Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 89 in total

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  1. Salleh KM, Zakaria S, Gan S, Baharin KW, Ibrahim NA, Zamzamin R
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2020 Apr 01;148:11-19.
    PMID: 31893531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.240
    Dissolved oil palm empty fruit bunch cellulose (EFBC) and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) were chemically crosslinked with epichlorohydrin (ECH) to generate designated hydrogel. After swelling process in distilled water, the swollen hydrogel was frozen and freeze-dried to form cryogel. The swelling phenomenon of hydrogel during the absorption process gave substantial effects on thinning of crosslinked network wall, pore size and volume, steadiness of cryogel skeletal structure, and re-swelling of cryogel. The swelling effects on hydrogel were confirmed via microscopic study using variable pressure scanning electron microscope (VPSEM). From the retrieved VPSEM images, nano-thin crosslinked network wall of 24.31 ± 1.97 nm and interconnected pores were observed. As a result, the amount of water, the swelling degree, and the freeze-drying process indirectly affected the VPSEM images that indicated pore size and volume, formation of interconnected pores, and re-swelling of cryogel. This study determined the intertwined factors that affected both hydrogel and cryogel properties by investigating the swelling phenomenon and its ensuing effects.
    Matched MeSH terms: Freeze Drying
  2. Normah Ismail, Najihah Shukor, Zainal Samicho
    MyJurnal
    Silver catfish (Pangasius sutchi) skin gelatin was extracted to determine the effects of extraction time on the functional properties of the gelatin in terms of solubility, protein solubility as a function of pH and sodium chloride concentration, emulsifying capacity and stability, water holding capacity, fat binding capacities and foaming properties. Silver catfish skins were washed in sodium chloride (NaCl) solution prior to pre-treatment in sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and acetic acid solution. Gelatin was extracted at 50ºC for 6, 8, 10 and 12 hours extraction time followed by freeze drying. The extraction of silver catfish skin gelatin at 50 ºC for 12 hours was more effective than extraction at 6, 8 and 10 hours where the gelatin was characterized by higher emulsifying capacity (52.63%), emulsifying stability (47.83%), water holding capacity (31.78 mL/g), fat binding capacities (54.76%), foaming capacity (41.47 mL) and foaming stability (56.42%) than gelatins extracted at other extraction time. The longer the extraction time, the better the functional properties of the gelatin. Based on its good functional properties, silver catfish skin gelatin may be useful in various food applications such as soups, sauces and gravies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Freeze Drying
  3. Hajeb P, Jinap S, Shakibazadeh Sh, Afsah-Hejri L, Mohebbi GH, Zaidul IS
    PMID: 25090228 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.942707
    This study aims to optimise the operating conditions for the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of toxic elements from fish oil. The SFE operating parameters of pressure, temperature, CO2 flow rate and extraction time were optimised using a central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM). High coefficients of determination (R²) (0.897-0.988) for the predicted response surface models confirmed a satisfactory adjustment of the polynomial regression models with the operation conditions. The results showed that the linear and quadratic terms of pressure and temperature were the most significant (p < 0.05) variables affecting the overall responses. The optimum conditions for the simultaneous elimination of toxic elements comprised a pressure of 61 MPa, a temperature of 39.8ºC, a CO₂ flow rate of 3.7 ml min⁻¹ and an extraction time of 4 h. These optimised SFE conditions were able to produce fish oil with the contents of lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury reduced by up to 98.3%, 96.1%, 94.9% and 93.7%, respectively. The fish oil extracted under the optimised SFE operating conditions was of good quality in terms of its fatty acid constituents.
    Matched MeSH terms: Freeze Drying
  4. Arif MMA, Fauzi MB, Nordin A, Hiraoka Y, Tabata Y, Yunus MHM
    Polymers (Basel), 2020 Nov 13;12(11).
    PMID: 33202700 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112678
    Gelatin possesses biological properties that resemble native skin and can potentially be fabricated as a skin substitute for full-thickness wound treatment. The native property of gelatin, whereby it is easily melted and degraded at body temperature, could prevent its biofunctionality for various applications. This study aimed to fabricate and characterise buffalo gelatin (Infanca halal certified) crosslinked with chemical type crosslinker (genipin and genipin fortified with EDC) and physicaly crosslink using the dihydrothermal (DHT) method. A porous gelatin sponge (GS) was fabricated by a freeze-drying process followed by a complete crosslinking via chemical-natural and synthetic-or physical intervention using genipin (GNP), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) (EDC) and dihydrothermal (DHT) methods, respectively. The physicochemical, biomechanical, cellular biocompatibility and cell-biomaterial interaction of GS towards human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK) and dermal fibroblasts (HDF) were evaluated. Results showed that GS had a uniform porous structure with pore size ranging between 60 and 200 µm with high porosity (>78.6 ± 4.1%), high wettability (<72.2 ± 7.0°), high tensile strain (>13.65 ± 1.10%) and 14 h of degradation rate. An increase in the concentration and double-crosslinking approach demonstrated an increment in the crosslinking degree, enzymatic hydrolysis resistance, thermal stability, porosity, wettability and mechanical strength. The GS can be tuned differently from the control by approaching the GS via a different crosslinking strategy. However, a decreasing trend was observed in the pore size, water retention and water absorption ability. Crosslinking with DHT resulted in large pore sizes (85-300 µm) and low water retention (236.9 ± 18.7 g/m2·day) and a comparable swelling ratio with the control (89.6 ± 7.1%). Moreover no changes in the chemical content and amorphous phase identification were observed. The HEK and HDF revealed slight toxicity with double crosslinking. HEK and HDF attachment and proliferation remain similar to each crosslinking approach. Immunogenicity was observed to be higher in the double-crosslinking compared to the single-crosslinking intervention. The fabricated GS demonstrated a dynamic potential to be tailored according to wound types by manipulating the crosslinking intervention.
    Matched MeSH terms: Freeze Drying
  5. Feng Y, Ping Tan C, Zhou C, Yagoub AEA, Xu B, Sun Y, et al.
    Food Chem, 2020 Sep 15;324:126883.
    PMID: 32344350 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126883
    Freeze-thaw cycles (FTC) pretreatment was employed before the vacuum freeze-drying of garlic slices, aimed at improving the drying process and the quality of the end product. Cell viability, water status, internal structure, flavor, chemical composition and thermogravimetric of garlic samples were evaluated. The results indicated that FTC pretreatment reduced the drying time (22.22%-33.33%) and the energy consumption (14.25%-15.50%), owing to the water loss, the increase in free water, and the formation of porous structures. The FTC pretreatment improved thermal stability, flavor and chemical composition content of dried products. The antioxidant activity of polysaccharides extracted from FTC pretreated dried products was higher than that of the unpretreated dried product due to the reduction in polysaccharide molecular weight. This research could pave a route for future production of dried garlic slices having good quality by using the FTC pretreatment, with lower energy consumption and shorter drying time.
    Matched MeSH terms: Freeze Drying*
  6. Michelle Wong Tzeling J, Yean Yean C
    Analyst, 2016 Feb 21;141(4):1246-9.
    PMID: 26783560 DOI: 10.1039/c5an01741f
    A shelf-stable loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) reagent for Burkholderia pseudomallei detection is described. The coupling of LAMP reagents with the indirect colorimetric indicator and consequently its lyophilization enable the simple evaluation of results without the need for any advance laboratory instruments. The reagents were found to have a stable shelf life of at least 30 days with well-maintained sensitivity and specificity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Freeze Drying
  7. Mehrnoush A, Mustafa S, Yazid AM
    Int J Mol Sci, 2012;13(3):2939-50.
    PMID: 22489134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13032939
    Response surface methodology (RSM) along with central composite design (CCD) was applied to optimize the freeze drying conditions for purified pectinase from mango (Mangifera indica cv. Chokanan) peel. The effect of pectinase content (-2.66, 62.66 mg/mL), Arabic gum (-1.21, 10.21%, w/v), and maltodextrin (0.73, 7.26%, w/v) as independent variables on activity, yield, and storage stability of freeze-dried enzyme was evaluated. Storage stability of pectinase was investigated after one week at 4 °C and yield percentage of the enzyme after encapsulation was also determined. The independent variables had the most significant (p < 0.05) effect on pectinase activity and yield of the enzyme. It was observed that the interaction effect of Arabic gum and maltodextrin improved the enzymatic properties of freeze-dried pectinase. The optimal conditions for freeze-dried pectinase from mango peel were obtained using 30 mg/mL of pectinase content, 4.5 (%, w/v) of Arabic gum, and 4 (%, w/v) of maltodextrin. Under these conditions, the maximum activity (11.12 U/mL), yield (86.4%) and storage stability (84.2%) of encapsulated pectinase were achieved.
    Matched MeSH terms: Freeze Drying/methods*
  8. Chen D, Xia X, Wong TW, Bai H, Behl M, Zhao Q, et al.
    Macromol Rapid Commun, 2017 Apr;38(7).
    PMID: 28196300 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600746
    Device applications of shape memory polymers demand diverse shape changing geometries, which are currently limited to non-omnidirectional movement. This restriction originates from traditional thermomechanical programming methods such as uniaxial, biaxial stretching, bending, or compression. A solvent-modulated programming method is reported to achieve an omnidirectional shape memory behavior. The method utilizes freeze drying of hydrogels of polyethylene glycol networks with a melting transition temperature around 50 °C in their dry state. Such a process creates temporarily fixed macroporosity, which collapses upon heating, leading to significant omnidirectional shrinkage. These shrunken materials can swell in water to form hydrogels again and the omnidirectional programming and recovery can be repeated. The fixity ratio (R f ) and recovery ratio (R r ) can be maintained at 90% and 98% respectively upon shape memory multicycling. The maximum linear recoverable strain, as limited by the maximum swelling, is ≈90%. Amongst various application potentials, one can envision the fabrication of multiphase composites by taking advantages of the omnidirectional shrinkage from a porous polymer to a denser structure.
    Matched MeSH terms: Freeze Drying
  9. Tang HW, Abbasiliasi S, Murugan P, Tam YJ, Ng HS, Tan JS
    Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 2020 Sep;84(9):1913-1920.
    PMID: 32448058 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1770572
    The aims of this study were to compare the effectiveness of different drying methods and to investigate the effects of adding a series of individual protectant such as skim milk, sucrose, maltodextrin, and corn starch for preserving Lactobacillus acidophilus FTDC 3081 cells during spray and freeze-drying and storage at different temperatures. Results showed a remarkable high survival rate of 70-80% immediately after spray- and freeze-drying in which the cell viability retained at the range of 109 to 1010 CFU/mL. After a month of storage, maltodextrin showed higher protective ability on both spray- and freeze-dried cells as compared to other protective agents at 4°C, 25°C, and 40°C. A complete loss in viability of spray-dried L. acidophilus FTDC 3081 was observed after a month at 40°C in the absence of protective agent.
    Matched MeSH terms: Freeze Drying*
  10. Tan NH, Tan CS
    Toxicon, 1987;25(11):1249-53.
    PMID: 3433296
    The enzymatic activities of four samples of Malayan cobra venom were investigated. There was significant variation in the contents of L-amino acid oxidase, alkaline phosphomonoesterase, acetylcholinesterase, phospholipase A, 5'-nucleotidase and hyaluronidase. The phosphodiesterase content was, however, constant. Storage of the lyophilized venom powder at 25 degrees C for 1 month did not affect the enzymatic activities. The venom enzymatic activities were generally also stable at 4 degrees C in 0.85% saline solution. After incubation at 37 degrees C for 39 days in 0.85% saline solution, the venom still retained considerable amounts of enzymatic activities. SP-Sephadex C-25 ion-exchange chromatography of the venom showed that the phospholipase A, L-amino acid oxidase, 5'-nucleotidase, phosphodiesterase and alkaline phosphomonoesterase exist in multiple forms.
    Matched MeSH terms: Freeze Drying
  11. Mohd Abd Razak MR, Mohmad Misnan N, Md Jelas NH, Norahmad NA, Muhammad A, Ho TCD, et al.
    BMC Complement Altern Med, 2018 Dec 05;18(1):320.
    PMID: 30518360 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2390-7
    BACKGROUND: Carica papaya leaf juice (CPLJ) was well known for its thrombocytosis activity in rodents and dengue patients. However, the effect of CPLJ treatment on other parameters that could contribute to dengue pathogenesis such as nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) production and viremia level have never been highlighted in any clinical and in vivo studies. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of freeze-dried CPLJ treatment on NS1 and viremia levels of dengue fever mouse model.

    METHODS: The dengue infection in mouse model was established by inoculation of non-mouse adapted New Guinea C strain dengue virus (DEN-2) in AG129 mice. The freeze-dried CPLJ compounds were identified by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography High Resolution Accurate Mass Spectrometry analysis. The infected AG129 mice were orally treated with 500 mg/kg/day and 1000 mg/kg/day of freeze-dried CPLJ, starting on day 1 post infection for 3 consecutive days. The blood samples were collected from submandibular vein for plasma NS1 assay and quantitation of viral RNA level by quantitative reverse transcription PCR.

    RESULTS: The AG129 mice infected with dengue virus showed marked increase in the production of plasma NS1, which was detectable on day 1 post infection, peaked on day 3 post-infection and started to decline from day 5 post infection. The infection also caused splenomegaly. Twenty-four compounds were identified in the freeze-dried CPLJ. Oral treatment with 500 mg/kg/day and 1000 mg/kg/day of freeze-dried CPLJ did not affect the plasma NS1 and dengue viral RNA levels. However, the morbidity level of infected AG129 mice were slightly decreased when treated with freeze-dried CPLJ.

    CONCLUSION: Oral treatment of 500 mg/kg/day and 1000 mg/kg/day of freeze-dried CPLJ at the onset of viremia did not affect the plasma NS1 and viral RNA levels in AG129 mice infected with non-mouse adapted New Guinea C strain dengue virus.

    Matched MeSH terms: Freeze Drying
  12. Norahmad NA, Mohd Abd Razak MR, Mohmad Misnan N, Md Jelas NH, Sastu UR, Muhammad A, et al.
    BMC Complement Altern Med, 2019 Feb 11;19(1):44.
    PMID: 30744623 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2438-3
    BACKGROUND: Carica papaya leaves have been used for traditional treatment of dengue fever and have been reported to exhibit an immunomodulatory activity by affecting the level of cytokine production in vitro and in vivo. Due to the lack of adequate in vivo evidence in dengue disease model, the present study was initiated to screen and identify the cytokines affected by freeze-dried C. papaya leaf juice (FCPLJ) treatment in AG129 mice infected with DEN-2 dengue virus.

    METHODS: The AG129 mice were fed orally with FCPLJ for 3 consecutive days after 24 h of dengue virus inoculation. Plasma cytokines were screened by using ProcartaPlex immunoassay. The gene expression in the liver was analyzed by using RT2 Profiler PCR Array.

    RESULTS: The results showed that FCPLJ treatment has increased the plasma CCL2/MCP-1 level during peak of viremia. Gene expression study has identified 8 inflammatory cytokine genes which were downregulated in the liver of infected AG129 mice treated with FCPLJ. The downregulated inflammatory cytokine genes were CCL6/MRP-1, CCL8/MCP-2, CCL12/MCP-5, CCL17/TARC, IL1R1, IL1RN/IL1Ra, NAMPT/PBEF1 and PF4/CXCL4.

    CONCLUSION: The findings indicated the possible immunomodulatory role of FCPLJ during dengue virus infection in AG129 mice.

    Matched MeSH terms: Freeze Drying
  13. Ahmad Razi Othman, Intan Safinar Ismail, Norhani Abdullah, Syahida Ahmad
    MyJurnal
    Jatropha curcas is a multipurpose plant that has been suggested as a possible cure to
    inflammation. It can be used as a source of animal feed, live fence, biodiesel and in traditional
    medicine. Practitioners have used various extraction techniques to extract the active components
    of the plant. This article compares the efficiency of three methods of drying technique for the
    extraction of the total phenolic content from the plant. The freeze-drying method was the best
    method compared to oven dry and air dry. The freeze-drying method dries J. curcas root sample
    faster and preserve the total phenolic content better than the other methods.
    Matched MeSH terms: Freeze Drying
  14. Liew PS, Lertanantawong B, Lee SY, Manickam R, Lee YH, Surareungchai W
    Talanta, 2015 Jul 1;139:167-73.
    PMID: 25882423 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.02.054
    Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes cholera, a diarrheal disease. Cholera is widespread in poor, under-developed or disaster-hit countries that have poor water sanitation. Hence, a rapid detection method for V. cholerae in the field under these resource-limited settings is required. In this paper, we describe the development of an electrochemical genosensor assay using lyophilized gold nanoparticles/latex microsphere (AuNPs-PSA) reporter label. The reporter label mixture was prepared by lyophilization of AuNPs-PSA-avidin conjugate with different types of stabilizers. The best stabilizer was 5% sorbitol, which was able to preserve the dried conjugate for up to 30 days. Three methods of DNA hybridization were compared and the one-step sandwich hybridization method was chosen as it was fastest and highly specific. The performance of the assay using the lyophilized reagents was comparable to the wet form for detection of 1aM to 1fM of linear target DNA. The assay was highly specific for V. cholerae, with a detection limit of 1fM of PCR products. The ability of the sensor is to detect LAMP products as low as 50ngµl(-1). The novel lyophilized AuNPs-PSA-avidin reporter label with electrochemical genosensor detection could facilitate the rapid on-site detection of V. cholerae.
    Matched MeSH terms: Freeze Drying
  15. Hashim R, Zahid NI, Velayutham TS, Aripin NFK, Ogawa S, Sugimura A
    J Oleo Sci, 2018 Jun 01;67(6):651-668.
    PMID: 29760332 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess17261
    Also recognized as carbohydrate liquid crystals, glycolipids are amphiphiles whose basic unit comprises of a sugar group attached to an alkyl chain. Glycolipids are amphitropic, which means these materials form liquid crystal self-assemblies when dry (thermotropic) as well as when dissolved in solvents (lyotropic/surfactants) such as water. Many glycolipids are also naturally derived since these can be found in cell membranes. Their membrane and surfactant functions are largely understood through their lyotropic properties. While glycolipids are expected to play major roles as eco-friendly surfactants in the global surfactant market, their usefulness as thermotropic liquid crystal material is, to date, unknown, due to relatively lack of research performed and data reported in the literature. Understandably since glycolipids are hygroscopic with many hydroxy groups, removing the last trace water is very challenging. In recent time, with careful lyophilization and more consistent characterization technique, some researchers have attempted serious studies into "dry" or anhydrous glycolipids. Motivated by possible developments of novel thermotropic applications, some results from these studies also provide surprising new understanding to support conventional wisdom of the lyotropic systems. Here we review the dry state of glycosides, a family of glycolipids whose sugar headgroup is linked to the lipid chain via a glycosidic oxygen linker. The structure property relationship of both linear and anhydrous Guerbet glycosides will be examined. In particular, how the variation of sugar stereochemistry (e.g. anomer vs. epimer), the chain length and chain branching affect the formation of thermotropic liquid crystals phases, which not only located under equilibrium but also far from equilibrium conditions (glassy phase) are scrutinized. The dry glycolipid assembly has been subjected to electric and magnetic fields and the results show interesting behaviors including a possible transient current generation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Freeze Drying
  16. Al-Ahdal SA, Ahmad Kayani AB, Md Ali MA, Chan JY, Ali T, Adnan N, et al.
    Int J Mol Sci, 2019 Jul 23;20(14).
    PMID: 31340481 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143595
    We employed dielectrophoresis to a yeast cell suspension containing amyloid-beta proteins (Aβ) in a microfluidic environment. The Aβ was separated from the cells and characterized using the gradual dissolution of Aβ as a function of the applied dielectrophoretic parameters. We established the gradual dissolution of Aβ under specific dielectrophoretic parameters. Further, Aβ in the fibril form at the tip of the electrode dissolved at high frequency. This was perhaps due to the conductivity of the suspending medium changing according to the frequency, which resulted in a higher temperature at the tips of the electrodes, and consequently in the breakdown of the hydrogen bonds. However, those shaped as spheroidal monomers experienced a delay in the Aβ fibril transformation process. Yeast cells exposed to relatively low temperatures at the base of the electrode did not experience a positive or negative change in viability. The DEP microfluidic platform incorporating the integrated microtip electrode array was able to selectively manipulate the yeast cells and dissolve the Aβ to a controlled extent. We demonstrate suitable dielectrophoretic parameters to induce such manipulation, which is highly relevant for Aβ-related colloidal microfluidic research and could be applied to Alzheimer's research in the future.
    Matched MeSH terms: Freeze Drying
  17. Rasli, H.I., Sarbon, N.M.
    MyJurnal
    This study investigates effects from different drying methods (vacuum oven dried vs. freeze dried) on the rheological, functional and structural properties of chicken skin gelatin compared to bovine gelatin. Vacuum oven dried chicken skin samples showed a higher gelatin yield (12.86%) than freeze-dried samples (9.25%). The latter showed a higher melting temperature (32.64oC) and superior foaming capacity (176%) as well as foaming stability (166.67%). Vacuum oven dried samples demonstrated greater fat binding capacity (5.5 ml/g) and emulsion stability (55.79%). There were no significant differences (p >0.05) in emulsion and water holding capacity for three gelatins. Bovine gelatin did hold the lowest of all functional properties studied. A Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrum analysis of chicken skin gelatin under both drying methods presented structures similar to those of bovine gelatin. Collectively, this findings indicated no significant differences (p >0.05) in rheological, functional and structural properties for chicken skin gelatins prepared by either drying method. Hence, to save costs and maintain gelatin quality, vacuum oven drying offers potential as an alternative means of production.
    Matched MeSH terms: Freeze Drying
  18. Wan Omar WH, Sarbon NM
    J Food Sci Technol, 2016 Nov;53(11):3928-3938.
    PMID: 28035148 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-016-2379-5
    The aim of this study is to investigate the functional and antioxidant properties of chicken skin gelatin hydrolysate (CSGH) as affected by the drying method used in the preparation of gelatin (freeze-dried and vacuum dried). CSGH obtained from freeze-dried gelatin showed better functional properties such as emulsifying activity index (EAI), water holding and oil binding capacity at different pH compared to CSGH produced from vacuum dried gelatin. Meanwhile, the CSGH of the vacuum dried gelatin exhibited a better emulsifying stability index (ESI), foaming capacity and stability. CSGH from freeze-dried gelatin showed better antioxidant, DPPH radical scavenging and metal chelating activity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Freeze Drying
  19. Baharuddin, N.A., Kamin, S., Samsuddin, A.R.
    Ann Dent, 2005;12(1):-.
    MyJurnal
    The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of demineralized freeze-dried bone xenograft (DFDBBX) in minimizing post-surgical recession in moderate to advanced adult periodontitis in patients. Nine patients with a total of eighteen intrabony defects were matched for the tooth type, location of defects and periodontal pocket depth (5 to 7mm). Following an initial nonsurgical treatment, recession at defects indicated for surgery was measured pre-operatively. Surgical treatment was carried out by split mouth design, where the test sites were assigned DFDBBX and the control sites were subjected to debridement without the use of DFDBBX. Recessions were measured at 3 months, 6 months and 9 months post-operatively. The results showed no statistically significant difference in mean recession at 3, 6 and 9 months post-operatively compared to baseline for both test and control groups. Thus, DFDBBX was ineffective in minimizing recession on patients with moderate to severe periodontitis, as compared to surgical debridement alone.
    Matched MeSH terms: Freeze Drying
  20. Baharuddin, N.A., Kamin, S., Samsuddin, A.R.
    Ann Dent, 2003;10(1):-.
    MyJurnal
    This study evaluated the effectiveness of demineralized freeze-dried bone xenograft in reducing post-surgical pocket depth in moderate to advanced adult periodontitis in patients. Nine patients with a total of eighteen intrabony defects were selected for this study. The bony defects were matched for tooth type, location and pocket depth. Following an initial non-surgical treatment, only pockets of 5 to 7 mm deep were indicated for surgery. Periodontal pockets were measured pre-operatively and at 3, 6 and 9 months post-surgically. The study protocol included a split mouth design, where surgical treatment was carried out at both test and control sites. The test sites were assigned demineralized freeze-dried bone xenograft and the control sites were subjected to debridement alone without the use of demineralized freeze-dried bone xenograft. The results from this study showed a statistically significant difference in the mean pocket depth at 6 and 9 months post-operatively for both test and control groups, but there was no statistically significant difference at 3 months. In conclusion, demineralized freeze-dried bone xenograft was ineffective in reducing periodontal pocket depth in patients with moderate to severe periodontitis, as compared to surgical debridement alone.
    Matched MeSH terms: Freeze Drying
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