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iSegMSI: An Interactive Strategy to Improve Spatial Segmentation of Mass Spectrometry Imaging Data

Guo L, Liu X, Zhao C, Hu Z, Xu X, Cheng KK, et al.

Anal Chem, 2022 Oct 25;94(42):14522-14529.
PMID: 36223650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01456

Spatial segmentation is a critical procedure in mass spectrometry imaging (MSI)-based biochemical analysis. However, the commonly used unsupervised MSI segmentation methods may lead to inappropriate segmentation results as the MSI data is characterized by high dimensionality and low signal-to-noise ratio. This process can be improved by the incorporation of precise prior knowledge, which is hard to obtain in most cases. In this study, we show that the incorporation of partial or coarse prior knowledge from different sources such as reference images or biological knowledge may also help to improve MSI segmentation results. Here, we propose a novel interactive segmentation strategy for MSI data called iSegMSI, which incorporates prior information in the form of scribble-regularization of the unsupervised model to fine-tune the segmentation results. By using two typical MSI data sets (including a whole-body mouse fetus and human thyroid cancer), the present results demonstrate the effectiveness of the iSegMSI strategy in improving the MSI segmentations. Specifically, the method can be used to subdivide a region into several subregions specified by the user-defined scribbles or to merge several subregions into a single region. Additionally, these fine-tuned results are highly tolerant to the imprecision of the scribbles. Our results suggest that the proposed iSegMSI method may be an effective preprocessing strategy to facilitate the analysis of MSI data.

Matched MeSH terms: Fetus*
What do we know about porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) diagnosis so far?: A review

Tan CY, Lin CN, Ooi PT

Transbound Emerg Dis, 2021 Nov;68(6):2915-2935.
PMID: 34110095 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14185

Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) was first discovered in 2016, almost concomitantly by two groups of researchers in the United States. The novel case was reported in a group of sows with chronic reproductive problems with clinical presentation alike porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), where metagenomic sequencing revealed a genetically divergent porcine circovirus designated PCV3. The discovery of PCV3 in a PDNS case, which used to be considered as part of PCVAD attributed to PCV2 (porcine circovirus 2), has garnered attention and effort in further research of the novel virus. Just when an infectious molecular DNA clone of PCV3 has been developed and successfully used in an in vivo pathogenicity study, yet another novel PCV strain surfaced, designated PCV4 (porcine circovirus 4). So far, PCV3 has been reported in domestic swine population globally at low to moderate prevalence, from almost all sample types including organ tissues, faecal, semen and colostrum samples. PCV3 has been associated with a myriad of clinical presentations, from PDNS to porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC). This review paper summarizes the studies on PCV3 to date, with focus on diagnosis.

Matched MeSH terms: Fetus
Uterotrophic, fetotoxic and abortifacient effect of a Malaysian variety of Plumbago rosea L. on isolated rat uterus and pregnant mice

Abdul Sattar M, Abdullah NA, Khan MA, Dewa A, Samshia D

Pak J Biol Sci, 2007 Mar 01;10(5):763-7.
PMID: 19069860

Traditionally Plumbago rosea L. is used as an abortifacient in the Southeast Asian region. Methanolic root extract of a local species of Plumbago rosea L. was studied to evaluate its traditional antifertility claim. Interestingly, it was found to possess dose related inhibitory effect on uterine contractile responses elicited by oxytocic agents on isolated uteri of pregnant and pseudo-pregnant rats. Furthermore, it was found to possess significant (p < 0.05) fetotoxic activity along with mild abortive potential in pregnant mice when given orally at high doses (400 and 800 mg kg(-1)) once daily for ten days starting from day 10 of gestation. The results derived indicated possible presence of utero-active compound (s) in this plant that inhibited oxytocic agents induced uterine motility. Moreover, pronounced fetotoxic and mild abortifacient potentials observed at higher doses in pregnant mice might support its accredited traditional use to avoid unwanted pregnancy.

Matched MeSH terms: Fetus/drug effects*
Fulltext Understanding the decision-delivery interval in cesarean births

Naseem, Rashid, Nalliah, Sivalingam

International e-Journal of Science, Medicine & Education, 2007;1(2):61-68.
MyJurnal

Avoiding the adverse neonatal effects of perinatal asphyxia has been one of the common indications for cesarean deliveries in current obstetric practice. Expeditious delivery is dependent on decision to perform cesarean delivery and time lines achieved. A decision-delivery interval of 30 minutes, a concept initiated by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists has open to debate as controversy reins about neonatal outcome when this time interval is considered in isolation. Time lines alone are probably not the only criteria to be employed, and may contribute to errors in interpretation by professional regulatory bodies and the society at large. Procedures prior to decision making like trial of labour, fetal scalp sampling and readily available resources for instituting emergent cesarean delivery invariably need to be considered. Though decision to delivery time is an integral component of critical conduct intervals in the acutely compromised fetus, a more pragmatic approach needs to be taken considering potential and known logistical and obstetric factors in line with good obstetric practice.

Matched MeSH terms: Fetus
Fulltext Ultrasound exposure during pregnancy affects rabbit foetal parathyroid hormone (PTH) level

Md Dom S, Abdul Razak HR, Ahmad Zaiki FW, Saat NH, Abd Manan K, Che Isa IN, et al.

Quant Imaging Med Surg, 2013 Feb;3(1):49-53.
PMID: 23483040 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4292.2013.02.06

The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in parathyroid hormone (PTH) level of rabbit foetal bodies exposed to ultrasound at different gestational stages. A total of 9 pregnant rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were insonated for 60 minutes at the middle of 1(st), 2(nd) and 3(rd) gestational stages for group A (n=14 newborns), group B (n=7 newborns) and group C (n=24 newborns) respectively. Seven pregnant rabbits with 41 newborns severed as negative control group. Blood samples were withdrawn from each newborn rabbits for Parathyroid Hormone-Intact (PTH-I) test. Results of the independent samples t-test implied statistically significant differences (P<0.05) between the control group and the 1(st) stage (P=0.001), the 2(nd) stage (P<0.001) and the 3(rd) stage group (P<0.001). This in-vivo study revealed diagnostic ultrasound heating has the potential of affecting foetal PTH level. This study observed significantly low PTH level for all the treated groups. A further study should be instituted to determine whether this finding in rabbit may also occur in human by means of clinical trials.

Matched MeSH terms: Fetus
Fulltext Ultrasound diagnosis of cephalopagus conjoined twin pregnancy at 29 weeks

Sabih D, Ahmad E, Sabih A, Sabih Q

Biomed Imaging Interv J, 2010 10 01;6(4):e38.
PMID: 21611074 DOI: 10.2349/biij.6.4.e38

The authors report a case of a cephalopagus conjoined twin that was diagnosed at 29 weeks of gestation despite the mother having had two ultrasounds done previously. The fetus had one head and face, fused thoraces, common umbilicus but had two pelvises and two sets of genitalia. The fetus had four normally formed legs and arms.Antenatal ultrasound images are supplemented by post natal photographs. A review of literature, clues to ultrasound diagnosis and possible causes of missing this significant abnormality until the 3rd trimester are discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Fetus
Fulltext Transverse cerebellar diameter as a sonographic parameter for estimating gestational age: an experience from Yemeni population

Muneera A. S. Yahya, Husni A. Al- Goshae, Hameed M. Aklan, Maha Abdul-aziz, Abdullah A. Al-Mikhlafy

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2020;16(107):23-27.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Estimation of gestational age (GA) is clinically crucial for managing pregnancy and assessing the foetal anatomy, growth and development. Transverse cerebellar diameter (TCD) has been reported as an accurate tool for dating the pregnancy. This study aimed to determine the accuracy of foetal TCD for dating the pregnancy and to con- struct a reference chart for GA of Yemeni foetuses. Methods: We conducted this prospective cross-sectional study among 400 Yemeni pregnant women between 18 and 40 weeks of gestation provided that they were with known last menstrual period and singleton normal pregnancies. Sonographic TCDs were measured for each foetus. The mean TCD was measured for gestational weeks separately, and a polynomial regression model was then used to predict the GA by TCD. Results: There was a robust correlation between GA and TCD (r = 0.995, p

Matched MeSH terms: Fetus
Fulltext Toxicity Evaluation of the Naphthalen-2-yl 3,5-Dinitrobenzoate: A Drug Candidate for Alzheimer Disease

Anwar F, Saleem U, Rehman AU, Ahmad B, Froeyen M, Mirza MU, et al.

Front Pharmacol, 2021;12:607026.
PMID: 34040515 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.607026

The presented study was designed to probe the toxicity potential of newly identified compound naphthalen-2-yl 3,5-dinitrobenzoate (SF1). Acute, subacute toxicity and teratogenicity studies were performed as per Organization of economic cooperation and development (OECD) 425, 407, and 414 test guidelines, respectively. An oral dose of 2000 mg/kg to rats for acute toxicity. Furthermore, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg doses were administered once daily for 28 days in subacute toxicity study. Teratogenicity study was performed with 40 mg/kg due to its excellent anti-Alzheimer results at this dose. SF1 induced a significant rise in Alkaline Phosphatases (ALP), bilirubin, white blood cells (WBC), and lymphocyte levels with a decrease in platelet count. Furthermore, the reduction in urea, uric acid, and aspartate transaminase (AST) levels and an increase in total protein levels were measured in subacute toxicity. SF1 increased spermatogenesis at 5 and 10 mg/kg doses. Teratogenicity study depicted no resorptions, early abortions, cleft palate, spina bifida and any skeletal abnormalities in the fetuses. Oxidative stress markers (Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) were increased in all the experiments, whereas the effect on melanoaldehyde Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels was variable. Histopathology further corroborated these results with no change in the architectures of selected organs. Consequently, a 2000 mg/kg dose of SF1 tends to induce minor liver dysfunction along with immunomodulation, and it is well below its LD
50
. Moreover, it can be safely used in pregnancy owing to its no detectable teratogenicity.

Matched MeSH terms: Fetus
Tissue kallikrein and kininogen levels in fetoplacental tissues from normotensive pregnant women and women with pregnancy-induced hypertension

Mohamed M, Larmie ET, Singh HJ, Othman MS

Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 2007 Sep;134(1):15-9.
PMID: 17050061

An imbalance of vasoconstrictor and vasodilator substances in the placenta has been postulated in the pathogenesis of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH). There is however little information available on the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) in women with PIH. The aim of this study therefore was to determine tissue kallikrein and kininogen levels and their distribution patterns in fetoplacental tissues from both normotensive pregnant (NTP) women and women with PIH.

Matched MeSH terms: Fetus/metabolism
The fetal sex ratio and metabolic, biochemical, haematological and clinical indicators of severity of hyperemesis gravidarum

Tan PC, Jacob R, Quek KF, Omar SZ

BJOG, 2006 Jun;113(6):733-7.
PMID: 16709219

The association between female fetal sex and hyperemesis gravidarum is well established in European and North American populations. The association between female fetuses and severity of hyperemesis remains uncertain. A retrospective study based on case notes review of 166 Asian women hospitalised for hyperemesis was performed. Female fetuses were significantly associated with hyperemesis in our population (P= 0.004, OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2-2.2) as well as associated with severe ketonuria and high urea. When both severe ketonuria and high urea were present at initial hospital admission for hyperemesis, 83% (95% CI 66-93) of the fetuses were female.

Matched MeSH terms: Fetus*
Fulltext The estimation of foetomaternal haemorrhage by flowcytometry

Nurasyikin, Y., Suria, A.A., Ng, Soon Peng, Leong, C.F.

Medicine & Health, 2015;10(2):112-122.
MyJurnal

Fetomaternal haemorrhage (FMH) may occur following a sensitizing event, during pregnancy or at delivery. In cases of rhesus (Rh) incompatibility between mother and the fetus, it can thus subject to the haemolytic disease of the newborn. The Kleihauer test for quantification of FMH lacks standardization and results are less accurate. Furthermore, it cannot differentiate the foetal cell from the adult HbF. Flowcytometry analysis using monoclonal antibodies, is a new technique for the quantification of FMH and it allows larger number of cells to be analysed. It is also able to differentiate the foetal cell from maternal HbF, and thus is more sensitive and accurate. The objective of our study was to determine the FMH using the flowcytometric analysis of anti-HbF antibody and to correlate the FMH using flow cytometry and the standard Kleihauer test. Ninety eight peripheral blood samples from pregnant women at more than 20 weeks of pregnancy and post delivery were analyzed by both methods. The percentage of the foetal cells were recorded and the FMH were calculated. We found a fair correlation between the two methods with the correlation coefficient r = 0.633 (p

Matched MeSH terms: Fetus
Fulltext The entrapped twin: a case of fetus-in-fetu

Yaacob R, Zainal Mokhtar A, Abang Jamari DZH, Jaafar N

BMJ Case Rep, 2017 Sep 23;2017.
PMID: 28942402 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-220801

Fetus-in-fetu (FIF) is a rare entity in which malformed parasitic twin grows inside the body of its twin. It is most commonly presented with mass in the abdomen. We present a case of a 15-year-old boy who presented with abdominal mass since infancy. Radiological investigations are suggestive of FIF. Intraoperatively, malformed fetus in a sac was found and excised. Postoperatively the patient recovers well and was put on follow-up.

Matched MeSH terms: Fetus/abnormalities*
Fulltext The effects of nicotine on foetal loss, postnatal growth and plasma oestrogen and progesterone levels in rats

Siti Norashikin Mohd Tambeh, Sumitabha Ghosh, Mohd Hamim Rajikin

Journal of Clinical and Health Sciences, 2019;4(2):75-81.
MyJurnal

Introduction: The present study aims to investigate the effects of nicotine on foetal loss,
postnatal growth and corresponding levels of oestrogen and progesterone in pregnant rats.
Methods: Subcutaneous injection of nicotine tartrate (7.5 mg/kg/day) was administered to
groups of pregnant rats; with treatment scheduled from day 1 through day 5, day 5 through
day 9 or day 1 through day 9 of pregnancy. On day 10 of pregnancy, laparotomy was
performed to count the number of blastocyst implantation sites. During parturition, the
number of viable pups was recounted and statistically compared with the controls. One
group of rats which received nicotine from day 1 through day 9 of pregnancy was sacrificed
on day 16 of pregnancy, and circulating levels of oestrogen and progesterone were
measured. Upon delivery, the birth weight of the pups was measured, and their weights were
recorded until weaning. Results: There was a significant increase in foetal loss particularly in
rats which received nicotine from day 5 through day 9 and from day 1 through day 9 of
pregnancy. There was also significantly lower birth weight of pups in all groups; however,
this pattern did not continue until weaning. Plasma oestrogen level was significantly elevated
with a significant decrease in the plasma progesterone level. Conclusions: Nicotine
administration during pregnancy showed an increase in foetal loss with a corresponding
increase in oestrogen and decrease in progesterone levels. Although the birth weight of the
pups was low, there was catch-up growth in the pups.

Matched MeSH terms: Fetus
The application of empirical mode decomposition for the enhancement of cardiotocograph signals

Krupa BN, Mohd Ali MA, Zahedi E

Physiol Meas, 2009 Aug;30(8):729-43.
PMID: 19550027 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/30/8/001

Cardiotocograph (CTG) is widely used in everyday clinical practice for fetal surveillance, where it is used to record fetal heart rate (FHR) and uterine activity (UA). These two biosignals can be used for antepartum and intrapartum fetal monitoring and are, in fact, nonlinear and non-stationary. CTG recordings are often corrupted by artifacts such as missing beats in FHR, high-frequency noise in FHR and UA signals. In this paper, an empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method is applied on CTG signals. A recursive algorithm is first utilized to eliminate missing beats. High-frequency noise is reduced using EMD followed by the partial reconstruction (PAR) method, where the noise order is identified by a statistical method. The obtained signal enhancement from the proposed method is validated by comparing the resulting traces with the output obtained by applying classical signal processing methods such as Butterworth low-pass filtering, linear interpolation and a moving average filter on 12 CTG signals. Three obstetricians evaluated all 12 sets of traces and rated the proposed method, on average, 3.8 out of 5 on a scale of 1(lowest) to 5 (highest).

Matched MeSH terms: Fetus/physiology
Fulltext Thanatophoric Dysplasia: Case Report

Roszaman Ramli, Ahmad Murad Zainudin

International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2006;5(2):1-6.
MyJurnal

Thanatophoric dysplasia (TD) was reported earlier in the previous publication. It is one of the most common lethal human skletal dysplasia characterized by severe dwarfism. It occurs in 3 to 4 per 100,000 live births1 and is due to autosomal dominant sporadic de novo mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene3 which codes for the FGFR3 transmembrane receptor expressed largely by skeletal and brain tissues in the developing fetus where it is involved with growth regulation. The FGFR3 mutation in TD leads to generalized defects and lack of endochondral ossification, with membranous ossification being less impaired1. Male and female fetuses are equally affected. Two thanatophoric case of this extremely rare occurance are reported and discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Fetus
Term Live Secondary Abdominal Pregnancy: A Case Report

Pannu D, Bharti R, Anand HP, Sharma M

Malays J Med Sci, 2016 Sep;23(5):96-99.
PMID: 27904431

Term, live abdominal pregnancy secondary to rupture of a uterine rudimentary horn is a rare condition. Pregnancies conceived in the rudimentary horn of the uterus usually rupture during early gestation and present as a catastrophic event. However, rarely, after rupture of the uterine horn the foetus may continue to grow in the abdominal cavity and reach term gestation. A primigravida with a term pregnancy was referred to our centre for caesarean section with ultrasonography findings of transverse lie and placenta previa. During surgery, a live baby was extracted from the abdominal cavity, revealing a bicornuate uterus with rupture of the rudimentary horn. The early peroperative diagnosis and prompt control of the bleeding with excision of the rudimentary horn and transfusion of multiple blood products saved the patient's life. The case is presented for its rarity and to highlight the importance of a high index of suspicion in cases presenting with abnormal foetal presentation.

Matched MeSH terms: Fetus
Survival and immunomodulation of stem cells from human extracted deciduous teeth expanded in pooled human and foetal bovine sera

Haque N, Khan IM, Abu Kasim NH

Cytokine, 2019 08;120:144-154.
PMID: 31071675 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.04.018

The immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from autologous and allogeneic sources are useful in stimulating tissue regeneration and repair. To obtain a high number of MSCs for transplantation requires extensive in vitro expansion with culture media supplements that can cause xeno-contamination of cells potentially compromising function and clinical outcomes. In this study stem cells from human extracted deciduous teeth (SHED) were cultured in Knockout™ DMEM supplemented with either pooled human serum (pHS) or foetal bovine serum (FBS) to compare their suitability in maintaining immunomodulatory properties of cells during in vitro expansion. No significant difference in cell survival of SHED grown in pHS (pHS-SHED) or FBS (FBS-SHED) was observed when co-cultured with complement, monocytes or lymphocytes. However, significant changes in the expression of sixteen paracrine factors involved in immunomodulation were observed in the supernatants of FBS-SHED co-cultures with monocytes or lymphocytes compared to that in pHS-SHEDs after both 24 and 120 h of incubation. Further analysis of changing protein levels of paracrine factors in co-cultures using biological pathway analysis software predicted upregulation of functions associated with immunogenicity in FBS-SHED and lymphocyte co-cultures compared to pHS-SHED co-cultures. Pathway analysis also predicted significant stimulation of HMGB1 and TREM1 signalling pathways in FBS-SHED co-cultures indicating activation of immune cells and inflammation. Though FBS supplementation does not impact survival of SHED, our combinatorial biological pathway analysis supports the idea that in vitro expansion of SHEDs in pHS provides optimal conditions to minimise xeno-contamination and inflammation and maintain their immunomodulatory properties.

Matched MeSH terms: Fetus
Fulltext Stillbirth due to unrecognized cardiac anomaly: A forensic autopsy case report

Ganesh Raj S, Norliza I, Mansharan Kaur CS

JUMMEC, 2020;23(2):22-24.
MyJurnal

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the result of a complicated interplay between genetic and non-genetic, or “environmental,” factors acting on the foetus and one of those environmental factors is maternal hyperglycemia. Maternal diabetes has teratogenic effects on the evolution of the foetal cardiovascular system; as a consequence, cardiovascular malformations are the most common anomalies in infants of diabetic mothers with transposition of the great arteries, tricuspid atresia and truncus arteriosus being some of the common cardiac malformations encountered. Thus, it is important to perform a detailed heart examination at autopsy of perinatal deaths in order to ascertain related anomalies. We present a case of stillbirth in a woman with Type 1 Diabetes mellitus on insulin therapy who claims she was unaware about her pregnancy.

Matched MeSH terms: Fetus
Fulltext Stem cells research: therapeutic potentials and ethical issues from Islamic perspective

Che Anuar Che Mohamad, Abdurezak Abdullahi Hashi

International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2018;17(101):65-69.
MyJurnal

The advancement in human stem cell research has promised a viable alternative treatment for a range of ‘incurable diseases’ such as neurological diseases. To date, several studies have documented substantial evidences on the therapeutic properties of stem cells in promoting repair in different diseases including common neurological disorders i.e. ischaemic stroke and spinal cord injury. However, the progress of stem cell research has been surrounded by ethical issues which largely due to the usage of human embryos as one of the sources. These embryonic stem cells which originally derived from human embryo of aborted foetus or already existing human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) lines, has sparked an intense moral and religious argument among people of various faith, including Muslim community. From the therapeutic point of view, amongst the currently available stem cells, hESCs show the greatest potential for the broadest range of cell replacement therapies and are regarded as the most commercially viable. This review focuses on the major ethical issues, particularly to Muslim community, related to human embryonic stem cells research with special emphasis on the moral status of the embryo and the beginning of life according to the Islamic ethics and rulings. In this paper, we also discuss some ethical positions towards embryonic stem cell research in the Islamic world, including official regulations existing in some Muslim countries. We examine the justification and the necessity on the usage of hESCs following the newly discovered Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (IPSCs) in the laboratory. In addition, we supplement the discussions with the general views and positions from the other two Abrahamic religions i.e. Christianity and Judaism.

Matched MeSH terms: Aborted Fetus
Fulltext Sonographically abnormal placenta: an association with an increased risk poor pregnancy outcomes

Wan Masliza WD, Bajuri MY, Hassan MR, Naim NM, Shuhaila A, Das S

Clin Ter, 2017 10 19;168(5):e283-e289.
PMID: 29044348 DOI: 10.7417/T.2017.2021

BACKGROUND: The placenta is a most interesting but unfortunately often ignored and misunderstood organ. Placental abnormalities, therefore, can be an "early warning system" for fetal problems. A complete prenatal sonographic examination of the placenta is an essential component as its abnormalities can have a direct effect on fetal or maternal outcomes, obstetrical management and future fertility.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether any association exists between the finding of an increased thickness of placenta, abnormal placenta shape, placental calcification, placental lake and abnormal cord insertion site at 20-22 and 30-32 weeks gestation with an increased risk of uteroplacental complications or a poor pregnancy outcome.
METHODOLOGY: A real-time ultrasound was used at the time of detail scan (at 20-22 weeks gestation) and at 30-32 weeks gestation to look for placenta appearance, fetal growth and anomaly. The main outcome measures were risk of hypertension disease in pregnancy, fetal growth restriction and poor fetal outcomes such as low Apgar score and low cord pH.
RESULT: The majority of the participants were Malay (77.9%). Abnormal placenta found at both gestations were placental lakes and thickness, and only one case had marginal cord insertion. Approximately 6% of the cases were confirmed placenta previa. No abnormal shape or abnormal calcification found at both gestations. About 10% patient developed hypertensive disease in pregnancy, 15% of the fetus was found to have growth restriction and another 16% have low umbilical cord pH. Majority of them delivered at term (90%) and via vaginal delivery (81%). There was no significance between presence of abnormal placental lake and thickness at both gestations with the maternal and fetal outcome.
CONCLUSION: Presence of abnormal placental thickness and lakes at 30-32 weeks scan associated with maternal hypertensive disease, fetal growth restriction and low umbilical cord pH, however these were not statistically significant.

Matched MeSH terms: Fetus

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