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  1. Prevalence and determinants of overweight, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults in Malaysia
    Jan Mohamed HJ, Yap RW, Loy SL, Norris SA, Biesma R, Aagaard-Hansen J
    Asia Pac J Public Health, 2015 Mar;27(2):123-35.
    PMID: 25524952 DOI: 10.1177/1010539514562447
    This systematic review aimed to examine trends in overweight, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among Malaysian adults, and to identify its underlying determinants. A review of studies published between 2000 and 2012 on overweight, obesity, and T2DM was conducted. The Cochrane library of systematic reviews, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Biosis, Scopus, and MyJurnal digital database were searched. According to national studies, the prevalence of overweight increased from 26.7% in 2003 to 29.4% in 2011; obesity prevalence increased from 12.2% in 2003 to 15.1% in 2011, and T2DM prevalence was reported as 11.6% in 2006 and 15.2% in 2011. Distal determinants of increased risk of overweight, obesity, and T2DM were as follows: female, Malay/Indian ethnicity, and low educational level. The limited number of studies on proximal determinants of these noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) indicated that an unhealthy diet was associated with increased risk, whereas smoking was associated with decreased risk. However, more studies on the proximal determinants of overweight, obesity, and T2DM within the Malaysian context are needed. Overall, our findings provide insights for designing both future investigative studies and strategies to control and prevent these NCDs in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups
  2. Ethnicity as predictor of immune reconstitution among Malaysian HIV-positive patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy
    Mohamad Isa II, Abu Bakar S, Ab Rahman AK
    J Med Virol, 2020 08;92(8):1173-1181.
    PMID: 31957025 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25680
    The impact of sociodemographic and clinical factors on immune recovery and viral load suppression among HIV-1 positive patients treated with HAART particularly in Malaysia is largely unknown. This cross-sectional study enrolled 170 HIV-1-infected individuals of three major ethnicities who attended three HIV outpatient clinics in Malaysia. Questionnaire was used to obtain sociodemographic data while CD4 count and viral load data were gathered from hospital's record. Multiple factors were assessed for their predictive effects on CD4 count recovery (≥500 cells/mm3 ) and viral load suppression (≤50 copies/mL) using binary logistic regression. Most of the subjects were male (149/87.6%), in the age group 30 to 39 years old (78/45.9%) and got infected via homosexual contact (82/48.2%). Indians were associated with 11 times higher chance for CD4 recovery as compared to Malays at 8 to 12 months of HAART (adjusted OR: 10.948, 95% CI: 1.873, 64.001, P = .008). Viral load suppression was positively influenced by intravenous drug use (IVDU) status (adjusted OR: 35.224, 95% CI: 1.234, 1000.489, P = .037) at 4 to 6 months of HAART. Higher pretreatment CD4 count was a positive predictor for both initial immunological and virological responses while higher pretreatment viral load was a negative predictor for virological suppression only. In conclusion, ethnicity plays a significant role in determining early immune reconstitution in Malaysia, besides pretreatment CD4 count. Further studies are needed to identify possible biological factors underlying this association.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups*
  3. Cataract Surgery Incidence Trends in a Tertiary Public Hospital in Malaysia
    Thevi T, Abas AL
    Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ), 2019 4 1;17(66):101-106.
    PMID: 32632055
    Background Since cataract is the leading cause of blindness and no study has been done on the surgical incidence trends, we conducted this research in Melaka. Objective To describe incidences of cataract surgery according to basic demographic variables and types of surgery performed. Method Using the National Eye Database (NED), we performed descriptive statistics calculating incidence rates per 1,000 population by demographic features and types of cataract operations to look at the trends of surgeries in the population. Statistics for population were obtained from the department of statistics. Result From 2007-2010, 6270 patients mostly 60-69 years underwent cataract surgery. Phacoemulsification (78.2%) was the commonest surgery performed. The annual incidence rate of cataract surgery reduced from 2.05 per 1000 population in 2007 to 2.02 per 1000 population in 2010 (p<0.05). Incidence rates for those aged 60 and above rose while for those aged below nine years it declined. Indians had the highest incidence rates followed by Chinese and Malays per 1000 population. Females had a higher incidence rate although there was a declining trend over the years. Conclusion Cataract surgery rates showed a decline. Public health education and awareness on detection and operating upon cataracts should be increased and especially targeted towards vulnerable groups such as women, individuals of Indian ethnicity and those aged 50 years and above.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups/statistics & numerical data
  4. Links between socio-demographic characteristics and body mass index to colorectal cancer in North Borneo, Malaysia: A case-control study
    Hamsah E, Robinson F, Hayati F, Arsat N, Kaur N, Sriram RK, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 2023 Dec;78(7):876-882.
    PMID: 38159921
    INTRODUCTION: The fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality and morbidity worldwide is colorectal cancer (CRC). Numerous reasons have contributed to the massive rise in CRC cases, for which Asian nations differ significantly in terms of risk incidence rates. The objectives of this study were to, first, identify the socio-demographic characteristics of those of North Borneo ethnicity and body mass index (BMI) and, second, determine the association of these factors with CRC. This research will contribute to preventing this form of cancer.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study is an analysis of a matched case-control study with a ratio of 1:2. The case group contained 206 respondents, and the control group contained 412. All CRC cases were confirmed with the histological results. The control group was matched for links between age, sex and ethnicity with CRC. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences Statistics (SPSS) IBM version 28.0 was used to conduct descriptive analysis using chi-squared testing and simple logistic regression. The statistical significance was P < 0.05.

    RESULT: Overall, 618 respondents took part in this survey, of which 256 (41.4%) were female and 362 (58.6%) were male. The maximum age was 76, with a mean age ± SD of 53.17 ± 11.4. Those of Bajau ethnicity comprised 24.6% (152) of the population, followed by Dusun with 22.8% (141), Kadazan with 17.6% (109%), other North Borneo ethnic groups with 15.5% (96), Bugis with 9.7% (60), Brunei with 4.4% (27) and other predominant races with 5.3% (33). Regression analyses revealed that the incidence of CRC in North Borneo, Malaysia, was substantially correlated with income, occupation, other linked diseases and BMI.

    CONCLUSION: Various risk factors are linked to CRC, based on the findings related to socio-demographic characteristics and BMI. Therefore, to lower the nationwide prevalence of CRC, national public health campaigns should include collaboration with the regional authorities to highlight the incidence and risk factors of CRC based on ethnicity.

    Matched MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups
  5. Sociodemographic, lifestyle and health determinants of suicidal behaviour in Malaysia
    Cheah YK, Azahadi M, Phang SN, Abd Manaf NH
    Psychiatry Res, 2018 03;261:319-324.
    PMID: 29331849 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.12.086
    Suicide has become a serious matter in both developed and developing countries. The objective of the present study is to examine the factors affecting suicidal behaviour among adults in Malaysia. A nationally representative data which consists of 10,141 respondents is used for analysis. A trivariate probit model is utilised to identify the probability of having suicide ideation, suicide plan and suicide attempt. Results of the regression analysis show that to ensure unbiased estimates, a trivariate probit model should be used instead of three separate probit models. The determining factors of suicidal behaviour are income, age, gender, ethnicity, education, marital status, self-rated health and being diagnosed with diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. The likelihood of adopting suicidal behaviour is lower among higher income earners and older individuals. Being male and married significantly reduce the propensity to engage in suicidal behaviour. Of all the ethnic groups, Indian/others displays the highest likelihood of adopting suicidal behaviour. There is a positive relationship between poor health condition and suicide. Policies targeted at individuals who are likely to adopt suicidal behaviour may be effective in lowering the prevalence of suicide.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups/psychology; Ethnic Groups/statistics & numerical data*
  6. Fulltext Sociodemographic, lifestyle and health factors associated with depression among adults in Malaysia: an ethnic comparison
    Cheah, Y.K., Azahadi, M., Phang, S.N., Abd Manaf, N.H.
    JUMMEC, 2019;22(1):33-40.
    MyJurnal
    Background: Depression is a serious mental health illness worldwide. The purpose of the study was to
    investigate the relationships between depression and its risk factors of sociodemography, lifestyle, and health
    among the adults of the different ethnic groups in Malaysia.

    Method: A nationwide database with 10141 observations was used. Multivariable logistic regression analyses
    stratified by ethnicity were estimated.

    Results: Ethnicity and gender, age, education, marital status and self-rated health were correlated to the
    likelihood of having depression. Malay females and smokers (AOR: 2.083) were more likely to suffer from
    depression than Malay males (AOR: 0.305) and non-smokers. Higher-income Chinese displayed higher odds of
    having depression than lower-income Chinese (AOR: 1.009). Indians and others with secondary-level education
    displayed a lower likelihood of developing depression compared to those with primary-level education (AOR:
    0.587).

    Conclusion: This study could contribute significantly to the formulation and development of an effective
    policy directed towards reducing the prevalence of depression in the vulnerable. These were the adults, in
    the younger age group, with lower education, with self-rated poor health, being female, unmarried, Malay
    and Chinese, and Indians and others. A nationwide policy targeted towards the Malay females to reduce
    their depression, with attention to the Chinese with a high income, and to the Indians and others with poor
    educational background to improve their knowledge of mental health, would be worthy of consideration.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups
  7. Fulltext Vasectomy--experience in a Malaysian hospital
    Sivanesaratnam V, Abd Rahman A
    Med J Malaysia, 1984 Mar;39(1):69-72.
    PMID: 6513843
    A review of our experience of 916 cases ofpartial bilateral vasectomy performed under local anaesthesia at the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur during the
    period between January 1971 and June 1980 is presented. Minor post-operative complications occurred in 5.8% of cases with a low post-operative infection rate of 1.2%. In 35% ofpatients, persistence of non-motile sperms in the semen were seen after at least ten ejaculations in each instance. In four of these cases non-motile sperms continued to persist into the sixth month of follow-up even after at least 50 ejaculations in each instance.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups*
  8. Intestinal parasites, eosinophilia, haemoglobin and gamma globulin of Malay, Chinese and Indian schoolchildren
    Bisseru B, Abdul Aziz bin Ahmad
    Med J Malaya, 1970 Sep;25(1):29-33.
    PMID: 4098546
    Matched MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups
  9. Neonatal morbidity and mortality in Peninsular Malaysia
    Abdul Kader H
    Malays J Reprod Health, 1983 Dec;1(2):139-52.
    PMID: 12313335
    Matched MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups*
  10. Fulltext Vitamin E Levels in Ethnic Communities in Malaysia and Its Relation to Glucose Tolerance, Insulin Resistance and Advanced Glycation End Products: A Cross-Sectional Study
    Chua GHI, Phang SCW, Wong YO, Ho LS, Palanisamy UD, Abdul Kadir K
    Nutrients, 2020 Nov 27;12(12).
    PMID: 33261162 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123659
    Malaysian national morbidity surveys on diabetic prevalence have shown ethnical variation among prediabetic and diabetic populations. In our attempt to understand this variation, we studied the α-tocopherol, insulin resistance, β-cell function and receptor of advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) levels, as risk factors of type 2 diabetes, among the different ethnicities. In total, 299 subjects of Malay, Chinese, Indian and aboriginal Orang Asli (OA) heritage were recruited from urban and rural areas of Malaysia by stratified random sampling. Serum α-tocopherol concentrations were measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and insulin concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In subjects with pre-diabetes, OAs had the highest α-tocopherol level, followed by Chinese and Malays (0.8938, 0.8564 and 0.6948 respectively; p < 0.05). In diabetic subjects, Malays had significantly higher RAGE levels compared to Chinese and Indians (5579.31, 3473.40 and 3279.52 pg/mL respectively, p = 0.001). Low α-tocopherol level (OR = 3.021, p < 0.05) and high insulin resistance (OR = 2.423, p < 0.05) were linked strongly to the development of pre-diabetes. Low β-cell function (OR = 5.657, p < 0.001) and high RAGE level (OR = 3.244, p < 0.05) were linked strongly to the development of diabetes from pre-diabetes. These factors might be involved in the development of diabetes, along with genetic and environmental factors.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups
  11. Serotonin transporter gene polymorphism and its association with bipolar disorder across different ethnic groups in Malaysia
    Mohamed Saini S, Nik Jaafar NR, Sidi H, Midin M, Mohd Radzi A, Abdul Rahman AH
    Compr Psychiatry, 2014 Jan;55 Suppl 1:S76-81.
    PMID: 23410635 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.12.005
    The risk variants have been shown to vary substantially across populations and a genetic study in a heterogeneous population might shed a new light in the disease mechanism. This preliminary study aims to determine the frequency of the serotonin transporter gene polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) in the three main ethnic groups in Malaysia and its association with bipolar disorder.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups/ethnology; Ethnic Groups/genetics*
  12. Fulltext Predictors of SLE relapse in pregnancy and post-partum among multi-ethnic patients in Malaysia
    Shaharir SS, Mohamed Said MS, Mohd R, Abdul Cader R, Mustafar R, Abdul Rahman R
    PLoS One, 2019;14(9):e0222343.
    PMID: 31539383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222343
    Flare of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) may occur during pregnancy and puerperium. We studied the prevalence and factors associated with SLE relapse during pregnancy and post-partum period in a multi-ethnic SLE cohort. Consecutive SLE patients who attended the outpatient clinic were reviewed for previous history of pregnancies in our institution. Patients who had a complete antenatal, delivery, and post-partum follow up were included. Their medical records were retrospectively analysed to assess the disease activity at pre-pregnancy/conception, during antenatal, and post-partum period. Presence of flare episodes during pregnancy and puerperium were recorded. The pregnancy outcomes recorded include live birth, foetal loss, prematurity and intra-uterine growth restrictions (IUGR). Univariate and multivariable logistic regression with generalized estimating equations (GEE) analyses were performed to determine the factors associated with disease relapse and the pregnancy outcomes. A total of 120 patients with 196 pregnancies were included, with a live birth rate of 78.6%. Four (2.0%) were diagnosed to have SLE during pregnancy. The flare rate in pregnancy was 40.1% while post-partum 17.4%. Majority of the relapse in pregnancy occurred in haematological system (62.3%) followed by renal (53.2%), musculoskeletal (22.1%), and mucocutaneous (14.3%). In GEE analyses, active disease at conception was the independent predictor of SLE relapse during and after pregnancy, whereas older maternal age and Malay ethnicity were associated with higher flare during post-partum. HCQ use was significantly associated with reduced risk of flare in univariate analysis but it was no longer significant in the GEE analyses. Presence of disease flare in pregnancy was significantly associated with prematurity. In conclusion, pregnancy in SLE need to be planned during quiescent state as pre-pregnant active disease was associated with disease relapse in both during and after pregnancy. Malay patients had an increased risk of post-partum flare but further larger prospective studies are needed to confirm the association between pregnancies in the different ancestral background.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups/statistics & numerical data
  13. Fulltext Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Ethnicity Are Independent Factors Associated with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms
    Lim J, Bhoo-Pathy N, Sothilingam S, Malek R, Sundram M, Tan GH, et al.
    PLoS One, 2015;10(6):e0130820.
    PMID: 26098884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130820
    To determine the lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) profile and factors affecting its degree of severity including cardiovascular risk profile, age, ethnicity, education level and prostate volume in a multiethnic Asian setting.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups
  14. Ethnic variations of sweet preferences in Malaysian children: a pilot study
    Jaafar N, Abdul Razak I
    J Pedod, 1990;14(3):147-9.
    PMID: 2081132
    Diet and sugar eating habits, in particular sweet preference levels, are gradually nurtured over time by culturally accepted dietary norms. The dietary habits of Malaysia's three main ethnic groups are distinctively different from each other and expectedly, many studies have discovered significant ethnic variations in caries experience. In order to guide further research work into the causes of these variations, this pilot study was designed to establish whether ethnic variations exist in sweet preference levels. This study found that although the difference in sweet preference between boys and girls in this sample was not statistically significant, the ethnic variation was statistically significant. The implications of this study and suggestions for further research in this field are discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups*
  15. Periodontal status of 16-year-old west Malaysian urban students
    Abdul-Kadir R
    Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 1990 Dec;18(6):324.
    PMID: 2090388
    Matched MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups
  16. Lead exposure among Malaysian school children using delta-aminolevulinic acid as an indicator
    Ming LO, Surif S, Abdullah A
    Sci Total Environ, 1997 Jan 30;193(3):207-13.
    PMID: 9092077
    A study on lead exposure among school children aged between 7 and 12 years from Kajang and Sepang in the state of Selangor, Malaysia was carried out using delta-aminolevulinic acid (delta-ALA) levels in the urine as an index. The delta-ALA levels in urine were linked to variables which could contribute to lead exposure. Out of 1628 school children studied [Kajang (43.5%) and Sepang (56.5%)], only 194 subjects (16 and 8.8% from Kajang and Sepang, respectively) had urinary delta-ALA levels between 0.6 and 2.0 mg/100 ml. However, chi 2 analysis demonstrated significant association between delta-ALA of this group to some of the variables. The strongest association was found in the habit of biting fingernails (P < 0.025). Other statistically significant correlations were found between delta-ALA and father's occupation (P < 0.05) and the amount of time spent playing in the field (P < 0.01). Generally, this study indicates that school children in Kajang and Sepang are still relatively safe from excessively high lead exposure. However, a more sensitive indicator, which is based on a lower tolerable lead limits, such as lead in blood, are necessary to affirm this finding.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups
  17. Children's knowledge and beliefs about medicines
    Dawood OT, Mohamed Ibrahim MI, Abdullah AC
    J Child Health Care, 2015 Mar;19(1):73-83.
    PMID: 23975718 DOI: 10.1177/1367493513496911
    Minor illnesses in children are often cured at home with over the counter medicines. Even though there is a wide use of medicines among children, they rarely receive medical advice about their medications from doctors or pharmacists. The aim of this study is to evaluate children's beliefs about medicines as well as to explain what children know about medicines. A cross-sectional survey was used to collect data from four primary schools in Penang Island, Malaysia. The target population of this research was schoolchildren of 11 and 12 years old regardless of their gender and social status. A self-administration questionnaire was used to obtain the data from schoolchildren and their parents. After including all schoolchildren in grades five and six, the total sample size was 1000 children in addition to 1000 parents. This study found that most children have inadequate knowledge and false beliefs about the efficacy of medicines. Children's beliefs about the efficacy of medicines were affected by their age group, gender and race (p 
    Matched MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups
  18. Gc subtyping in Malaysians and in Indonesians from north Sumatra
    Tan SG, Gan YY, Asuan K, Abdullah F
    Hum Genet, 1981;59(1):75-6.
    PMID: 10819027
    Malays, Chinese and Indians from peninsular Malaysia; Ibans and Bidayuh from Sarawak state, Northern Borneo; and Bataks, Minangkabau and Javanese from North Sumatra, Indonesia, were subtyped for Gc (group-specific component) by polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing. All eight populations investigated were found to be polymorphic for three common alleles, Gc1F, Gc1S and Gc2.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups/genetics*
  19. Fulltext The relevant intervention strategies for improving medication adherence of diabetic patients
    Akoi C, Rahman MM, Abdullah MS
    Int J Public Health Res, 2013;3(1):236-240.
    MyJurnal
    Medication adherence is very important for the effective treatment or control of various health problems, including chronic disease like diabetes mellitus (DM). However, medication non-adherence among diabetic patients on follow-up treatment is still a global health problem. This study aimed to identify factors associated with medication adherence and to determine methods on how it could be improved. A cross-sectional study was conducted on medication adherence among Malays, Iban and Melanau ethnic groups in Kota Samarahan and Sarikei, Sarawak using the Health Belief Model framework. Interviews with questionnaires, which were tested for its validity and reliability using the Cronbach’s Alpha, were conducted to collect data on the respondent’s socio-demographic and economic characteristics, and health beliefs of 442 respondents. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 17.0 for frequency distribution, measures of central tendencies, significance testing and logistic regression. The medication adherence rates were low in terms of all the treatment indicators such as amount of medication (31.7%), frequency (38.9%), duration (26%), and follow-up treatment (24.2%). The respondent’s socio-economic and economic characteristics have statistically significant association with medication adherence. The respondents adhered towards medication because they believed in its benefits. They also took their medication because they believed in the severity of DM and their susceptibility to its serious complications. The cues to action (medication taking) such as worrying about their socio-economic well-being, effectiveness of medication, and health campaign on diabetic control have influenced medication adherence. However, forgetfulness, distance of clinic, and costs of transport have caused medication non-adherence. The respondent's health beliefs in the benefits of taking medication, perceived severity and susceptibility to DM and its serious complications have contributed towards medication adherence. Their concerns about the socio-economic well-being, effectiveness of medication, and health campaign on diabetic control were positive cues to medication taking behavior. Therefore, modifying the respondent's related health beliefs and reinforcing the positive cues to actions are the relevant intervention strategies that could be used in improving medication adherence among diabetic patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups
  20. Fulltext Sequence polymorphism and haplogroup data of the hypervariable regions on mtDNA in Semoq Beri population
    Zahidin MA, Omar WBW, Taib WRW, Japning JRR, Abdullah MT
    Data Brief, 2018 Dec;21:2609-2615.
    PMID: 30761343 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.10.158
    Orang Asli is the aboriginal people in Peninsular Malaysia who have been recognized as indigenous to the country and still practicing traditional lifestyle. The molecular interest on the Orang Asli started when the earliest prehistoric migration occurred approximately 200 kya and entering Peninsular Malaysia 50 kya in stages. A total of three groups of Orang Asli present in Peninsular Malaysia, namely, Negrito also known as Semang, Senoi and Proto Malays. Through records, there is no research has been conducted on mtDNA variations in the Semoq Beri population, one of the tribes in Senoi group. In this report, variations of mtDNA were analysed in the population in Hulu Terengganu as an initial effort to establish the genetic characterisation and elucidating the history of Orang Asli expansion in Peninsular Malaysia. An array of mtDNA parameters was estimated and the observed polymorphisms with their respective haplogroups in comparison to rCRS were inferred respectively. The DNA sequences are registered in the NCBI with accession numbers KY853670-KY853753.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ethnic Groups
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