Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 259 in total

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  1. Zyoud SH, Waring WS, Al-Jabi SW, Sweileh WM, Rahhal B, Awang R
    Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol, 2016 Nov;119(5):512-519.
    PMID: 27098056 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12609
    In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the role of intravenous lipid formulations as potential antidotes in patients with severe cardiotoxicity caused by drug toxicity. The aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of all human and animal studies featuring lipid emulsion as an antidote for the treatment of acute poisoning. The Scopus database search was performed on 5 February 2016 to analyse the research output related to intravenous lipid emulsion as an antidote for the treatment of acute poisoning. Research indicators used for analysis included total number of articles, date (year) of publication, total citations, value of the h-index, document types, countries of publication, journal names, collaboration patterns and institutions. A total of 594 articles were retrieved from Scopus database for the period of 1955-2015. The percentage share of global intravenous lipid emulsion research output showed that research output was 85.86% in 2006-2015 with yearly average growth in this field of 51 articles per year. The USA, United Kingdom (UK), France, Canada, New Zealand, Germany, Australia, China, Turkey and Japan accounted for 449 (75.6%) of all the publications. The total number of citations for all documents was 9,333, with an average of 15.7 citations per document. The h-index of the retrieved documents for lipid emulsion research as antidote for the treatment of acute poisoning was 49. The USA and the UK achieved the highest h-indices, 34 and 14, respectively. New Zealand produced the greatest number of documents with international collaboration (51.9%) followed by Australia (50%) and Canada (41.4%) out of the total number of publications for each country. In summary, we found an increase in the number of publications in the field of lipid emulsion after 2006. The results of this study demonstrate that the majority of publications in the field of lipid emulsion were published by high-income countries. Researchers from institutions in the USA led scientific production on lipid emulsion research. There is an obvious need to promote a deeper engagement through international collaborative research projects and funding mechanisms.
    Matched MeSH terms: Fat Emulsions, Intravenous/therapeutic use*
  2. Zilhadia, Yahdiana,H., Effionora, A., Irwandi, J.
    MyJurnal
    Gelatin from goatskin pretreated with hydrochloric acid and extracted with distilled water at 60oC for 9 hours was characterized and compared to that of bovine skin gelatin (BSG). A yield of 10.26% (wet weight basis) was obtained. Goatskin gelatin (GSG) had high protein (86.58%), suitable moisture (9.58%), low fat (1.46%) and low ash (0.11%) content. The functional properties of GSG including gel strength (301 g bloom) and emulsion activity index (94.27%) were higher than the functional properties of BSG including gel strength (192 g bloom) and emulsion activity index (49.74%). The foaming property of GSG (102%) was lower than that of BSG (164.67%). This study shows that GSG has a high potential for application as a source of commercial gelatin.
    Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions
  3. Zaulkiflee ND, Ahmad AL, Sugumaran J, Lah NFC
    ACS Omega, 2020 Sep 22;5(37):23892-23897.
    PMID: 32984709 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03142
    The purpose of this study is to explore the emulsion liquid membrane stability for acetaminophen (ACTP) removal from aqueous solution. In this work, the membrane phase was prepared by dissolving trioctylamine (TOA) with kerosene and Span80. The stability of the emulsion in terms of emulsion size, membrane breakage, and its efficiency in removing ACTP was considered for the optimization of parameters. Investigation on the stability of emulsion was carried out by manipulating the concentration of stripping agent, agitation speed, extraction time, and treat ratio. The best condition to produce a very stable emulsion was achieved at 0.1 M of stripping agent concentration, with 300 rpm of agitation speed for 3 min of extraction time with a treat ratio of 3:1. Eighty-five percent of ACTP successfully stripped into the emulsion with minimum membrane breakage of 0.17% through this experiment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions
  4. Zaulkiflee ND, Ahmad AL, Che Lah NF, Shah Buddin MMH
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2022 Feb;29(9):12997-13023.
    PMID: 35048340 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16658-5
    Emerging contaminants (ECs) originated from different agricultural, biological, chemical, and pharmaceutical sectors have been detected in our water sources for many years. Several technologies are employed to minimise EC content in the aqueous phase, including solvent extraction processes, but there is not a solution commonly accepted yet. One of the studied alternatives is based on separation processes of emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) that benefit low solvent inventory and energy needs. However, a better understanding of the process and factors influencing the operating conditions and the emulsion stability of the extraction/stripping process is crucial to enhancing ELM's performance. This article aims to describe the applications of this technique for the EC removal and to comprehensively review the ELM properties and characteristics, phase compositions, and process parameters.
    Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions
  5. Zarnowski R, Jaromin A, Certik M, Czabany T, Fontaine J, Jakubik T, et al.
    Z Naturforsch C J Biosci, 2008 11 13;59(5-6):321-6.
    PMID: 18998394
    The oil of Adenanthera pavonina L. seeds was analysed by chromatographic and instrumental means. The oil was found to be rich in neutral lipids (86.2%), and low in polar lipids (13.8%). The neutral lipids consisted mainly of triacylglycerols (64.2%). Unsaturated fatty acids were found as high as 71%, while the percentage of saturated fatty acids was only 29%. GC and GC/MS analyses revealed linoleic, oleic and lignocerotic acid to be predominant among all fatty acids in the A. pavonina oil, whereas stigmasterol was the major steroid identified within this study. Subsequently, the oil was used for preparation of submicron oil-in-water (o/w) lipid emulsions. Lipid emulsions were formulated by using soybean lecithin (SL) to investigate their particle size, Zeta potential and stability at the different oil and SL ratios. The results obtained indicate possible applications of the tested oil in pharmaceutical and medical fields as drug and cosmetic active ingredient carriers.
    Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions
  6. Zargar M, Hamid AA, Bakar FA, Shamsudin MN, Shameli K, Jahanshiri F, et al.
    Molecules, 2011 Aug 08;16(8):6667-76.
    PMID: 25134770 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16086667
    Different biological methods are gaining recognition for the production of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) due to their multiple applications. One of the most important applications of Ag-NPs is their use as an anti-bacterial agent. The use of plants in the synthesis of nanoparticles emerges as a cost effective and eco-friendly approach. In this study the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Vitex negundo L. extract and its antimicrobial properties has been reported. The resulting silver particles are characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopic techniques. The TEM study showed the formation of silver nanoparticles in the 10-30 nm range and average 18.2 nm in size. The XRD study showed that the particles are crystalline in nature, with a face centered cubic (fcc) structure. The silver nanoparticles showed the antimicrobial activity against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Vitex negundo L. was found to display strong potential for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents by rapid reduction of silver ions (Ag+ to Ag0).
    Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions
  7. Zainuddin NJ, Ashari SE, Salim N, Asib N, Omar D, Lian GEC
    J Oleo Sci, 2019 Aug 01;68(8):747-757.
    PMID: 31292338 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess18209
    The present study revealed the optimization of nanoemulsion containing palm oil derivatives and Parthenium hysterophorus L. crude extract (PHCE) as pre-emergence herbicide formulation against Diodia ocimifolia. The nanoemulsion formulation was prepared by high energy emulsification method, and it was optimized by mixture experimental design (MED). From the optimization process, analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a fit quadratic polynomial model with an optimal formulation composition containing 30.91% of palm kernel oil ester (PKOE), 28.48% of mixed surfactants (Tensiofix and Tween 80, 8:2), 28.32% of water and 12.29% of PHCE. The reading of both experimental and predicted particle size in the verification experiment were acceptable with a residual standard error (RSE) was less than 2%. Under the optimal condition, the smallest particle size obtained was 140.10 nm, and the particle was shown by morphology analysis to be spherical and demonstrated good stability (no phase separation) under centrifugation and different storage conditions (25 ± 5°C and 45°C). Nanoemulsion stored for 60 days exhibits monodisperse emulsion with a slight increase of particle size. The increase in particle size over time might have contributed by Ostwald ripening phenomenon which is shown by a linear graph from Ostwald ripening rate analysis. In the in vitro germination test, P. hysterophorus nanoemulsion (PHNE) was shown to cause total inhibition of D. ocimifolia seed at lower concentration (5 g L-1) as compared to PHCE (10 g L-1). The finding of the research could potentially serve as a platform for the development of palm oil based formulation containing plant crude extract for green weed management.
    Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions/chemistry*
  8. Zainol S, Basri M, Basri HB, Shamsuddin AF, Abdul-Gani SS, Karjiban RA, et al.
    Int J Mol Sci, 2012;13(10):13049-64.
    PMID: 23202937 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131013049
    Response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized to investigate the influence of the main emulsion composition; mixture of palm and medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil (6%-12% w/w), lecithin (1%-3% w/w), and Cremophor EL (0.5%-1.5% w/w) as well as the preparation method; addition rate (2-20 mL/min), on the physicochemical properties of palm-based nanoemulsions. The response variables were the three main emulsion properties; particle size, zeta potential and polydispersity index. Optimization of the four independent variables was carried out to obtain an optimum level palm-based nanoemulsion with desirable characteristics. The response surface analysis showed that the variation in the three responses could be depicted as a quadratic function of the main composition of the emulsion and the preparation method. The experimental data could be fitted sufficiently well into a second-order polynomial model. The optimized formulation was stable for six months at 4 °C.
    Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions/chemistry*
  9. Zahid N, Ali A, Manickam S, Siddiqui Y, Maqbool M
    J Appl Microbiol, 2012 Oct;113(4):925-39.
    PMID: 22805053 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05398.x
    To investigate the antifungal activity of conventional chitosan and chitosan-loaded nanoemulsions against anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp. isolated from different tropical fruits.
    Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions/pharmacology
  10. Yusrabbil Amiyati Yusof, Zafarizal Aldrin Azizul Hasan, Azhar Ariffin
    Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:511-515.
    This paper reports the effects of glyceryl ether specifically mono-tert-butoxypropanediol on oil in water emulsion system.
    Based on 12 HLB value, screening for stable emulsions was carried out without the presence of glyceryl ether. A stable
    emulsion was used as a control. Then the effects of glyceryl ether on the emulsion system were investigated. The emulsions
    prepared were analyzed for stability, viscosity, pH value, particle size, in vitro dermal irritation potential, in vitro ocular
    irritation potential and also moisturizing property. The incorporation of glycerol in the emulsion system was also done
    for comparison. Emulsions with glyceryl ether showed lower viscosity values than emulsions with glycerol. Furthermore,
    the emulsions also exhibited moisturizing property compared to the control emulsion. Glyceryl ether is suitable to be
    used in cosmetic products which require reduced viscosity but retain its skin hydration property.
    Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions
  11. Yusof SC, Babji AS
    Int J Food Sci Nutr, 1996 Jul;47(4):323-9.
    PMID: 8844254
    Nine formulations were processed into bologna with different ratios of soy protein isolate (SPI):sodium caseinate (SCA), i.e. 1:1, 1:2.5, 1:5, 5:1, 5:2.5, 5:5, 10:1, 10:2.5 and 10:5. The products were evaluated for yields, emulsion stability, physical measurements (shearforce-kgf and folding test) and taste panel evaluation. Formulations with 5:1 and 5:5 SPI:SCA had lower liquid loss resulting in higher yields while the others had poor emulsion stability and high liquid loss. Firmer texture was exhibited by formulations 1:1, 5:1 and 10:1 SPI:SCA but formulation with 1:1 SPI:SCA showed better gelation followed by 1:2.5, 1:5, 5:1, and 5:2.5. The other formulations had poor gelation and binding properties, especially formulation with 10:5 SPI:SCA. Sensory evaluation was carried out using 30 untrained panelists. Attributes evaluated were aroma, texture, chewiness, juiciness, saltiness, chicken taste and overall acceptance. Formulation with 5:1 SPI:SCA was more acceptable for texture, chicken taste and overall acceptance while formulation with 1:1 SPI:SCA was more acceptable for the chewiness, juiciness and saltiness attributes. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in aroma attribute, for all formulations.
    Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions
  12. Yusof Hamzah, Naurah Mat Isa, Wan Md Zin Wan Yunus
    MyJurnal
    Covalently cross-linked nanogels were prepared via irradiation of inverse micelles that had been preparedfrom radiation crosslinkable polymer, water, oil and surfactant. A mixture of polymer, water, heptane andsodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate (AOT) at certain compositions forms inverse micelles with the size rangingfrom 2 to 8 nm. The hydrophilic head of the surfactant facilitates encapsulation of water soluble polymer.If the entrapped polymer is radiation crosslinkable, it is expected that upon irradiation, polymerizationshall take place in such small and confined space, leading to formation of nano-sized polymeric gel.Meanwhile, emulsion at 2 nm size was chosen for gamma irradiation process. The formation of thenano-sized discreet gel using irradiation of inverse micelles technique was proven at a dose as low as 5kGy to obtain nanogel sized ~ 95 nm.
    Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions
  13. Yu H, Zheng Y, Zhou C, Liu L, Wang L, Cao J, et al.
    Carbohydr Polym, 2024 Feb 01;325:121583.
    PMID: 38008470 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121583
    The potential of ultrasonication-driven molecular self-assembly of whey protein isolate (WPI) with chitosan (CS)/chitooligosaccharide (COS) to stabilize Pickering emulsions was examined, based on CS/COS ligands-induced partial unfolding in remodeling the Pickering particles features. Multi-spectral analysis suggested obvious changes in conformational structures of WPI due to interaction with CS/COS, with significantly higher unfolding degrees of WPI induced by COS. Non-covalent interactions were identified as the major forces for WPI-CS/COS conjugates. Ultrasonication enhanced electrostatic interaction between CS's -NH3 groups and WPI's -COO- groups which improved emulsification activity and storability of WPI-COS stabilized Pickering emulsion. This was attributed to increased surface hydrophobicity and decreased particle size compared to WPI-CS associated with differential unfolding degrees induced by different saccharide ligands. CLSM and SEM consistently observed smaller emulsion droplets in WPI-COS complexes than WPI-CS/COS particles tightly adsorbed at the oil-water interface. The electrostatic self-assembly of WPI with CS/COS greatly enhanced the encapsulation efficiency of quercetin than those stabilized by WPI alone and ultrasound further improved encapsulation efficiency. This corresponded well with the quantitative affinity parameters between quercetin and WPI-CS/COS complexes. This investigation revealed the great potential of glycan ligands-induced conformational transitions of extrinsic physical disruption in tuning Pickering particle features.
    Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions/chemistry
  14. Yau XH, Khe CS, Mohamed Saheed MS, Lai CW, You KY, Tan WK
    PLoS One, 2020;15(4):e0232490.
    PMID: 32353051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232490
    Oily wastewater, especially water-oil emulsion has become serious environmental issue and received global attention. Chemical demulsifiers are widely used to treat oil-water emulsion, but the toxicity, non-recyclable and non-environmental friendly characteristic of chemical demulsifiers had limited their practical application in oil-water separation. Therefore, it is imperative to develop an efficient, simple, eco-friendly and recyclable demulsifiers for breaking up the emulsions from the oily wastewater. In this study, a magnetic demulsifier, magnetite-reduced graphene oxide (M-rGO) nanocomposites were proposed as a recyclable demulsifier to break up the surfactant stabilized crude oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion. M-rGO nanocomposites were prepared via in situ chemical synthesis by using only one type Fe salt and GO solid as precursor at room temperature. The prepared composites were fully characterized by various techniques. The effect of demulsifier dosage and pH of emulsion on demulsification efficiency (ED) has been studied in detailed. The demulsification mechanism was also proposed in this study. Results showed that M-rGO nanocomposites were able to demulsify crude O/W emulsion. The ED reaches 99.48% when 0.050 wt.% of M-rGO nanocomposites were added to crude O/W emulsion (pH = 4). Besides, M-rGO nanocomposites can be recycled up to 7 cycles without showing a significant change in terms of ED. Thus, M-rGO nanocomposite is a promising demulsifier for surfactant stabilized crude O/W emulsion.
    Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions
  15. Yap SP, Yuen KH
    Int J Pharm, 2004 Aug 20;281(1-2):67-78.
    PMID: 15288344
    A single dose comparative bioavailability study was conducted to evaluate the bioavailability of tocotrienols from two self-emulsifying formulations, one of which produced an emulsion that readily lipolysed under in vitro condition (SES-A), while the other produced a finer dispersion with negligible lipolysis (SES-B) in comparison with that of a non-self-emulsifying formulation in soya oil. The study was conducted according to a three-way crossover design using six healthy human volunteers. Statistically significant differences were observed between the logarithmic transformed peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and total area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC(0-infinity)) values of both SES-A and -B compared to NSES-C indicating that SES-A and -B achieved a higher extent of absorption compared to NSES-C. Moreover, the 90% confidence interval of the AUC(0-infinity) values of both SES-A and -B over those of NSES-C were between 2-3 suggesting an increase in bioavailability of about two-three times compared to NSES-C. Both SES-A and -B also achieved a faster onset of absorption. However, both SES-A and -B had comparable bioavailability, despite the fact that SES-B was able to form emulsions with smaller droplet size. Thus, it appeared that both droplet sizes as well as the rate and extent of lipolysis of the emulsion products formed were important for enhancing the bioavailability of the tocotrienols from the self-emulsifying systems.
    Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions/administration & dosage; Emulsions/pharmacokinetics; Emulsions/chemistry
  16. Yang Y, Gupta VK, Du Y, Aghbashlo M, Show PL, Pan J, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2023 Jul 01;242(Pt 2):124800.
    PMID: 37178880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124800
    Mucilages are natural compounds consisting mainly of polysaccharides with complex chemical structures. Mucilages also contain uronic acids, proteins, lipids, and bioactive compounds. Because of their unique properties, mucilages are used in various industries, including food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Typically, commercial gums are composed only of polysaccharides, which increase their hydrophilicity and surface tension, reducing their emulsifying ability. As a result of the presence of proteins in combination with polysaccharides, mucilages possess unique emulsifying properties due to their ability to reduce surface tension. In recent years, various studies have been conducted on using mucilages as emulsifiers in classical and Pickering emulsions because of their unique emulsifying feature. Studies have shown that some mucilages, such as yellow mustard, mutamba, and flaxseed mucilages, have a higher emulsifying capacity than commercial gums. A synergistic effect has also been shown in some mucilages, such as Dioscorea opposita mucilage when combined with commercial gums. This review article investigates whether mucilages can be used as emulsifiers and what factors affect their emulsifying properties. A discussion of the challenges and prospects of using mucilages as emulsifiers is also presented in this review.
    Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions/chemistry
  17. Yang Y, Gupta VK, Amiri H, Pan J, Aghbashlo M, Tabatabaei M, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2023 Jun 01;239:124210.
    PMID: 37001778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124210
    Chitosan is one of the valuable products obtained from crustacean waste. The unique characteristics of chitosan (antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory) have increased its application in various sectors. Besides unique biological properties, chitosan or chitosan-based compounds can stabilize emulsions. Nevertheless, studies have shown that chitosan cannot be used as an efficient stabilizer because of its high hydrophilicity. Hence, this review aims to provide an overview of recent studies dealing with improving the emulsifying properties of chitosan. In general, two different approaches have been reported to improve the emulsifying properties of chitosan. The first approach tries to improve the stabilization property of chitosan by modifying its structure. The second one uses compounds such as polysaccharides, proteins, surfactants, essential oils, and polyphenols with more wettability and emulsifying properties than chitosan's particles in combination with chitosan to create complex particles. The tendency to use chitosan-based particles to stabilize Pickering emulsions has recently increased. For this reason, more studies have been conducted in recent years to improve the stabilizing properties of chitosan-based particles, especially using the electrostatic interaction method. In the electrostatic interaction method, numerous research has been conducted on using proteins and polysaccharides to increase the stabilizing property of chitosan.
    Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions/chemistry
  18. Yang J, Qiu C, Li G, Lee WJ, Tan CP, Lai OM, et al.
    Food Chem, 2020 Oct 15;327:127014.
    PMID: 32434126 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127014
    The influence of diacylglycerol (DAG) combined with polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) on the stability of water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions containing hydrogenated palm oil (HPO) was studied. Polarized light microscope revealed that DAG promoted HPO to crystallize at the water-oil interface, providing the combination of Pickering and network stabilization effects. It was proposed that the molecular compatibility of fatty acids in DAG with HPO accounted for the promotional effect. The interfacial crystallization of DAG together with the surface activity of PGPR led to the formation of emulsions with uniform small droplets and high freeze-thaw stability. Further exploration of physical properties indicated that the combination of DAG and PGPR dramatically improved the emulsion's viscoelasticity and obtained a larger deformation yield. Water droplets in DAG-based emulsions acted as active fillers to improve the network rigidity. Therefore, DAG is a promising material to be used as emulsifier to enhance the physical stability of W/O emulsions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions/chemistry*
  19. Yahaya Khan M, Abdul Karim ZA, Hagos FY, Aziz AR, Tan IM
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:527472.
    PMID: 24563631 DOI: 10.1155/2014/527472
    Water-in-diesel emulsion (WiDE) is an alternative fuel for CI engines that can be employed with the existing engine setup with no additional engine retrofitting. It has benefits of simultaneous reduction of both NO x and particulate matters in addition to its impact in the combustion efficiency improvement, although this needs further investigation. This review paper addresses the type of emulsion, the microexplosion phenomenon, emulsion stability and physiochemical improvement, and effect of water content on the combustion and emissions of WiDE fuel. The review also covers the recent experimental methodologies used in the investigation of WiDE for both transport and stationary engine applications. In this review, the fuel injection pump and spray nozzle arrangement has been found to be the most critical components as far as the secondary atomization is concerned and further investigation of the effect of these components in the microexplosion of the emulsion is suggested to be center of focus.
    Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions/chemistry*
  20. YAP JAA YEE, AMIZA MAT AMIN
    MyJurnal
    This study aimed to determine the physicochemical properties of undulated surf clam (Paphia undulata) hydrolysate as affected by the degree of hydrolysis (DH). Three levels of DH of undulated surf clam hydrolysate were prepared which were DH 36.57% (without any enzymatic hydrolysis), DH 58.25% (0.5% Alcalase®; 5 min; pH 7.5; 60ºC) and DH 91.26% (1% Alcalase®; 30 min; pH 7.5; 60ºC). After protein hydrolysis, the undulated surf clam hydrolysates were centrifuged, and their supernatants were freeze-dried. This study found that the protein hydrolysate with lower DH (DH 36.57%) gave lower protein content and higher ash and fat contents compared to other samples (DH 58.25% and DH 91.26%). However, the carbohydrate content is similar in all samples (16.56-20.04%). This study also found that foaming properties (29.43-67.50%), emulsifying capacity (11.94-110.52%) and peptide solubility (57.61-94.08%) were affected by the DH. As DH increased, the emulsifying capacity decreased, while peptide solubility increased. While the foaming capacity increased with increasing DH until it reached a maximum value and level off afterwards. For colour parameters, although there were differences between L*, a* and b* values for all three samples, a fluctuating pattern was noted with DH. DH also did not affect the water-holding and oil-holding capacity of undulated surf clam hydrolysate. This study shows that certain physicochemical properties of undulated surf clam hydrolysate can be tailored by adjusting the degree of hydrolysis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Emulsions
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