MyMedR

Strain differences in Blastocystis isolates as detected by a single set of polymerase chain reaction primers

Init I, Mak JW, Lokman Hakim S, Yong HS

Parasitol Res, 1999 Feb;85(2):131-4.

A total of 20 isolates of Blastocystis were characterized using a single set of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers. The amplification product revealed five types of pattern. All four isolates from Singapore yielded PCR products quite different from those of the local isolates. However, most of the local isolates showed a major product at either 280 or 500 bp, or both. We also suspected that the amplification product detected at 280 bp might be an indicator of the pathogenicity of this parasite. One isolate (M12) obtained from a monkey showed patterns similar to those of human isolates (10203 and KP1) and probably belongs to the same strain. The results indicate that the intraspecific or interstrain variations in these 20 Blastocystis isolates belong to 5 different patterns. The differences among isolates of the same strain revealed by the presence or absence of certain amplification products showed further intrastrain variations in this parasite.

Matched MeSH terms: Haplorhini

Dipetalonema digitatum (Chandler 1929) infection in the leaf monkey, Presbytis obscura (Reid)

Mak JW, Inder-Singh, Yen PK, Yap LF

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1980 Mar;11(1):141.

PMID: 6773151

Matched MeSH terms: Haplorhini

Group A rotavirus infection in animals from an animal house and in wild-caught monkeys

Awang A, Yap K

J Diarrhoeal Dis Res, 1990 Sep;8(3):82-6.

PMID: 2122998

Randomly selected samples from different animal colonies from two laboratory animal houses and from the wild-caught monkeys were tested for the presence of anti-rotavirus antibodies to estimate the rates of infection with group A rotavirus. Antibodies to the common group A rotaviral antigen were detected by a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using reagents of WHO ELISA rotavirus detection kit. The results of the study showed that white mice, albino rats, and guinea pigs from long-established breeding colonies and resident house rats and house shrews from the animal house had no serological evidence of rotaviral infection. In contrast, one mousedeer from a colony of 19 animals and most of the rabbits from two separate breeding colonies at the same animal house were serologically positive for the infection. Also a significant number of the same species of monkey kept in captivity were found to acquire the infection. Leaf monkeys had no serological evidence of rotaviral infection. The infection rate in wild cynomolgus monkeys did not seem to be influenced by the different ecological environments of their respective habitats. The rate of infection in adults and juveniles was similar.

Matched MeSH terms: Haplorhini

Fulltext Mass spectrometry-based identification and whole-genome characterisation of the first pteropine orthoreovirus isolated from monkey faeces in Thailand

Kosoltanapiwat N, Reamtong O, Okabayashi T, Ampawong S, Rungruengkitkun A, Thiangtrongjit T, et al.

BMC Microbiol, 2018 10 17;18(1):135.

PMID: 30332986 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1302-9

BACKGROUND: The pteropine orthoreovirus (PRV) was isolated from monkey (Macaca fascicularis) faecal samples collected from human-inhabited areas in Lopburi Province, Thailand. These samples were initially obtained to survey for the presence of hepatitis E virus (HEV).

RESULTS: Two virus isolates were retrieved by virus culture of 55 monkey faecal samples. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was successfully used to identify the viruses as the segmented dsRNA orthoreovirus. Phylogenetic analysis of the Lopburi orthoreovirus whole-genomes revealed relationships with the well-characterised PRVs Pulau (segment L1), Cangyuan (segments L2, M3 and S3), Melaka (segments L3 and M2), Kampar (segments M1 and S2) and Sikamat (segments S1 and S4) of Southeast Asia and China with nucleotide sequence identities of 93.5-98.9%. RT-PCR showed that PRV was detected in 10.9% (6/55) and HEV was detected in 25.5% (14/55) of the monkey faecal samples.

CONCLUSIONS: PRV was isolated from monkey faeces for the first time in Thailand via viral culture and LC-MS/MS. The genetic diversity of the virus genome segments suggested a re-assortment within the PRV species group. The overall findings emphasise that monkey faeces can be sources of zoonotic viruses, including PRV and HEV, and suggest the need for active virus surveillance in areas of human and monkey co-habitation to prevent and control emerging zoonotic diseases in the future.

Matched MeSH terms: Haplorhini/virology*

Malaysian primate trypanosomes: intra-cytoplasmic pigment

Weinman D

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1971 Mar;2(1):87.

PMID: 5000126

Matched MeSH terms: Haplorhini

Trypanosoma cyclops n. sp.: a pigmented trypanosome from the Malaysian primates Macaca nemestrina and M. ira

Weinman D

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1972;66(4):628-36.

PMID: 4627177

Matched MeSH terms: Haplorhini

Arbovirus infections in Sarawak, October 1968-February 1970: human serological studies in a land Dyak village

Bowen ET, Simpson DI, Platt GS, Way HJ, Bright WF, Day J, et al.

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1975;69(2):182-6.

PMID: 809868

449 human sera collected in a Land Dyak village were tested for antibodies to 11 arboviruses. Japanese encephalitis and dengue virus antibodies were particularly prevalent. The rates of infection with these viruses were estimated to be 5-2% per annum for Japanese encephalitis, 8-8% for dengue 1 and 4-3% for dengue 2. Chikungunya virus antibodies were quite common with an annual infection rate of the order of 5% per annum. Infections with other Group A and B and Bunyamwera group viruses were generally at a low level.

Matched MeSH terms: Haplorhini

Fulltext Blood meal analysis of Anopheles vectors of simian malaria based on laboratory and field studies

Jeyaprakasam NK, Low VL, Liew JWK, Pramasivan S, Wan-Sulaiman WY, Saeung A, et al.

Sci Rep, 2022 01 10;12(1):354.

PMID: 35013403 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04106-w

Blood feeding and host-seeking behaviors of a mosquito play an imperative role in determining its vectorial capacity in transmitting pathogens. Unfortunately, limited information is available regarding blood feeding behavior of Anopheles species in Malaysia. Collection of resting Anopheles mosquitoes for blood meal analysis poses a great challenge especially for forest dwelling mosquitoes. Therefore, a laboratory-based study was conducted to evaluate the potential use of mosquitoes caught using human landing catch (HLC) for blood meal analysis, and subsequently to document blood feeding behavior of local Anopheles mosquitoes in Peninsular Malaysia. The laboratory-based experiment from this study revealed that mosquitoes caught using HLC had the potential to be used for blood meal analysis. Besides HLC, mosquitoes were also collected using manual aspirator and Mosquito Magnet. Overall, 47.4% of 321 field-caught Anopheles mosquitoes belonging to six species were positive for vertebrate host DNA in their blood meal. The most frequent blood meal source was human (45.9%) followed by wild boar (27.4%), dog (15.3%) and monkey (7.5%). Interestingly, only Anopheles cracens and Anopheles introlatus (Leucosphyrus Group) fed on monkey. This study further confirmed that members of the Leucosphyrus Group are the predominant vectors for knowlesi malaria transmission in Peninsular Malaysia mainly due to their simio-anthropophagic feeding behavior.

Matched MeSH terms: Haplorhini/blood; Haplorhini/genetics

Fulltext Screening of anti-dengue activity in methanolic extracts of medicinal plants

Tang LI, Ling AP, Koh RY, Chye SM, Voon KG

BMC Complement Altern Med, 2012;12:3.

PMID: 22244370 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-3

Dengue fever regardless of its serotypes has been the most prevalent arthropod-borne viral diseases among the world population. The development of a dengue vaccine is complicated by the antibody-dependent enhancement effect. Thus, the development of a plant-based antiviral preparation promises a more potential alternative in combating dengue disease.

Matched MeSH terms: Haplorhini

Detection and Quantification of Chikungunya Virus by Real-Time RT-PCR Assay

Wang SM, Ali UH, Sekaran SD, Thayan R

Methods Mol Biol, 2016;1426:105-17.

PMID: 27233265 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3618-2_10

Real-time PCR assay has many advantages over conventional PCR methods, including rapidity, quantitative measurement, low risk of contamination, high sensitivity, high specificity, and ease of standardization (Mackay et al., Nucleic Acids Res 30:1292-1305, 2002). The real-time PCR system relies upon the measurement of a fluorescent reporter during PCR, in which the amount of emitted fluorescence is directly proportional to the amount of the PCR product in a reaction (Gibsons et al., Genome Res 6:995-1001, 1996). Here, we describe the use of SYBR Green I-based and TaqMan(®) real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection and quantification of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV).

Matched MeSH terms: Haplorhini/virology

Formate assay in body fluids: application in methanol poisoning

Makar AB, McMartin KE, Palese M, Tephly TR

Biochem Med, 1975 Jun;13(2):117-26.

PMID: 1

Matched MeSH terms: Haplorhini

Fulltext Outbreaks of monkeypox and serological surveys in nonhuman primates

Arita I, Gispen R, Kalter SS, Lim TH, Marennikova SS, Netter R, et al.

Bull World Health Organ, 1972;46(5):625-31.

PMID: 4340222

In connexion with the recent detection of cases of monkeypox in man in West and Central Africa, the frequency of monkeypox outbreaks in monkeys since 1958, when the disease was first recognized in captive animals, has been investigated. Special incidence surveys were made for this purpose. During the last 3 years, a serological survey has been conducted to find natural foci of monkeypox virus, and a total of 2 242 sera from monkeys of different species from various parts of Africa and Asia have been examined for poxvirus antibodies. The survey failed to detect any significant indication of poxvirus infections. The observations suggest that although a few human cases of monkeypox have been identified, monkeypox in the natural environment is not widespread and is perhaps localized in small areas.

Matched MeSH terms: Haplorhini

Fulltext Risk factors of the occurrence of malaria Knowlesi in Ranau: a case control study

Jewel Bollah, Syed Sharizman

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(106):24-24.

MyJurnal

Introduction: Malaria is a public health concern and still endemic in Malaysia particularly in Sabah. Malaria is due to plasmodium parasite which can be further divided into human malaria and zoonotic malaria. Plasmodium knowlesi, a zoonotic malaria species, is increasing in trend and alarming despite of ongoing prevention and control measures especially in Sabah. Methods: This is a case-control study involving a total of 169 respondents which comprises of 43 cases and 126 controls from Mukim Paginatan and Mukim Nalapak, Ranau. A simple random sampling were used to select subjects. Results: This study found male, forest related and doing outdoor activity has higher risk of contracting malaria. Village house is another significant risk factor. The specific risk factors with the strongest association with malaria is the presence of monkey near housing or farm area (OR5.667; 95% CI: 2.429, 13.220), live near forest (OR 5.330; 95% CI: 1.209, 23.495), presence of pond or pool or river near house (OR 4.222; 95% CI: 1.552, 11.490), doing outdoor activity after 5 PM (OR 3.434; 95% CI: 1.522, 7.748) and ever overnight in the hut (OR 2.724; 95% CI: 1.334, 5.561). Conclusion: This study shows several risk factors that associated with malaria knowlesi. Based on the identified risk factors, preventive and control measure can be improved and optimized.

Matched MeSH terms: Haplorhini

Fulltext Bioavailability of Eurycomanone in Its Pure Form and in a Standardised Eurycoma longifolia Water Extract

Ahmad N, Samiulla DS, Teh BP, Zainol M, Zolkifli NA, Muhammad A, et al.

Pharmaceutics, 2018 Jul 11;10(3).

PMID: 29997335 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10030090

Eurycoma longifolia is one of the commonly consumed herbal preparations and its major chemical compound, eurycomanone, has been described to have antimalarial, antipyretic, aphrodisiac, and cytotoxic activities. Today, the consumption of E. longifolia is popular through the incorporation of its extract in food items, most frequently in drinks such as tea and coffee. In the current study, the characterisation of the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic (PK) attributes of eurycomanone were conducted via a series of in vitro and in vivo studies in rats and mice. The solubility and chemical stability of eurycomanone under the conditions of the gastrointestinal tract environment were determined. The permeability of eurycomanone was investigated by determining its distribution coefficient in aqueous and organic environments and its permeability using the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay system and Caco-2 cultured cells. Eurycomanone's stability in plasma and its protein-binding ability were measured by using an equilibrium dialysis method. Its stability in liver microsomes across species (mice, rat, dog, monkey, and human) and rat liver hepatocytes was also investigated. Along with the PK evaluations of eurycomanone in mice and rats, the PK parameters for the Malaysian Standard (MS: 2409:201) standardised water extract of E. longifolia were also evaluated in rats. Both rodent models showed that eurycomanone in both the compound form and extract form had a half-life of 0.30 h. The differences in the bioavailability of eurycomanone in the compound form between the rats (11.8%) and mice (54.9%) suggests that the PK parameters cannot be directly extrapolated to humans. The results also suggest that eurycomanone is not readily absorbed across biological membranes. However, once absorbed, the compound is not easily metabolised (is stable), hence retaining its bioactive properties, which may be responsible for the various reported biological activities.

Matched MeSH terms: Haplorhini

Preliminary report of comparison of direct and indirect fluorescent antibody techniques utilizing a filarial antigen-antibody system

Guest MF, Cheong WH, Fredericks H, Chin LK, Sulzer AJ

Med J Malaya, 1968 Mar;22(3):248-9.

PMID: 4234386

Matched MeSH terms: Haplorhini

Helminth parasites from the Old World leaf monkey Presbytis from West Malaysia

Palmieri JR, Krishnasamy M, Sullivan JT

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1977 Sep;8(3):409.

PMID: 415371

Matched MeSH terms: Haplorhini

The exoerythrocytic schizonts of Plasmodium fieldi

Coombs GL, Fredericks HJ, Cheong WH, Sandosham AA, Sta Maria FL

Med J Malaya, 1968 Mar;22(3):225-7.

PMID: 4234360

Matched MeSH terms: Haplorhini

Fulltext A preliminary report on ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) recovered from forensic entomological studies conducted in different ecological habitats in Malaysia

Chen CD, Nazni WA, Lee HL, Hashim R, Abdullah NA, Ramli R, et al.

Trop Biomed, 2014 Jun;31(2):381-6.

PMID: 25134909 MyJurnal

This study reported the ant species that were recovered from monkey carcasses in three different ecological habitats in Malaysia. The study was conducted from 9 May - 10 October 2007, 6 May - 6 August 2008 and 26 May - 14 July 2009 in forested area (Gombak, Selangor), coastal area (Tanjong Sepat, Selangor) and highland area (Bukit Cincin, Pahang), respectively. Monkey carcass was used as a model for human decomposition in this study. A total of 4 replicates were used in each of the study sites. Ants were observed to prey on eggs, larvae, pupae and newly emerged flies. This study found that ant species could be found at all stages of decomposition, indicating that ants were not a significant indicator for faunal succession. However, different species of ants were obtained from monkey carcasses placed in different ecological habitats. Cardiocondyla sp. was only found on carcasses placed in the coastal area; while Pheidole longipes, Hypoponera sp. and Pachycondyla sp. were solely found on carcasses placed in the highland area. On the other hand, Pheidologeton diversus and Paratrechina longicornis were found in several ecological habitats. These data suggests that specific ant species can act as geographic indicators for different ecological habitats in forensic entomology cases in Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Haplorhini/parasitology*

Fulltext First report of the house fly larvae, Musca domestica (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Muscidae) associated with the monkey carcass in Malaysia

Chen CD, Lee HL, Nazni WA, Ramli R, Jeffery J, Sofian-Azirun M

Trop Biomed, 2010 Aug;27(2):355-9.

PMID: 20962738

A study on insect succession of monkey carcass in a forested area in Ulu Gombak, Selangor, Malaysia was conducted from 9 May to 18 June 2007. The third instar of the housefly, Musca domestica (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Muscidae) were only found on dry stage of a decomposed (Day-33) monkey carcass (Macaca fascicularis Raffles). This observation revealed that M. domestica maggots were found together with other muscid fly maggots, Hydrotaea (=Ophyra) spinigera (Stein) (Diptera: Muscidae) on dry stage of a carcass. However, the role of M. domestica on forensic entomological study remains unknown. This study recorded the first finding of M. domestica maggots on primate carcass in Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Haplorhini*

Prevalence and etiology of linear enamel hypoplasia in monkeys and apes from Asia and Africa

Guatelli-Steinberg D, Skinner M

Folia Primatol., 2000 May-Jun;71(3):115-32.

PMID: 10828689

Ninety-seven specimens of sympatric monkeys and apes from East Malaysia and 115 monkeys and apes from West Africa are examined in order to evaluate the magnitude and nature of the great ape-monkey linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) 'dichotomy'. This study demonstrates that great apes from both regions have a higher incidence of LEH and repetitive LEH than do gibbons and monkeys. However, the authors find that the dichotomy is not as clear-cut as previous research suggests, since some monkey samples exhibit high LEH frequencies. The authors evaluate the potential influence of great ape-monkey differences in crown height on this dichotomy. They show that canine crown height variation is weakly associated with LEH variation. Differences between monkeys and great apes in their crown formation spans and in their experience of environmental stress may be more likely causes of the dichotomy.

Matched MeSH terms: Haplorhini

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