Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 44 in total

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  1. Effects of curcumin on crevicular levels of IL-1β and CCL28 in experimental gingivitis
    Pulikkotil SJ, Nath S
    Aust Dent J, 2015 Sep;60(3):317-27.
    PMID: 26219195 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12340
    Curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to compare interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 28 (CCL28) levels following a topical application of curcumin (CRM), chlorhexidine (CHX) and chlorhexidine-metronidazole (CHX-MTZ) in an experimental gingivitis human model.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gingivitis/drug therapy*
  2. Fulltext Porphyromonas gingivalis: An Overview of Periodontopathic Pathogen below the Gum Line
    How KY, Song KP, Chan KG
    Front Microbiol, 2016;7:53.
    PMID: 26903954 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00053
    Periodontal disease represents a group of oral inflammatory infections initiated by oral pathogens which exist as a complex biofilms on the tooth surface and cause destruction to tooth supporting tissues. The severity of this disease ranges from mild and reversible inflammation of the gingiva (gingivitis) to chronic destruction of connective tissues, the formation of periodontal pocket and ultimately result in loss of teeth. While human subgingival plaque harbors more than 500 bacterial species, considerable research has shown that Porphyromonas gingivalis, a Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium, is the major etiologic agent which contributes to chronic periodontitis. This black-pigmented bacterium produces a myriad of virulence factors that cause destruction to periodontal tissues either directly or indirectly by modulating the host inflammatory response. Here, this review provides an overview of P. gingivalis and how its virulence factors contribute to the pathogenesis with other microbiome consortium in oral cavity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gingivitis
  3. Fulltext Microencapsulated frankincense essential oil: a potential remedy and prevention of mouth diseases
    Mohamed Soleiman Barre, Fathilah Ali, Mohamed Elwathig Saeed Mirghani, Noor Faizul Hadri Nordin
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(108):22-22.
    MyJurnal
    The global burden of disease studies estimated that oral diseases affected half of the world’s population (3.58 billion people) with dental caries (tooth decay) in permanent teeth being the most prevalent condition assessed. On the other hand, the increasing resistance of dental caries towards the available antimicrobials and extensive use of the controversial synthetic chemicals to overcome these problems have attracted the scientific community’s attention to the search for new cost-effective remedies of natural products. Frankincense or Boswellia species are highly import-ant aromatic plants belonging to the Burseraceae family. The present study will focus on an in-vitro anti-inflamma-tion and anti-bacterial activity of Boswellia carterii (BC) Essential oil (EO) encapsulated into the Gum Arabic (GA) polymer. Thus, certain mouth pathogenic bacteria, which are the main contributors to dental caries and gingivitis, namely (Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus species), and their in-vitro responses to the defined micro-particles, will pave the way to introduce a new potential remedy to the forth mentioned problems.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gingivitis
  4. Fulltext Biofilm in endodontics: A review
    Jhajharia K, Parolia A, Shetty KV, Mehta LK
    J Int Soc Prev Community Dent, 2015 Jan-Feb;5(1):1-12.
    PMID: 25767760 DOI: 10.4103/2231-0762.151956
    Endodontic disease is a biofilm-mediated infection, and primary aim in the management of endodontic disease is the elimination of bacterial biofilm from the root canal system. The most common endodontic infection is caused by the surface-associated growth of microorganisms. It is important to apply the biofilm concept to endodontic microbiology to understand the pathogenic potential of the root canal microbiota as well as to form the basis for new approaches for disinfection. It is foremost to understand how the biofilm formed by root canal bacteria resists endodontic treatment measures. Bacterial etiology has been confirmed for common oral diseases such as caries and periodontal and endodontic infections. Bacteria causing these diseases are organized in biofilm structures, which are complex microbial communities composed of a great variety of bacteria with different ecological requirements and pathogenic potential. The biofilm community not only gives bacteria effective protection against the host's defense system but also makes them more resistant to a variety of disinfecting agents used as oral hygiene products or in the treatment of infections. Successful treatment of these diseases depends on biofilm removal as well as effective killing of biofilm bacteria. So, the fundamental to maintain oral health and prevent dental caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis is to control the oral biofilms. From these aspects, the formation of biofilms carries particular clinical significance because not only host defense mechanisms but also therapeutic efforts including chemical and mechanical antimicrobial treatment measures have the most difficult task of dealing with organisms that are gathered in a biofilm. The aim of this article was to review the mechanisms of biofilms' formation, their roles in pulpal and periapical pathosis, the different types of biofilms, the factors influencing biofilm formation, the mechanisms of their antimicrobial resistance, techniques to identify biofilms.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gingivitis
  5. Fulltext Oral Diseases and Quality of Life between Obese and Normal Weight Adolescents: A Two-Year Observational Study
    Tengku H TNN, Peh WY, Shoaib LA, Baharuddin NA, Vaithilingam RD, Saub R
    Children (Basel), 2021 May 22;8(6).
    PMID: 34067484 DOI: 10.3390/children8060435
    This study aimed to investigate the association between oral disease burden and oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL) among overweight/obese (OW/OB) and normal weight (NW) Malaysian adolescents. A total of 397 adolescents were involved in the two-year prospective observational cohort study. OHRQOL was measured through a self-administered questionnaire containing the short version of the Malaysian Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP[M]). Body mass index (BMI) was used for anthropometric measurement. Whilst, decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index, Significant Caries Index (SiC), simplified basic periodontal examination (S-BPE), and gingival bleeding index (GBI) were used for clinical assessment tools. Higher dental caries prevalence was observed in the NW group while higher SiC was reported in the OW/OB group. Regardless of the obesity status, the prevalence of gingivitis (BPE code 1 and 2) was high in this study. A reduction of GBI prevalence was observed in the two-year follow-up results with an increased prevalence of OHRQoL impact in the OW/OB group compared to the NW group (p > 0.05). The findings from this study suggested that obesity status did not have influence over the burden of oral diseases and OHRQoL. It offers insights referring to the changes in adolescents' oral diseases burden and OHRQoL.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gingivitis
  6. Fulltext Amlodipine-induced gingival overgrowth: a case report
    Taib, H., Ali, T.B.T., Kamin, S.
    Archives of Orofacial Sciences, 2007;2(1):61-64.
    MyJurnal
    Gingival overgrowth is frequently observed in patients taking certain drugs such as calcium channel blockers, anticonvulsants and immunosuppressant. This can have a significant effect on the quality of life as well as increasing the oral bacterial load by generating plaque retention sites. Amlodipine, a third generation calcium channel blockers has been shown to promote gingival overgrowth although in very limited cases reported. The management of gingival overgrowth seems to be directed at controlling gingival inflammation through a good oral hygiene regimen. However in severe cases, surgical excision is the most preferred method of treatment, followed by rigorous oral hygiene procedures. This case report describes the management of gingival overgrowth in a hypertensive patient taking amlodipine. Combination of surgical gingivectomy and CO2 laser treatment was used to remove the gingival overgrowth. CO2 laser surgery produced good hemostasis and less pain during the procedure and post operatively. This case report has also shown that periodontal treatment alone without a change in associated drug can yield satisfactory clinical response.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gingivitis
  7. Fulltext Relation Between Periodontal Status and Pre-Cancerous Condition (Oral Lichen Planus): A Pilot Study
    Rai NP, Kumar P, Mustafa SM, Divakar DD, Kheraif AA, Ramakrishnaiah R, et al.
    Adv Clin Exp Med, 2016 Jul-Aug;25(4):763-6.
    PMID: 27629852 DOI: 10.17219/acem/59014
    BACKGROUND: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a common chronic mucocutaneous disease mostly seen in middle aged and elderly females. Oral lichen planus can occur in different oral sites such as gingiva, labial, buccal mucosa and on the tongue. And can have an indirect effect on initiating periodontitis.
    OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the periodontal status of OLP patients and compare it with that of healthy controls. The presence of erosive lesions among gingival tissues makes oral hygiene procedures difficult to perform for obvious reasons. Plaque control and rigorous oral hygiene are primary requisites for the treatment of any oro-mucosal disease.
    MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty patients with the erosive and reticular form of OLP as a study group and 30 healthy subjects as a control group were selected. The periodontal status of all subjects including gingival index (GI), Russell's periodontal index (PI) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were evaluated in both groups. Finally, the data was analyzed by a paired t-test using SPSS software v. 22.
    RESULTS: The mean values of GI, PI and BOP were observed to be higher in the study group compared to the control group, and this was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The results shown are suggestive that periodontal status was poor in the study group as compared to the control group.
    CONCLUSIONS: Further studies need to investigate periodontal status in oral lichen planus patients with larger sample size, and careful follow-up of these will assure an increase in the quality of life of these patients. The patient should be informed regarding the risk of periodontal problems in OLP and should be advised to have regular dental checkups to avoid a worsening of the conditio.
    KEYWORDS: gingivitis; oral lichen planus; periodontitis; pre-cancerous condition
    Matched MeSH terms: Gingivitis
  8. Fulltext Proportion and factors related to periodontal disease among young adult attended Al-Fatah Dental Faculty, Libya
    Fadilla, Y.I., Sutan, R.
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2011;11(2):40-43.
    MyJurnal
    This study was conducted to determine the proportion and factors associated with periodontal disease among younger adult attended Al Fatah Dental Faculty in Libya. A cross sectional study with universal sampling methods was carried out from July 2010 until September 2010 among 70 Libyan subjects aged between 20-35 years. The data in this study was collected using self administrated questionnaire, followed by oral examination done by trained dentists. The results of this study showed that, the prevalence of periodontal disease in Libyan subjects was 75.7%. Gender, oral care habits, smoking were found significantly associated with presence of periodontal disease. Gingivitis has been found the most common types of periodontal disease (94%). High percentage of periodontal disease in this study was among men (87.9%) compared to women (69.9%). In conclusion, modifiable factors like changing lifestyle such as avoiding smoking and practicing oral care can be promoted to prevent periodontitis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gingivitis
  9. Fulltext The prevalence or oral diseases and treatment needs in the institutionalized elderly in Sabah
    Loke, S.T., Jalil, N.A., Giant, E.W., Lee, S.H.C.
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2003;3(1):30-35.
    MyJurnal
    The main objective of the study was to determine the oral health status and possible factors influencing oral hygiene in the institutionalized elderly in Sabah. A cross sectional study in all four institutions for the elderly in QM ii Sabah was conducted using oral examination and interview/questionnaires. Qualitative assessment using Focus Group Discussion was carried out in the caregivers of the institutions. Plaque score was used to assess oral hygiene status. A total of 94.0% of inmates were above 55 years old. There were 13.4 % non-respondents in the total sample of 284. Of the n0n—respondents, 42.4 % had mental disorders and this was statistically signnicant. Of those who responded 34.6% had good 33.3% fair and 32.1% poor oral hygiene. 33.5% were completely edentulous, 86.4% had gingivitis which required scaling, 22.0% had decayed teeth and 54.9% required extraction. Gingivitis, decayed teeth and number of teeth for extraction were signwcantly associated with poor oral hygiene. 14.2% had at least one type of oral disease. Dental abscess was the most common muco»cutaneous lesion found. Mental disorders showed a trend towards poor oral hygiene and this was statistically signyicant. Although 40.8% had physical handicap, 23.3% visual impairment and 8.2% hearing impairment, there was no significant association with oral hygiene status. In conclusion, oral health status of the population is poor and treatment needs are high. Although there was high objective need for oral care (88.6%), perceived need was low (32.0%).
    Matched MeSH terms: Gingivitis
  10. Fulltext Comparison of Dill Seed Oil Mouth Rinse and Chlorhexidine Mouth Rinse on Plaque Levels and Gingivitis - A Double Blind Randomized Clinical Trial
    Eshwar S, K R, Jain V, Manvi S, Kohli S, Bhatia S
    Open Dent J, 2016;10:207-13.
    PMID: 27386006 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601610010207
    INTRODUCTION: Mouthrinses have been in use for centuries as breath fresheners, medicaments, and antiseptics. Dill is said to be a good source of calcium, manganese and iron. It contains flavonoids known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties. Dill can help with microbial infections in the mouth; and its anti-oxidants minimize damage caused by free radicals to the gums and teeth. Being a good source of calcium, dill also helps with bone and dental health.

    AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To compare the effectiveness of commercially available 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse and dill seed oil mouthrinse on plaque levels and gingivitis.

    MATERIAL AND METHODS: A randomized controlled, double blind parallel arm study was conducted over 90 days on 90 subjects. The subjects were randomly divided into 2 groups and baseline data was collected using Loe and Silness gingival index and Quigley Hein plaque index and oral prophylaxis was performed on all the subjects. The mouthrinses included in the present study were dill seed oil and Hexodent (0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate). Intervention regarding the mouthrinsing was given to the subjects and were followed up for 45 days and 90 days, after this post intervention changes were assessed using the respective indices.

    RESULTS: It was observed that there is no significant difference in gingival & plaque scores among two mouthrinses from baseline to 45 days and 90 days. It was observed that there is statistical difference in gingival and plaque scores when compared with baseline to 45 days (p<0.001), baseline to 90 days (p<0.001) and 45 days to 90 days (p<0.001) when intergroup comparisons were done.

    CONCLUSION: It was concluded that dill seed oil and Hexodent (0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate) mouthrinse have similar antiplaque and antigingival effectiveness.

    Matched MeSH terms: Gingivitis
  11. Histiocytosis X: evidence for a genetic etiology
    Hanapiah F, Yaacob H, Ghani KS, Hussin AS
    J Nihon Univ Sch Dent, 1993 Sep;35(3):171-4.
    PMID: 8246038
    Histiocytosis X is a rare disorder with no particular predilection for race, age or sex. Since its discovery by Hand in 1893, the etiology has remained unknown, although viruses, bacteria and genetic factors have been implicated. Familial occurrence of this disease is very rare, and only a handful of such cases have been reported. The present study adds further evidence to support the influence of genetic factors in the etiology of histiocytosis X.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gingivitis/etiology
  12. Efficacy of 'Gamadent' toothpaste on the healing of gingival tissues: a preliminary report
    Taiyeb-Ali TB, Zainuddin SL, Swaminathan D, Yaacob H
    J Oral Sci, 2003 Sep;45(3):153-9.
    PMID: 14650580
    The aim of this randomised, parallel, double-blind study, in which 28 adult patients diagnosed with chronic gingivitis or early stages of chronic periodontitis were recruited, was to evaluate the efficacy of 'Gamadent' toothpaste compared to a placebo toothpaste. 'Gamadent' toothpaste has all the basic constituents of a toothpaste with the addition of a sea cucumber extract (SCE) of the species Stichopus sp. 1 to improve the healing potential of tissues. The placebo has the same basic constituents minus the extract. Out of the 28 patients, 14 were placed in the test group who used the 'Gamadent' toothpaste, and 14 patients were placed in the control group (2 control subjects defaulted and were excluded), who brushed using the placebo toothpaste. The longitudinal study was carried out over a period of 3 months with assessments made at baseline, 1 month, 2 months and 3 months after conventional therapy at the baseline visit. The clinical parameters used during the trial were Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), Papilla Bleeding Index (PBI) and Probing Pocket Depth (PPD). A predetermined number of sites on a molar, premolar, canine and an incisor were examined and evaluated in each quadrant. After the baseline assessment, the patients had full mouth scaling and debridement as well as oral hygiene instructions. Patients were instructed to brush their teeth twice a day with the toothbrush provided (Oral-B plus, size 35) and toothpaste (test or control), using the Bass technique. At the 1-month assessment, there were significant mean reductions to baseline mean values in PI (P < 0.005) and GI (P < 0.001) in the test group as compared to the control group. At the end of the 2-month interval, significant reductions were observed in PI, PBI and PPD (P < 0.001). By the end of 3 months, there were significant differences in the mean reduction of all the parameters i.e. PI, PBI, GI and PPD (P < 0.001), between the test and control sites. In conclusion, 'Gamadent' toothpaste provided noteworthy benefits, producing statistically significant improvement in all clinical parameters compared to the placebo during the healing phase after conventional initial therapy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gingivitis/drug therapy*
  13. Fulltext Powered versus manual toothbrushing for oral health
    Yaacob M, Worthington HV, Deacon SA, Deery C, Walmsley AD, Robinson PG, et al.
    Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2014 Jun 17.
    PMID: 24934383 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002281.pub3
    BACKGROUND: Removing dental plaque may play a key role maintaining oral health. There is conflicting evidence for the relative merits of manual and powered toothbrushing in achieving this. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2003, and previously updated in 2005.

    OBJECTIVES: To compare manual and powered toothbrushes in everyday use, by people of any age, in relation to the removal of plaque, the health of the gingivae, staining and calculus, dependability, adverse effects and cost.

    SEARCH METHODS: We searched the following electronic databases: the Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register (to 23 January 2014), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2014, Issue 1), MEDLINE via OVID (1946 to 23 January 2014), EMBASE via OVID (1980 to 23 January 2014) and CINAHL via EBSCO (1980 to 23 January 2014). We searched the US National Institutes of Health Trials Register and the WHO Clinical Trials Registry Platform for ongoing trials. No restrictions were placed on the language or date of publication when searching the electronic databases.

    SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials of at least four weeks of unsupervised powered toothbrushing versus manual toothbrushing for oral health in children and adults.

    DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard methodological procedures expected by The Cochrane Collaboration. Random-effects models were used provided there were four or more studies included in the meta-analysis, otherwise fixed-effect models were used. Data were classed as short term (one to three months) and long term (greater than three months).

    MAIN RESULTS: Fifty-six trials met the inclusion criteria; 51 trials involving 4624 participants provided data for meta-analysis. Five trials were at low risk of bias, five at high and 46 at unclear risk of bias.There is moderate quality evidence that powered toothbrushes provide a statistically significant benefit compared with manual toothbrushes with regard to the reduction of plaque in both the short term (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.50 (95% confidence interval (CI) -0.70 to -0.31); 40 trials, n = 2871) and long term (SMD -0.47 (95% CI -0.82 to -0.11; 14 trials, n = 978). These results correspond to an 11% reduction in plaque for the Quigley Hein index (Turesky) in the short term and 21% reduction long term. Both meta-analyses showed high levels of heterogeneity (I(2) = 83% and 86% respectively) that was not explained by the different powered toothbrush type subgroups.With regard to gingivitis, there is moderate quality evidence that powered toothbrushes again provide a statistically significant benefit when compared with manual toothbrushes both in the short term (SMD -0.43 (95% CI -0.60 to -0.25); 44 trials, n = 3345) and long term (SMD -0.21 (95% CI -0.31 to -0.12); 16 trials, n = 1645). This corresponds to a 6% and 11% reduction in gingivitis for the Löe and Silness index respectively. Both meta-analyses showed high levels of heterogeneity (I(2) = 82% and 51% respectively) that was not explained by the different powered toothbrush type subgroups.The number of trials for each type of powered toothbrush varied: side to side (10 trials), counter oscillation (five trials), rotation oscillation (27 trials), circular (two trials), ultrasonic (seven trials), ionic (four trials) and unknown (five trials). The greatest body of evidence was for rotation oscillation brushes which demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in plaque and gingivitis at both time points.

    AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Powered toothbrushes reduce plaque and gingivitis more than manual toothbrushing in the short and long term. The clinical importance of these findings remains unclear. Observation of methodological guidelines and greater standardisation of design would benefit both future trials and meta-analyses.Cost, reliability and side effects were inconsistently reported. Any reported side effects were localised and only temporary.

    Matched MeSH terms: Gingivitis/prevention & control*
  14. Necrotizing gingivitis: a possible oral manifestation of ticlopidine-induced agranulocytosis
    Rajandram RK, Ramli R, Karim F, Rahman RA, Fun LC
    N Z Med J, 2007;120(1256):U2590.
    PMID: 17589558
    Agranulocytosis is a rare complication of ticlopidine and can be life-threatening. We report a case of ticlopidine-induced agranulocytosis and neutropenia (neutrophil count of 0.1 x 10(9)/L) with necrotizing gingivitis in a 54-year-old Malaysian-Chinese female. She was started on ticlopidine 250 mg twice daily 3 weeks prior to this hospital admission. We started her on intravenous metronidazole and amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (Augmentin) and concurrently stopped ticlopidine. A series of clinical and laboratory investigations were carried out and a final diagnosis of necrotizing gingivitis possibly secondary to agranulocytosis was made. The patient was discharged home after 2 weeks of hospitalisation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gingivitis, Necrotizing Ulcerative/diagnosis*
  15. Fulltext Halal & organic mouth-wash: Frankincense essential oil & hydrosol Boswellia Mouth-wash Essential Oil (BOMEO)
    Mohammed Sulayman Baree, Mohammed Elwathig Saeed Mirghani, Slimane Hammou Aboulala
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(108):51-51.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: This is a proto-type product which is based on Frankincense essential oil and hydrosol. Methods: Three oleo gum resin species, namely; Boswellia carterii (BC), Boswellia frereana (BF), and Commiphora myrrha (CM) of Burceraceae family were extracted for their essential oil by hydro-distillation. They were screened for their poten-tial of anti-cariogenic activity by in-vitro experimental study of two main bacterial species (Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp), which are considered the main cause of dental and mouth diseases. Results: Methanol and acetone extracts of the three plants inhibited the growth of the bacteria. However, BF-methanol extract shows the greatest inhibition followed by BC and CM respectively. Hence, the obtained result encourages proceeding further thorough investigation to benefit the positive outcomes of these plant extracts in terms of introducing new potential antimicrobial formulations, such as mouth wash which can be used for mouth cleansing and protection from the diseases such as mouth ulcers, gingivitis, sinusitis, glandular fever and brucellosis as well as dental caries. This result can be converted to Boswellia Mouthwash Essential Oil (BosMEO) and Boswellia Mouthwash Hydrosol (BosMoHy) based products. This new plant extract product can be exploited for further research for its potential used as moth infection natural treatments such as mouth ulcers, gingivitis, sinusitis, glandular fever, brucellosis as well as respi-ratory problem. It is free of synthetic chemicals, organic, natural, plant based, and halal with no major health side effects. Conclusion: Plant-based product which is free from synthetic chemicals and with minimal side effects will satisfy its quality efficiency.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gingivitis
  16. Fulltext Effectiveness of T-shaped toothbrush in children: A pilot study
    Noraida Mamat, Shani Ann Mani
    Archives of Orofacial Sciences, 2018;13(2):1-7.
    MyJurnal
    Dental caries and gingivitis are common oral health problems affecting schoolchildren worldwide. Effective tooth brushing in children is fundamental in preventing dental caries and gingivitis and maintaining good oral health. Children routinely present with unsatisfactory oral hygiene due to poor compliance and poor dexterity in tooth brushing. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a novel T-shaped toothbrush in plaque removal and gingival health among children and to obtain feedback regarding its use. Nineteen participants aged 8-10 years who fulfilled the criteria enrolled in this study. The children were taught the proper technique of using the new toothbrush and instructed to use it for a period of 2 weeks. The plaque scores and gingival scores were measured at baseline and after 2 weeks. They were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding the use of the toothbrush after 2 weeks. Statistical analysis was performed using t-test. There was a statistically significant (p
    Matched MeSH terms: Gingivitis
  17. Fulltext The expert says...... oral microbiology, periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease
    Nor Adinar Baharuddin
    Malaysian Dental Journal, 2007;28(2):97-98.
    MyJurnal
    There are evidences that chronic oral infections are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Periodontal disease is a common, mixed oral infection affecting the supporting structures around the teeth. It was reported that 75% of the adult population has gingivitis and 20% to 30% exhibits the severe destructive form of periodontitis. Although more than 500 bacterial species inhabit the human oral cavity, only a few Gram negative bacteria such as Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythensis, Treponema denticola and Actinobacillus actinomycetamcomitans causes gingivitis and periodontitis. These periodontal pathogen occupy the subgingival space and organize as a bacterial biofilm. The bacterial biofilm will be in direct contact with host tissues along an ulcerated epithelial interface, called periodontal pocket. The break in the epithelial integrity directly exposes the host to bacteria and their products eg. lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin. (Copied from article).
    Matched MeSH terms: Gingivitis
  18. Fulltext Miswak and oral health: An evidence-based review
    Nordin A, Bin Saim A, Ramli R, Abdul Hamid A, Mohd Nasri NW, Bt Hj Idrus R
    Saudi J Biol Sci, 2020 Jul;27(7):1801-1810.
    PMID: 32565699 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.05.020
    Poor oral health has been associated with several chronic and systemic disease. Currently, the most common method of teeth cleaning is the use of a toothbrush together with dentifrices. However, natural chewing stick such as S. persica miswak is still used in many developing countries due to their low cost and availability. The present review aims to summarize the evidences on effectiveness of miswak in promoting oral health. The search was performed using Medline via Ebscohost, Scopus and Google Scholar database to obtain relevant articles published between 2010 to May 2020 using the following set of keywords 1) Miswak OR Salvadora OR persica AND 2) dental OR caries OR plaque OR oral OR orthodontics. Isolated microbial inhibition studies were excluded from the review due to its well-established wealth of literature. Miswak was administered as ten different forms, namely mouthwash, toothpaste, chewing stick, essential oil, aqueous extract, ethanol extract, probiotic spray, dental varnish, dental cement or chewing gum. All studies reported a positive effect of miswak as an anti-plaque, anti-gingivitis, anti-cariogenic, promotion of gingival wound healing, whitening properties, orthodontic chain preservation, and biocompatibility with oral cells. Miswak in its different forms demonstrated positive effect towards oral health maintenance and management.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gingivitis
  19. Fulltext Periodontal status and oral health knowledge among a selected population of Malaysian type 2 diabetics
    Nordin MM, Rahman SA, Raman RP
    Sains Malaysiana, 2014;43:1157-1163.
    Diabetes is an important risk factor in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Subjects with diabetes have a greater prevalence and severity of periodontal disease compared with subjects without diabetes. This study was carried out to assess periodontal status, treatment needs and oral health awareness among a selected population of Malaysian Type 2 diabetics. Ninety four Type 2 diabetes subjects were divided into those diagnosed with periodontal disease (PD+) (cPrrAr.3) and healthy/ gingivitis (PD-) (cPrrAr2) groups based on the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN). Subjects were interviewed regarding socio-demographic data and oral health awareness. Their medical information was obtained from the medical records. The results showed that 55.3% subjects had (PD+) as compared with 44.7% (PD-) subjects. 18.1% subjects required advanced periodontal treatment with specialist referrals. Male diabetic subjects were more likely to have advanced periodontal disease compared to female subjects (p<0.05). Subjects with advanced periodontal disease were more likely to be on combination of insulin and oral drugs (p<0.05). (PD+) diabetic subjects were aware that they had mobile teeth (p<0.001) and gum disease (p=0.004). In conclusion, male diabetics in Malaysia and subjects on combination of insulin and oral diabetic drugs are more likely to require advanced periodontal treatment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gingivitis
  20. Correlating Streptococcus mutans counts in saliva with plaque amount, gingival inflammation and caries experience in school children
    Jalil RA
    Singapore Dent J, 1995 Jul;20(1):16-20.
    PMID: 9582684
    Samples of stimulated whole saliva were obtained from ninety-four 12-14-year-old school children living in inner London to evaluate if there was a correlation between Streptococcus mutans counts in saliva with plaque amount, gingival inflammation and caries experience. S. mutans counts were obtained by a dip-slide method (Dentocult 'Strip Mutans') in which the count was expressed as 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 based on visual estimation of the colony density. There was no association between counts' of S. mutans in saliva with plaque amount and gingival inflammation. However, there was a significant trend of increased decayed, missing, filled surfaces (DMFS) with increasing S. mutans counts.
    Matched MeSH terms: Gingivitis/microbiology*
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