid IgG4 tests (WB rapid and panLF rapid) for detection of lymphatic filariasis
    Noordin R, Itoh M, Kimura E, Abdul Rahman R, Ravindran B, Mahmud R, et al.
    Filaria journal, 2007;6:9.
    PMID: 17961262
    In the global effort to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (LF), rapid field-applicable tests are useful tools that will allow on-site testing to be performed in remote places and the results to be obtained rapidly. Exclusive reliance on the few existing tests may jeopardize the progress of the LF elimination program, thus the introduction of other rapid tests would be useful to address this issue. Two new rapid immunochromatographic IgG4 cassette tests have been produced, namely WB rapid and panLF rapid, for detection of bancroftian filariasis and all three species of lymphatic filaria respectively. WB rapid was developed using BmSXP recombinant antigen, while PanLF rapid was developed using BmR1 and BmSXP recombinant antigens. A total of 165 WB rapid and 276 panLF rapid tests respectively were evaluated at USM and the rest were couriered to another university in Malaysia (98 WB rapid, 129 panLF rapid) and to universities in Indonesia (56 WB rapid, 62 panLF rapid), Japan (152 of each test) and India (18 of each test) where each of the tests underwent independent evaluations in a blinded manner. The average sensitivities of WB rapid and panLF rapid were found to be 97.6% (94%-100%) and 96.5% (94%-100%) respectively; while their average specificities were both 99.6% (99%-100%). Thus this study demonstrated that both the IgG4 rapid tests were highly sensitive and specific, and would be useful additional tests to facilitate the global drive to eliminate this disease.
    Matched MeSH terms: Elephantiasis, Filarial
  10. Comparison of IgG4 assays using whole parasite extract and BmR1 recombinant antigen in determining antibody prevalence in brugian filariasis
    Noordin R, Wahyuni S, Mangali A, Huat LB, Yazdanbakhsh M, Sartono E
    Filaria journal, 2004 Aug 12;3(1):8.
    PMID: 15307892
    BACKGROUND: Brugia malayi is endemic in several Asian countries with the highest prevalence in Indonesia. Determination of prevalence of lymphatic filariasis by serology has been performed by various investigators using different kinds of antigen (either soluble worm antigen preparations or recombinant antigens). This investigation compared the data obtained from IgG4 assays using two different kinds of antigen in a study on prevalence of antibodies to B. malayi. METHODS: Serum samples from a transmigrant population and life long residents previously tested with IgG4 assay using soluble worm antigen (SWA-ELISA), were retested with an IgG4 assay that employs BmR1 recombinant antigen (BmR1 dipstick [Brugia Rapid trade mark ]). The results obtained with the two antigens were compared, using Pearson chi-square and McNemar test. RESULTS: There were similarities and differences in the results obtained using the two kinds of antigen (SWA and BmR1). Similarities included the observation that assays using both antigens demonstrated an increasing prevalence of IgG4 antibodies in the transmigrant population with increasing exposure to the infection, and by six years living in the area, antibody prevalence was similar to that of life-long residents. With regards to differences, of significance is the demonstration of similar antibody prevalence in adults and children by BmR1 dipstick whereas by SWA-ELISA the antibody prevalence in adults was higher than in children. CONCLUSIONS: Results and conclusions made from investigations of prevalence of anti-filarial IgG4 antibody in a population would be affected by the assay employed in the study.
    Matched MeSH terms: Elephantiasis, Filarial
  11. Fulltext Assessing seroprevalence and associated risk factors for multiple infectious diseases in Sabah, Malaysia using serological multiplex bead assays
    Chan YL, Patterson CL, Priest JW, Stresman G, William T, Chua TH, et al.
    Front Public Health, 2022;10:924316.
    PMID: 36388287 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.924316
    BACKGROUND: Infectious diseases continue to burden populations in Malaysia, especially among rural communities where resources are limited and access to health care is difficult. Current epidemiological trends of several neglected tropical diseases in these populations are at present absent due to the lack of habitual and efficient surveillance. To date, various studies have explored the utility of serological multiplex beads to monitor numerous diseases simultaneously. We therefore applied this platform to assess population level exposure to six infectious diseases in Sabah, Malaysia. Furthermore, we concurrently investigated demographic and spatial risk factors that may be associated with exposure for each disease.

    METHODS: This study was conducted in four districts of Northern Sabah in Malaysian Borneo, using an environmentally stratified, population-based cross-sectional serological survey targeted to determine risk factors for malaria. Samples were collected between September to December 2015, from 919 villages totaling 10,100 persons. IgG responses to twelve antigens of six diseases (lymphatic filariasis- Bm33, Bm14, BmR1, Wb123; strongyloides- NIE; toxoplasmosis-SAG2A; yaws- Rp17 and TmpA; trachoma- Pgp3, Ct694; and giardiasis- VSP3, VSP5) were measured using serological multiplex bead assays. Eight demographic risk factors and twelve environmental covariates were included in this study to better understand transmission in this community.

    RESULTS: Seroprevalence of LF antigens included Bm33 (10.9%), Bm14+ BmR1 (3.5%), and Wb123 (1.7%). Seroprevalence of Strongyloides antigen NIE was 16.8%, for Toxoplasma antigen SAG2A was 29.9%, and Giardia antigens GVSP3 + GVSP5 was 23.2%. Seroprevalence estimates for yaws Rp17 was 4.91%, for TmpA was 4.81%, and for combined seropositivity to both antigens was 1.2%. Seroprevalence estimates for trachoma Pgp3 + Ct694 were 4.5%. Age was a significant risk factors consistent among all antigens assessed, while other risk factors varied among the different antigens. Spatial heterogeneity of seroprevalence was observed more prominently in lymphatic filariasis and toxoplasmosis.

    CONCLUSIONS: Multiplex bead assays can be used to assess serological responses to numerous pathogens simultaneously to support infectious disease surveillance in rural communities, especially where prevalences estimates are lacking for neglected tropical diseases. Demographic and spatial data collected alongside serosurveys can prove useful in identifying risk factors associated with exposure and geographic distribution of transmission.

    Matched MeSH terms: Elephantiasis, Filarial*
  12. Association of CTLA4 gene polymorphisms with lymphatic filariasis in an East Malaysian population
    Idris ZM, Miswan N, Muhi J, Mohd TA, Kun JF, Noordin R
    Hum Immunol, 2011 Jul;72(7):607-12.
    PMID: 21513760 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2011.03.017
    Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a parasitic disease caused by threadlike worms of the Brugia and Wuchereria species that live in the human lymphatic system. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) may play a key role in the pathogenesis of LF, and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA4) expressed by Tregs is a potential candidate gene because it modulates T-cell activation. A case-control study was performed to establish a potential association of 5 CTLA4 gene promoter single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; rs733618, rs11571316, rs5742909, rs231775, and rs16840252) with the occurrence of LF in an East Malaysian population (320 LF-infected individuals and 150 healthy controls). Polymorphisms were evaluated using TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction followed by direct sequencing. LF carriers of the rs733618 AG genotypes (p = 0.02) and those with combined minor allele G carriers (AG + GG; p = 0.01) exhibited a significantly decreased risk for LF. Among the asymptomatic amicrofilaremic cases, positive associations were reported for all genotypes and variants of rs733618 with odds ratios (ORs) ranging from 0.27 to 0.45. In the asymptomatic microfilaremic cases, marker rs231775 exhibited a significant decreased risk, with ORs ranging from 0.50 to 0.57. The study has identified SNPs in the CTLA4 promoter gene that may be functionally linked with susceptibility to LF.
    Matched MeSH terms: Elephantiasis, Filarial/genetics*
  13. Purification of recombinant antigen BmSXP used in panLF rapid kit for lymphatic filariasis
    Khoo TK, Noordin R, Santhanam A
    Indian J Exp Biol, 2012 Apr;50(4):256-64.
    PMID: 22611913
    A rapid antibody detection test is very useful for the detection of lymphatic filariasis, especially for certification and surveillance of post-mass drug administration. panLF Rapid kit is suitable for this purpose since it can detect all species of lymphatic filaria. It is based on the detection of anti-filarial IgG4 antibodies that react with recombinant B. malayi antigens, BmR1 and BmSXP. There is an increase demand for the test due to its attributes of being rapid, sensitive and specific results, as well as its field-applicability. The main aim of this paper is to obtain high recovery and purity of recombinant antigen BmSXP via a modified method of immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). The highest product yield of 11.82 mg/g dry cell weight (DCW) was obtained when IMAC was performed using the optimized protocol of 10 mM imidazole concentration in lysis buffer, 30 mM imidazole concentration in wash buffer, and 10 column volume wash buffer containing 300 mM salt concentration. This gave a 54% protein recovery improvement over the manufacturer's protocol which recorded a product yield of only 7.68 mg/g DCW. The recovered BmSXP recombinant antigen showed good western blot reactivity, high sensitivity (31/32, 97%) and specificity (32/32, 100%) in ELISA, thus attesting to its good purity and quality.
    Matched MeSH terms: Elephantiasis, Filarial/immunology*
  14. Fulltext Pathology of lymphatic filariasis
    Mak JW
    International e-Journal of Science, Medicine & Education, 2012;6 Suppl:S80-86.
    MyJurnal
    Developing and adult worms of the human lymphatic filarial parasites (Wuchereria bancrofti,
    Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori) are located mainly in the lymphatic system and occasionally in aberrant sites like subcutaneous and conjunctival cysts. Lymphatic
    pathology ranging from dilatation of lymphatic channels and lymphangiectasia are detected on ultrasonography in apparently healthy, amicrofilaraemic, but filarial antigen positive individuals in endemic areas. Microfilariae are distributed in various organs and may be associated with immune mediated pathology at these sites; tropical pulmonary eosinophilia is characterized by intense immune mediated destruction of microfilariae in the lung parenchyma. In the spleen and other sites, nodular granulomatous lesions can occur where microfilariae are trapped and destroyed. The finding of Wolbachia endosymbionts in all stages of lymphatic filarial parasites has provided new insight on the adverse reactions
    associated with anti-filarial chemotherapy. Inflammatory molecules mainly lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-like molecules released from endosymbionts on death of the
    parasites are largely responsible for the adverse reactions encountered during anti-filarial chemotherapy. Prenatal tolerance or sensitization to parasite derived molecules can immune-modulate and contribute to both pathology and susceptibility/resistance to infection. Pathological responses thus depend not only on exposure to filarial antigens/infection, but also on host-parasiteendosymbiont factors and to intervention with antifilarial treatment. Treatment induced or host mediated death of parasites are associated with various grades of inflammatory response, in which eosinophils and LPS from endosymbionts play prominent roles, leading to death of the parasite, granulomatous formation, organization and fibrosis. The non-human primate (Presbytis spp.) model of
    Brugia malayi developed for the tertiary screening of anti-filarial compounds has provided unique opportunities for the longitudinal study of the pathology associated with lymphatic filariasis. The pathology in this non-human primate model closely follows that seen in
    human lymphatic filarial infections and correlates with clinical evidence of lymphatic pathology as detected with ultrasonography. These studies also show that successful treatment as detected by loss of motility and calcification of worms on ultrasonography is associated with reversal of early dilatations of lymphatic channels.
    Matched MeSH terms: Elephantiasis, Filarial
  15. Simple blood-spot sampling with nested polymerase chain reaction detection for epidemiology studies on Brugia malayi
    Cox-Singh J, Pomrehn AS, Rahman HA, Zakaria R, Miller AO, Singh B
    Int J Parasitol, 1999 May;29(5):717-21.
    PMID: 10404266
    In the absence of a suitable Brugia malayi antigen detection assay, PCR remains one of the more sensitive alternatives to Giemsa-stained thick blood films for B. malayi detection. The need for refrigerated storage and transportation of blood has limited the use of PCR for large-scale epidemiology studies in remote endemic areas. Here we report simple finger-prick blood-spot collection, a one-tube DNA template extraction method and the development of a B. malayi-specific nested PCR assay. The assay was tested on 145 field samples and was positive for all 30 microscopy-positive samples and for an additional 13 samples which were microscopy-negative.
    Matched MeSH terms: Elephantiasis, Filarial/blood; Elephantiasis, Filarial/epidemiology; Elephantiasis, Filarial/parasitology*
  16. Fulltext The structure and dynamics of BmR1 protein from Brugia malayi: in silico approaches
    Khor BY, Tye GJ, Lim TS, Noordin R, Choong YS
    Int J Mol Sci, 2014 Jun 19;15(6):11082-99.
    PMID: 24950179 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150611082
    Brugia malayi is a filarial nematode, which causes lymphatic filariasis in humans. In 1995, the disease has been identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the second leading causes of permanent and long-term disability and thus it is targeted for elimination by year 2020. Therefore, accurate filariasis diagnosis is important for management and elimination programs. A recombinant antigen (BmR1) from the Bm17DIII gene product was used for antibody-based filariasis diagnosis in "Brugia Rapid". However, the structure and dynamics of BmR1 protein is yet to be elucidated. Here we study the three dimensional structure and dynamics of BmR1 protein using comparative modeling, threading and ab initio protein structure prediction. The best predicted structure obtained via an ab initio method (Rosetta) was further refined and minimized. A total of 5 ns molecular dynamics simulation were performed to investigate the packing of the protein. Here we also identified three epitopes as potential antibody binding sites from the molecular dynamics average structure. The structure and epitopes obtained from this study can be used to design a binder specific against BmR1, thus aiding future development of antigen-based filariasis diagnostics to complement the current diagnostics.
    Matched MeSH terms: Elephantiasis, Filarial/parasitology
  17. Antifilarial activity of intravenous suramin and oral diethylcarbamazine citrate on subperiodic Brugia malayi in the leaf-monkey, Presbytis cristata
    Mak JW, Lam PL, Choong MF, Suresh K
    J Helminthol, 1990 Jun;64(2):96-9.
    PMID: 2387979
    The known filaricides, suramin and diethylcarbamazine citrate, were tested against subperiodic Brugia malayi infection in the leaf-monkey, Presbytis cristata. As expected, intravenous suramin at 10 mg/kg daily x 5 days or 17 mg/kg weekly x 5 weeks, did not show any microfilaricidal activity, but substantially reduced the recovery of live adult worms to 50.6% and 13.6% of controls respectively. Oral diethylcarbamazine citrate at 6 mg/kg daily x 6 or 10 days reduced final microfilarial counts to 30% of initial counts four weeks post-treatment and adult worm recovery was reduced to 4.5% and 0% of controls respectively. Although the antifilarial activity of these drugs against the infection in this non-human primate model appears to be similar to that seen in man, these results have to be confirmed using larger groups of animals.
    Matched MeSH terms: Elephantiasis, Filarial/drug therapy*
  18. Chemoprophylactic studies with ivermectin against subperiodic Brugia malayi infection in the leaf monkey, Presbytis cristata
    Mak JW, Lam PL, Rain AN, Suresh K
    J Helminthol, 1987 Dec;61(4):311-4.
    PMID: 3437112
    Four Presbytis cristata were treated with oral ivermectin at the same time as the subcutaneous inoculation of 100 infective larvae monthly for three months. Two animals given 0.2 mg/kg monthly and two others given 0.3 mg/kg monthly as well as three control animals became patent for microfilaraemia. However, only 1% of the infective dose was recovered as adult worms from animals in the higher drug dosage group compared to 8.2% and 6.2% in the lower dosage and control groups respectively.
    Matched MeSH terms: Elephantiasis, Filarial/prevention & control*
  19. Fulltext Is it safe to prescribe triple drugs therapy for lymphatic filariasis infection in Epidermolysis Bullosa patient? a case report
    S. Izuddin, Nur Dalila Zakaria, Nur L. A., Omar K. K.
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(106):85-85.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction:Filariasis is an endemic infection in tropical and subtropical countries. The disease is caused by para-sites from the group filarodidae. Epidermolysis Bullosa, on the other hand is a group of rare genetic skin diseases that characterize by skin blister and erode facilely. Due to rarity of Epidermolysis Bullosa and uncommon occurrence of Filariasis, there is extremely limited case or paper reporting on safety profile of medication that are used to treat Filariasis patient with underlying Epidermolysis Bullosa.Serious adverse event that is anticipated in this cohort of patient are Stevens-Johnson syndrome and Mazotti reaction. Case description: Surveillance activity is necessary in high endemic localities in Sabah in order to control the spread of this mosquitoes-borne disease. The available tool is Brugia RapidTM kit, a test kit that detects filarial antibodies.A 13 year-old boy with underlying Epidemolysis Bullosa Simplex was detected during surveillance activities. It was further confirmed with night blood on microscopic slide that depicted high density of parasite (microfilaria count: 31). The WHO specifically exempted the following groups from the treatment - children under 5 years of age; pregnant women; and seriously ill individuals i.e. those who are having acute or chronic illness that makes them too sick or weak to get out of bed; and those with an illness who are life-dependent on medical intervention. This is because ingestion of the medications can result in adverse events due to the destruction of killed parasites. No guideline is available for treatment of lymphatic filariasis in rare genetic disorders. Conclusion: The recommended dosage for IDA is Ivermectin 3mcg/kg, Diethylcarbamazine 6mg/kg and Albendazole 400mg for positive patient yearly. Patient was admitted in hospital for observation treatment with the suggested dose. From the case study it shows it is safe to treat this cohort patient. However, it is advisable to treat such rare cases by case basis and in comparison to others where treatment is given in the community this patients should be treat in more control environment such in the hospital.
    Matched MeSH terms: Elephantiasis, Filarial
  20. Fulltext Ten-year analysis of Filariasis in east-coast Malaysia
    Ahmad Syaify B., Alamin M. D., Norafidah A. R.
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(106):83-83.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction:Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a neglected tropical disease that can cause significant morbidity. In Malay-sia, National Programme for the Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis started in 2001 with the initial target of achiev-ing Lymphatic Filariasis elimination status by 2018 but it has been revised to year 2020. Mass Drug Administration (MDA) Programme was performed from 2004 to 2008 in all endemic areas (Red Implementation Unit, IU) in Malay-sia including Terengganu state to stop disease transmission. Transmission Assessment Surveys (TAS) were conducted later on and for Terengganu, they were done in 2011 (TAS 1), 2015 (TAS 2) and 2017 (TAS 3) and had passed all the surveys based on critical cut off (CCO) point given. Methods: A cross sectional analysis of 10-year Terengganu filariasis records (2009-2018) was initiated in June 2019 using data source from eVekpro and filariasis cases line-list-ing. Results: Majority of filariasis cases in Terengganu were among males (n=147, 76.6%) with the highest number among 30-39 year-old age group (n=35, 18.2%). Majority of cases were Malaysian citizens (n=162, 84.4%) with main filariasis species identified were Brugia Malayi (n=149, 77.6%). The number of cases diagnosed was slightly higher from Green Implementation Unit area (n=102, 53.1%) compared to Red Implementation Unit area. Conclu-sion: The number of lymphatic filariasis cases among Terengganu citizens was below critical cut off point after the accomplishment of MDA programme and in accordance with the aim of lymphatic filariasis elimination status in Malaysia by 2020.
    Matched MeSH terms: Elephantiasis, Filarial
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