Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 598 in total

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  1. Wongphutorn P, Noordin R, Anuar NS, Worasith C, Kopolrat KY, Homwong C, et al.
    Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2024 Feb 07;110(2):254-262.
    PMID: 38190756 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0518
    Strongyloidiasis, caused by Strongyloides stercoralis, is a neglected tropical disease with a global distribution. The infection can be fatal in immunocompromised individuals, and accurate diagnosis leading to timely treatment can save lives. Serodiagnosis is a sensitive method for diagnosis and is recommended for screening high-risk individuals. A point-of-care rapid test will facilitate the screening activities, especially in low-resource settings. This study aims to apply a new IgG4 immunochromatographic test using S. stercoralis recombinant antigen (SsRapid® cassette test) and to compare it with in-house IgG and IgG4 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (IgG- and IgG4-ELISAs) using native Strongyloides ratti antigen to investigate the epidemiology of strongyloidiasis in northeast Thailand. A total of 300 people participated, with 136 males and 164 females of a similar mean age. The reference tests were fecal examinations using the formalin-ethyl acetate concentration technique and an agar plate culture technique. The prevalence of S. stercoralis determined by SsRapid (81.7%) was significantly higher than that by fecal examinations (43.3%) or by antibody detection by IgG-ELISA (53.0%) or IgG4-ELISA (44.0%). The diagnostic sensitivities of SsRapid, IgG-ELISA, and IgG4-ELISA were found to be 93.9%, 77.7%, and 63.1%, respectively. The rate of positive tests by the SsRapid was significantly correlated to the levels of Strongyloides-specific IgG4 and IgG antibodies. By all diagnostic methods, male participants had a significantly higher prevalence of strongyloidiasis than females. Age was significantly associated with the concentration of specific serum IgG but not with the SsRapid grading score. In conclusion, SsRapid was shown to be a sensitive and valuable diagnostic test for the epidemiology study of strongyloidiasis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods
  2. Thergarajan G, Sekaran SD
    Expert Rev Mol Diagn, 2023;23(8):643-651.
    PMID: 37417532 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2023.2234815
    INTRODUCTION: Every year, a significant rise in dengue incidence observed is responsible for 10% of fever episodes in children and adolescents in endemic countries. Considering that the symptoms of dengue are similar to those of many other viruses, early diagnosis of the disease has long been difficult, and lack of sensitive diagnostic tools may be another factor contributing to a rise in dengue incidence.

    AREAS COVERED: This review will highlight dengue diagnostics strategies and discuss other possible targets for dengue diagnosis. Understanding the dynamics of the immune response and how it affects viral infection has enabled informed diagnosis. As more technologies emerge, precise assays that include some clinical markers need to be included.

    EXPERT OPINION: Future diagnostic strategies will require the use both viral and clinical markers in a serial manner with the use of artificial intelligence technology to determine from the first point of illness to better determine severity status and management. A definitive endpoint is not in the horizon as the disease as well as the virus is constantly evolving and hence many developed assays need to be constantly changing some of their reagents periodically as newer genotypes and probably too serotypes emerge.

    Matched MeSH terms: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  3. Noordin R, Osman E, Kalantari N, Anuar NS, Gorgani-Firouzjaee T, Sithithaworn P, et al.
    Acta Trop, 2022 Feb;226:106251.
    PMID: 34808116 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106251
    Strongyloides stercoralis is a parasite that causes strongyloidiasis worldwide. It may lead to a life-long infection in immunocompetent people and hyperinfection in immunosuppressed patients. A point-of-care (POC) rapid test is helpful for patient diagnosis in resource-limited settings and as a detection tool in elimination/control programs. Previously, we reported a rapid IgG4 dipstick test (Ss Rapid®) for Strongyloides suitable for a laboratory setting. A POC cassette format of the test, which is field-applicable, has since been developed. Here, we report on a laboratory-based evaluation of the Ss Rapid® cas sette test on 285 sera. We assessed the diagnostic sensitivity of the Ss Rapid® cas sette with 32 sera, comprising samples from larval and/or DNA positive individuals from three countries. Additionally, we also tested samples from 33 seropositive endemic areas residents. We evaluated the diagnostic specificity of the test using 220 samples, comprising sera from other infections (n = 101), allergy cases with high IgE antibodies (n = 4), and blood donors (n = 115). The test showed high diagnostic sensitivity (97%, 31/32), and all sera of the seropositive endemic residents were reactive. It also showed high diagnostic specificity (94.5%, 208/220), and all false-positive samples tested negative after sera adsorption using recombinant NIE-coated microsphere beads. Additionally, we showed that the test worked with spiked whole blood samples. The study results showed that the SsRapid® cas sette test merits further laboratory and field evaluations.
    Matched MeSH terms: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  4. Wei W, Tang Y, He H, Gopinath SCB, Wang L
    Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 2022 Feb;69(1):160-165.
    PMID: 33369762 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2092
    Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the heart attack happening when the blood flow is terminated to the heart muscles. C-reactive protein (CRP) level is raising significantly in AMI patients after the onset of symptom; also, temporal variations of CRP in plasma of AMI patient have also been found. Quantifying the concentration of CRP helps to identify the condition associated with AMI. Plasmonic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was utilized here to identify CRP by the sandwich of aptamer and antibody. Bare-eye CRP detection was achieved by plasmonic ELISA through the aggregation (blue color) of gold nanoparticle in the presence of CRP, whereas in the absence of CRP, it retains its red color (dispersion). Depending on the catalase presence on the ELISA surface, hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) controls gold growth and differentiates with color changes. To achieve the lowest detection limit of CRP, H2 O2 (200 µM), gold seed (0.2 µM), and streptavidin-catalase (1:500) were found optimal. The detection limit was reached at 0.25 µg/mL, whereas it was 0.5 µg/mL in the CRP-spiked serum. This method of detection system is easier to detect the levels of CRP and helps diagnosing AMI.
    Matched MeSH terms: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  5. Ngah NA, Dias GJ, Tong DC, Mohd Noor SNF, Ratnayake J, Cooper PR, et al.
    Molecules, 2021 Nov 25;26(23).
    PMID: 34885714 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237131
    BACKGROUND: Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) has gained popularity in craniofacial surgery, as it provides an excellent reservoir of autologous growth factors (GFs) that are essential for bone regeneration. However, the low elastic modulus, short-term clinical application, poor storage potential and limitations in emergency therapy use restrict its more widespread clinical application. This study fabricates lyophilised PRF (Ly-PRF), evaluates its physical and biological properties, and explores its application for craniofacial tissue engineering purposes.

    MATERIAL AND METHODS: A lyophilisation method was applied, and the outcome was evaluated and compared with traditionally prepared PRF. We investigated how lyophilisation affected PRF's physical characteristics and biological properties by determining: (1) the physical and morphological architecture of Ly-PRF using SEM, and (2) the kinetic release of PDGF-AB using ELISA.

    RESULTS: Ly-PRF exhibited a dense and homogeneous interconnected 3D fibrin network. Moreover, clusters of morphologically consistent cells of platelets and leukocytes were apparent within Ly-PRF, along with evidence of PDGF-AB release in accordance with previously reports.

    CONCLUSIONS: The protocol established in this study for Ly-PRF preparation demonstrated versatility, and provides a biomaterial with growth factor release for potential use as a craniofacial bioscaffold.

    Matched MeSH terms: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  6. Yahaya ML, Zakaria ND, Noordin R, Abdul Razak K
    Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 2021 Oct;68(5):1095-1106.
    PMID: 32935878 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2029
    Salmonella and Shigella genera are common pathogens that contaminate foods and beverages. Lateral flow assays (LFA) are commonly used to detect these pathogens. However, most of the developed LFAs are for single detection. Simultaneous detection of pathogens is required to reduce cost and time. In this work, 40 nm gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized using the seeding growth method as labeling agent. The AuNPs were characterized and conjugated with mouse anti-Gram negative endotoxin antibody. The nitrocellulose membrane HF135 was immobilized with anti-mouse IgG antibody as a control line and two separate test lines with either anti-Shigella or anti-Salmonella antibody, respectively. Color intensity of test lines was observed for positive samples. A milk sample was used as proof of concept to mimic actual contamination. The limit of detection of the LFA was 3.0 × 106 CFU/mL for multiplex detection of Shigella flexneri and Salmonella Typhi and for both single detections. The result was comparable with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis. The produced LFA could differentiate between Shigella flexneri, Shigella boydii, Salmonella Enteritidis, and Salmonella Typhi. The developed LFA was able to identify Shigella flexneri and Salmonella Typhi with good sensitivity in milk samples, thus, beneficial to ensure the safety of food before entering the market.
    Matched MeSH terms: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/instrumentation
  7. Balachandra D, Rahumatullah A, Lim TS, Mustafa FH, Ahmad H, Anuar NS, et al.
    Acta Trop, 2021 Sep;221:105986.
    PMID: 34058161 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105986
    Serodiagnosis is an essential component of the laboratory diagnosis of Strongyloides infection and is usually performed using an indirect IgG antibody test. A direct antigen detection method can complement the IgG assay, particularly for detecting early infection and post-treatment follow-up. In the present study, a recombinant scFv monoclonal antibody against NIE recombinant protein (rMAb23) that we had previously produced was used to develop a Strongyloides antigen detection ELISA (SsAg-ELISA). The assay is based on detecting immune complexes of circulating NIE antigens bound to Strongyloides-specific IgG antibodies. The optimized ELISA parameters were 10 µg/mL of rMAb23 coated on microtitre plate wells, 2% skim milk as blocking reagent, 1:100 serum dilution, and 1:1000 goat anti-human IgG F(ab')2 conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. Four groups of serum samples were used, i.e., Strongyloides-positive serum samples categorized into Groups IA and IB; the former were from probable chronic infections and the latter from probable early/acute infections. Strongyloides-negative samples comprising Groups II (healthy samples) and III (other infections); the latter were from eleven different types of other parasitic infections. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 1.00, cut-off optical density (OD405) of 0.5002, and 100% diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. The results of the commercial IgG-ELISA and SsAg-ELISA from Group IA were found to be moderately correlated (r = 0.416; p 
    Matched MeSH terms: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  8. Huang Y, Zhang L, Li Z, Gopinath SCB, Chen Y, Xiao Y
    Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 2021 Aug;68(4):881-888.
    PMID: 33245588 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2008
    17β-Estradiol-E2 (17β-E2) is a steroid hormone that plays a major role in the reproductive endocrine system and is involved in various processes, such as pregnancy, fertility, and menopause. In this study, the performance of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for 17β-E2 quantification was enhanced by using a gold nanoparticle (GNP)-conjugated aptamer. An anti-17β-E2-aptamer-GNP antibody was immobilized on an amine-modified ELISA surface. Then, 17β-E2 was allowed to interact with and be sandwiched by antibodies. Aptamer-GNP conjugation was confirmed by colorimetric assays via the naked eye and UV-visible light spectroscopy. The detection limit based on a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 3 was estimated to be 1.5 nM (400 pg/mL), and the linear range was 1.5-50 nM. Control experiments (without 17β-E2/with a complementary aptamer sequence/with a nonimmune antibody) confirmed the specific detection of 17β-E2. Moreover, 17β-E2 spiking of human serum did not interrupt the interaction between 17β-E2 and its antibody and aptamer. Thus, the developed ELISA can be used as an alternate assay for quantification of 17β-E2 and assessment of endocrine-related gynecological problems.
    Matched MeSH terms: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  9. Attiq A, Jalil J, Husain K, Mohamad HF, Ahmad A
    J Ethnopharmacol, 2021 Jul 15;275:114120.
    PMID: 33857595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114120
    ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Numerous Alphonsea species including Alphonsea elliptica (mempisang) leaves and fruits are indigenously used in inflammatory conditions such as postpartum swelling and rheumatism in southeast Asian countries. In our previous in-vitro findings, A. elliptica methanol extract exhibited platelet-activating factor inhibition, suggesting the presence of phyto-constituents with anti-inflammatory potential.

    AIM OF THE STUDY: However, so far there is no literature available on the anti-inflammatory activity of this species. Henceforth, based on the above background and our previous laboratory findings, we hypothesize that phytoconstituents of A. elliptica could possess anti-inflammatory potential against inflammatory mediators including prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2), cyclooxegenase-2 (COX-2) and cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6).

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: Vacuum and column chromatography techniques were employed for the isolation of phytoconstituents. The structure elucidation was carried out using HRESI-MS, 1H and 13C-NMR analysis and compared with the published literature. For cytotoxicity analysis, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In-vitro anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated against the levels of PGE2, COX-2, IL-1β and IL-6 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced human plasma using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and radioimmunoassay.

    RESULTS: Unprecedentedly, chromatographic purification of methanolic leaves extract afforded five flavones namely vitexin, isovitexin, orientin, isoorientin, schaftoside with three flavanols; kaempferol, myricetin and rutin from A elliptica. In cell viability analysis, isolates did not present cytotoxicity up to 50 μM. In anti-inflammatory evaluation, orientin and isoorientin exhibited strong (≥70%), while isovitexin and vitexin produced strong to moderate (50-69%) PGE2, COX-2, IL-1β and IL-6 inhibition at 25 and 50 μM. Isoorientin, orientin, isovitexin, and vitexin showed significant (p 

    Matched MeSH terms: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  10. Yusoff AF, Mohd Sharani ZZ, Kee CC, Md Iderus NH, Md Zamri ASS, Nagalingam T, et al.
    BMC Infect Dis, 2021 Jun 16;21(1):581.
    PMID: 34134646 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06285-3
    BACKGROUND: Despite high childhood immunization coverage, sporadic cases of diphtheria have been reported in Malaysia in recent years. This study aims to evaluate the seroprevalence of diphtheria among the Malaysian population.

    METHODS: A total of 3317 respondents age 2 years old to 60 years old were recruited in this study from August to November 2017. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the level of IgG antibody against the toxoid of C. diphtheriae in the blood samples of respondents. We classified respondent antibody levels based on WHO definition, as protective (≥0.1 IU/mL) and susceptible (

    Matched MeSH terms: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  11. Liaquat S, Qayyum M, Ahmed H, Arfeen RZU, Celik F, Simsek S
    Trop Biomed, 2021 Jun 01;38(2):1-8.
    PMID: 33973567 DOI: 10.47665/tb.38.2.031
    Goat Warble Fly Infestation (GWFI) is also known as subcutaneous myiasis caused by Przhevalskiana silenus (Diptera: Oestridae). It is widely distributed in tropical and sub-tropical areas of the world. In goats, WFI is usually detected through conventional procedure which underestimated the infestation. The current study was designed to determine the serodiagonsis of GWFI (through IDEXX Hypodermosis serum antibody test) and also aimed to investigate its seroepizootiological profile in Pothwar region, Pakistan from 2013-14. The results showed that average seropositivity (ELISA kit) of GWFI was 18.5% whereas, it was 11% by using conventional procedure (Palpation method) depicting a significant difference (p<0.05). Higher seropositivity (30.8%) was observed in Jhelum district as compared to e Attock district (6%). The L1 larvae were found in September, while nodules start appearing in October to December and last until the end of February. The month wise peaks of optical density (OD) was higher in December which gradually decrease along with the end of winter season. The prevalence of GWFI revealed no significant difference among three host breeds (Jattal, Beetal and Tedy). According to the results, high infestation rate (28%) was observed in young animals of age group < 1 year as compared to old animals (> 2 years). Topographically, hilly areas (33%) provide favourable climatic conditions for the propagating of larval stages. Sex difference showed no significant difference. The seroprevalence varied significantly with respect to age, month, districts and topographical location. The current study proved that serologic diagnosis (commercial ELISA kit) as more sensitive and accurate for timely diagnosis of GWFI than traditional method. The information on the epizootiology of P. silenus in goats of Pothwar region would help in devising effective control strategies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  12. Ngim CF, Husain SMT, Hassan SS, Dhanoa A, Ahmad SAA, Mariapun J, et al.
    PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2021 05;15(5):e0009445.
    PMID: 34014983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009445
    BACKGROUND: Dengue fever is the most common mosquito-borne infection worldwide where an expanding surveillance and characterization of this infection are needed to better inform the healthcare system. In this surveillance-based study, we explored the prevalence and distinguishing features of dengue fever amongst febrile patients in a large community-based health facility in southern peninsular Malaysia.

    METHODS: Over six months in 2018, we recruited 368 adults who met the WHO 2009 criteria for probable dengue infection. They underwent the following blood tests: full blood count, dengue virus (DENV) rapid diagnostic test (RDT), ELISA (dengue IgM and IgG), nested RT-PCR for dengue, multiplex qRT-PCR for Zika, Chikungunya and dengue as well as PCR tests for Leptopspira spp., Japanese encephalitis and West Nile virus.

    RESULTS: Laboratory-confirmed dengue infections (defined by positive tests in NS1, IgM, high-titre IgG or nested RT-PCR) were found in 167 (45.4%) patients. Of these 167 dengue patients, only 104 (62.3%) were positive on rapid diagnostic testing. Dengue infection was significantly associated with the following features: family or neighbours with dengue in the past week (AOR: 3.59, 95% CI:2.14-6.00, p<0.001), cutaneous rash (AOR: 3.58, 95% CI:1.77-7.23, p<0.001), increased temperature (AOR: 1.33, 95% CI:1.04-1.70, p = 0.021), leucopenia (white cell count < 4,000/μL) (AOR: 3.44, 95% CI:1.72-6.89, p<0.001) and thrombocytopenia (platelet count <150,000/μL)(AOR: 4.63, 95% CI:2.33-9.21, p<0.001). Dengue infection was negatively associated with runny nose (AOR: 0.47, 95% CI:0.29-0.78, p = 0.003) and arthralgia (AOR: 0.42, 95% CI:0.24-0.75, p = 0.004). Serotyping by nested RT-PCR revealed mostly mono-infections with DENV-2 (n = 64), DENV-1 (n = 32) and DENV-3 (n = 17); 14 co-infections occurred with DENV-1/DENV-2 (n = 13) and DENV-1/DENV-4 (n = 1). Besides dengue, none of the pathogens above were found in patients' serum.

    CONCLUSIONS: Acute undifferentiated febrile infections are a diagnostic challenge for community-based clinicians. Rapid diagnostic tests are increasingly used to diagnose dengue infection but negative tests should be interpreted with caution as they fail to detect a considerable proportion of dengue infection. Certain clinical features and haematological parameters are important in the clinical diagnosis of dengue infection.

    Matched MeSH terms: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  13. Chong ZL, Soe HJ, Ismail AA, Mahboob T, Chandramathi S, Sekaran SD
    Biosensors (Basel), 2021 Apr 22;11(5).
    PMID: 33921935 DOI: 10.3390/bios11050129
    Dengue is a major threat to public health globally. While point-of-care diagnosis of acute/recent dengue is available to reduce its mortality, a lack of rapid and accurate testing for the detection of previous dengue remains a hurdle in expanding dengue seroepidemiological surveys to inform its prevention, especially vaccination, to reduce dengue morbidity. This study evaluated ViroTrack Dengue Serostate, a biosensors-based semi-quantitative anti-dengue IgG (immunoglobulin G) immuno-magnetic agglutination assay for the diagnosis of previous and recent dengue in a single test. Blood samples were obtained from 484 healthy participants recruited randomly from two communities in Petaling district, Selangor, Malaysia. The reference tests were Panbio Dengue IgG indirect and capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, in-house hemagglutination inhibition assay, and focus reduction neutralization test. Dengue Serostate had a sensitivity and specificity of 91.1% (95%CI 87.8-93.8) and 91.1% (95%CI 83.8-95.8) for the diagnosis of previous dengue, and 90.2% (95%CI 76.9-97.3) and 93.2% (95%CI 90.5-95.4) for the diagnosis of recent dengue, respectively. Its positive predictive value of 97.5% (95%CI 95.3-98.8) would prevent most dengue-naïve individuals from being vaccinated. ViroTrack Dengue Serostate's good point-of-care diagnostic accuracy can ease the conduct of dengue serosurveys to inform dengue vaccination strategy and facilitate pre-vaccination screening to ensure safety.
    Matched MeSH terms: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  14. Wong LP, Lee HY, Khor CS, Abdul-Jamil J, Alias H, Abu-Amin N, et al.
    PMID: 33879981 DOI: 10.1007/s12288-021-01428-7
    Throughout the world, there has been growing concern over the risk of hepatitis E virus (HEV) transmission via blood transfusion. The present study screened blood donor samples for anti-HEV immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG). The prevalence of HEV infection was assessed on a total of 1,003 archived serum samples obtained from the National Blood Centre, Malaysia. The samples were collected from healthy blood donor from Klang Valley between 2017 and 2018. All samples were tested for IgM and IgG antibodies to HEV using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). HEV-specific IgG antibodies were detected in 31/1003 (3.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.1%-4.4%) and IgM in 9/1003 (0.9%; 95% CI 0.4%-1.7%) samples. In bivariate analysis, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of anti-HEV IgG with respect to gender and district of origin. Although not statistically significant, males had higher odds of having anti-HEV IgG than females (odds ratio [OR] = 2.86; 95% CI 0.95-8.64). All anti-HEV IgG positive individuals were people of Chinese descent. Anti-HEV IgG increased significantly with age, from 0.6% (95% CI 0.1%-2.6%) of 18-30-year-old donors to 7.4% (95% CI 2.7%-17.0%) of donors older than 50 years and was highest among non-professional workers (5.3%; 95% CI 2.5%-10.5%). Increasing age and a non-professional occupation remained significant predictors for anti-HEV IgG in the multivariable analysis. Screening of blood donations for HEV in Malaysia is important to safeguard the health of transfusion recipients. The higher rates of HEV infection in blood from older donors and donors who are non-professional workers may provide insights into targeted groups for blood screening.
    Matched MeSH terms: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  15. Sadeghi A, Tahmasebi S, Mahmood A, Kuznetsova M, Valizadeh H, Taghizadieh A, et al.
    J Cell Physiol, 2021 04;236(4):2829-2839.
    PMID: 32926425 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30047
    In the course of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), raising and reducing the function of Th17 and Treg cells, respectively, elicit hyperinflammation and disease progression. The current study aimed to evaluate the responses of Th17 and Treg cells in COVID-19 patients compared with the control group. Forty COVID-19 intensive care unit (ICU) patients were compared with 40 healthy controls. The frequency of cells, gene expression of related factors, as well as the secretion levels of cytokines, were measured by flow cytometry, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques, respectively. The findings revealed a significant increase in the number of Th17 cells, the expression levels of related factors (RAR-related orphan receptor gamma [RORγt], IL-17, and IL-23), and the secretion levels of IL-17 and IL-23 cytokines in COVID-19 patients compared with controls. In contrast, patients had a remarkable reduction in the frequency of Treg cells, the expression levels of correlated factors (Forkhead box protein P3 [FoxP3], transforming growth factor-β [TGF-β], and IL-10), and cytokine secretion levels (TGF-β and IL-10). The ratio of Th17/Treg cells, RORγt/FoxP3, and IL-17/IL-10 had a considerable enhancement in patients compared with the controls and also in dead patients compared with the improved cases. The findings showed that enhanced responses of Th17 cells and decreased responses of Treg cells in 2019-n-CoV patients compared with controls had a strong relationship with hyperinflammation, lung damage, and disease pathogenesis. Also, the high ratio of Th17/Treg cells and their associated factors in COVID-19-dead patients compared with improved cases indicates the critical role of inflammation in the mortality of patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  16. Siew QY, Tan SH, Pang EL, Loh HS, Tan MTT
    Analyst, 2021 Mar 21;146(6):2009-2018.
    PMID: 33523052 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02219e
    The envelope glycoprotein domain III (EDIII) of dengue virus (DENV) has been recognised as the antigenic region responsible for receptor binding. In the present work, we have proposed a novel immunosensor constructed on a graphene-coated screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) using plant-derived EDIII as the probe antigen to target DENV IgG antibodies. The developed immunosensor demonstrated high sensitivity towards DENV IgG within a wide linear working range (125-2000 ng mL-1) under the optimised sensing conditions. The limit of detection was determined to be 22.5 ng mL-1. The immunosensor also showed high specificity towards DENV IgG, capable of differentiating DENV IgG from the antibodies of other infectious diseases including the similarly structured Zika virus (ZIKV). The ability of the immunosensor to detect dengue antibodies in serum samples was also verified by conducting tests on mouse serum samples. The proposed immunosensor was able to provide a binary (positive/negative) response towards the serum samples comparable to the conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), indicating promising potential for realistic applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  17. Subramani IG, Perumal V, Gopinath SCB, Fhan KS, Mohamed NM
    Crit Rev Anal Chem, 2021 Mar 11.
    PMID: 33691533 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1889962
    Over the past decade, science has experienced a growing rise in nanotechnology with ground-breaking contributions. Through various laborious technologies, nanomaterials with different architectures from 0 D to 3 D have been synthesized. However, the 3 D flower-like organic-inorganic hybrid nanomaterial with the most direct one-pot green synthesis method has attracted widespread attention and instantly become research hotspot since its first allusion in 2012. Mild synthesis procedure, high surface-to-volume ratio, enhanced enzymatic activity and stability are the main factor for its rapid development. However, its lower mechanical strength, difficulties in recovery from the reaction system, lower loading capacity, poor reusability and accessibility of enzymes are fatal, which hinders its wide application in industry. This review first discusses the selection of non-enzymatic biomolecules for the synthesis of hybrid nanoflowers followed by the innovative advancements made in organic-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers to overcome aforementioned issues and to enhance their extensive downstream applications in transduction technologies. Besides, the role of hybrid nanoflower has been successfully utilized in many fields including, water remediation, biocatalyst, pollutant adsorption and decolourization, nanoreactor, biosensing, cellular uptake and others, accompanied with several quantification technologies, such as ELISA, electrochemical, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), colorimetric, and fluorescence were comprehensively reviewed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  18. Abdullah SF
    Med J Malaysia, 2021 03;76(2):177-182.
    PMID: 33742625
    INTRODUCTION: It is estimated that at least 30 to 40% of asthma attacks in adults are related to respiratory infections with viruses. The majority of asthma-related viruses include respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus, and parainfluenza. Inflammatory cytokines are supposed to play a vital role in causing inflammation of the respiratory tract as regulators of proliferation, chemotaxis, and activation of inflammatory cells.

    OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to assess the role of Granulocyte Macrophage-Colony Stimulating Factor (GMCSF) in asthmatic airway hyper-responsiveness associated with RSV infections.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty five asthmatic cases and 45 healthy individuals were studied in a cross-sectional design. All asthmatics underwent symptom score assessment.GMCSF concentrations in sputum and RSV-IgM/IgG in serum samples were measured for all participants by Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA).

    RESULTS: The GM-CSF concentration level was significantly higher in asthmatics (270.27± 194.87pg/mL) especially among moderate and severe disease with mean concentration of 197.33±98.47 and 521.08± 310.04 respectively, compared to healthy controls (22.20±21.27 pg/ mL) (p =0.0001). The sputum level of GM-CSF in asthmatics is highly significant associated with positive anti-RSV IgG sera which represents 35/45(77.8%) with mean GM-CSF concentration of (276.99± 86.42) compared with controls at about 31/45 (68.9%) with GM-CSF mean concentration of (22.84±23.47). On the other hand, positive anti-RSV IgM in asthma cases was 8 out of 45(17.8 %) with GM-CSF mean concentration of (307.25± 306.65). Furthermore, GM-CSF sputum level was significantly correlated with eosinophil count especially in moderate and severe asthma.

    CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that GM-CSF level is associated with eosinophilia and indicates asthma severity that might be evident during RSV infection .The distinctive GM-CSF features observed in the sputum from asthmatics with RSV may be useful as a diagnostic methods to help match patients with antibody therapy.

    Matched MeSH terms: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  19. Zakaria NN, Malahubban M, Fakurazi S, And WSC, Rajaee AH
    Trop Life Sci Res, 2021 Mar;32(1):145-162.
    PMID: 33936556 DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2021.32.1.9
    Mud lobsters are crustaceans from the genus Thalassina which are lesser known and seldom seen but are nevertheless an important organism to the mangrove ecosystem. In Malaysia and Thailand, mud lobsters are eaten by locals as treatment for asthma. It is traditionally believed that they are effective in reducing the number of asthma attacks and severity of asthma symptoms. However, the therapeutic potential of mud lobster extract remains unclear and has not been fully elucidated or reported in any scientific study. The objectives of this study are to investigate the anti-inflammatory potential of mud lobster, Thalassina anomala extracts (hexane, chloroform and methanol) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, and to identify the potential bioactive compounds involved. An MTT assay was performed to determine the cytotoxicity of the T. anomala extracts on RAW 264.7 macrophages. Nitrite quantification assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were conducted to investigate the ability of the T. anomala extracts to suppress the secretion and expression of nitric oxide (NO), Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) in LPS-stimulated macrophages. GC-MS analysis was done to identify putative metabolites. The hexane extract of T. anomala showed anti-inflammatory activity by significantly inhibiting the LPS-induced production of NO, PGE2, interleukin- (IL-) 6, IL-1β and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in a concentration-dependent manner. Hexane extract treatment with 100 μg/mL has decreased the NO secretion into 37 μM. Meanwhile, hexane extract at concentration of 100 μg/mL able to significantly suppressed PGE2,TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β production into 2015 pg/mL, 2406 pg/mL, 460 pg/mL and 9.6 pg/mL, respectively. GC-MS analysis of the hexane extract revealed the presence of 19 putative compounds. The identified compounds were reported to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antibacterial activities. These results suggest that the hexane extract of T. anomala potentially has anti-inflammatory properties and concentration dependently suppressed NO, PGE2 and proinflammatory cytokines' production in LPS-stimulated macrophages. The findings provide a rational basis of the traditional use of mud lobster for inflammation-associated ailments.
    Matched MeSH terms: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  20. Daodu OB, Jokotola PT, Omowon AA, Olorunshola ID, Ahmed OA, Raufu IA, et al.
    Trop Biomed, 2021 Mar 01;38(1):28-32.
    PMID: 33797520 DOI: 10.47665/tb.38.1.005
    Infectious bronchitis viral (IBV) (Avian coronavirus) diseases is among the major reproductive diseases affecting the avian production in Africa. There is scanty information on its current status and vaccination compliance among captive wild birds (CWB) and indigenous chickens (LC) in Nigeria. This study aimed to assess the exposure and the risk factors associated with IBV in CWB and LC from North-central and South west regions of Nigeria. Sera samples from 218 LC and 43 CWB were examined for IBV IgG using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Also, owners of LC and managers of CWB were interviewed using a pre-tested structured checklist. An overall IBV prevalence of 42.9% (112/261) was obtained. Captive wild birds and indigenous chickens had 11.6% (5/43) and 49.1% (107/218) prevalence respectively with a significant difference (p< 0.0001, OR= 7.3, 95% CI= 2.8-19.3). Also, geo-location indicated significant difference in IBV exposure among birds (p<=0.034). Furthermore, the study showed that there had never been laboratory screening on all acquired wild birds for exposure to infectious agents in the study location while none of these birds (LB/CWB) had history of vaccination. Since IBV is endemic in Nigeria, the use of vaccine for prophylactic measure should be advocated among LC and CWB owners in order to avoid unnecessary losses. Also, the essence of screening for infectious agents in newly acquired wild birds should be considered crucial for health sustenance and public safety.
    Matched MeSH terms: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary
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