Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 93 in total

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  1. Martin P, Awan AA, Berenguer MC, Bruchfeld A, Fabrizi F, Goldberg DS, et al.
    Kidney Int, 2022 Dec;102(6):1228-1237.
    PMID: 36411019 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.07.012
    Infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) has adverse liver, kidney, and cardiovascular consequences in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), including those on dialysis therapy or with a kidney transplant. Since the publication of the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) HCV Guideline in 2018, advances in HCV management, particularly in the field of antiviral therapy and treatment of HCV-associated glomerular diseases, coupled with increased usage of HCV-positive kidney grafts, have prompted a reexamination of the 2018 guideline. As a result, the Work Group performed a comprehensive review and revised the 2018 guidance. This Executive Summary highlights key aspects of the updated guideline recommendations for 3 chapters: Chapter 2: Treatment of HCV infection in patients with CKD; Chapter 4: Management of HCV-infected patients before and after kidney transplantation; and Chapter 5: Diagnosis and management of kidney diseases associated with HCV infection.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hepacivirus
  2. Granados-García V, Flores YN, Díaz-Trejo LI, Méndez-Sánchez L, Liu S, Salinas-Escudero G, et al.
    PLoS One, 2019;14(2):e0212558.
    PMID: 30807590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212558
    AIM: This systematic review and meta-analysis characterizes the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among intravenous drug users (IDUs) in upper middle-income countries.

    METHODS: Five databases were searched from 1990-2016 for studies that took place in countries with a GDP per capita of $7,000 to $13,000 USD. The data extraction was performed based on information regarding prevalence, sample size, age of participants, duration of intravenous drug use (IDU), recruitment location, dates of data collection, study design, sampling scheme, type of tests used in identifying antibody reactivity to HCV, and the use of confirmatory tests. The synthesis was performed with a random effects model. The Cochrane statistical Q-test was used to evaluate the statistical heterogeneity of the results.

    RESULTS: The 33 studies included in the analysis correspond to a sample of seven countries and 23,342 observations. The point prevalence value estimates and confidence intervals of the random effects model were 0.729 and 0.644-0.800, respectively for all seven countries, and were greatest for China (0.633; 0.522-0.732) as compared to Brazil (0.396; 0.249-0.564). Prevalence for Montenegro (0.416; 0.237-0.621) and Malaysia (0.475; 0.177-0.792) appear to be intermediate. Mexico (0.960) and Mauritania (0.973) had only one study with the largest prevalence. A clear association was not observed between age or duration of IDU and prevalence of HCV, but the data from some groups may indicate a possible relationship. The measures of heterogeneity (Q and I2) suggest a high level of heterogeneity in studies conducted at the country level and by groups of countries.

    CONCLUSIONS: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we found that the pooled prevalence of HCV was high (0.729) among a group of seven upper middle income countries. However, there was significant variation in the prevalence of HCV observed in China (0.633) and Brazil (0.396).

    Matched MeSH terms: Hepacivirus*
  3. Mohamed NA, Rashid ZZ, Wong KK
    J Clin Lab Anal, 2014 May;28(3):224-8.
    PMID: 24478138 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21670
    BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotyping is important for treatment and epidemiological purposes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of AmpliSens(®) HCV-1/2/3-FRT kit in comparison to sequencing method for genotyping.

    METHODS: A total of 17 samples collected from December 2009 to January 2011 were analyzed. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed, followed by sequencing technique. Results were analyzed based on sequence information in GenBank. A second genotyping method (AmpliSens(®) HCV-1/2/3-FRT) was done, which differentiates HCV genotypes by means of real-time hybridization-fluorescence detection.

    RESULTS: From 17 samples, four were untypeable by AmpliSens(®) HCV-1/2/3-FRT. Eleven of 13 (84.6%) results showed concordant genotypes. A specimen that was determined as genotype 3a by sequencing was genotype 1 by the AmpliSens(®) HCV-1/2/3-FRT. Another specimen that was genotype 1 by sequencing was identified as genotype 3 by AmpliSens(®) HCV-1/2/3-FRT.

    CONCLUSION: HCV genotyping with AmpliSens(®) HCV-1/2/3-FRT using real-time PCR method provides a much simpler and more feasible workflow with shorter time compared to sequencing method. There was good concordance compared to sequencing method. However, more evaluation studies would be required to show statistical significance, and to troubleshoot discordant results. AmpliSens(®) HCV-1/2/3-FRT does differentiate between genotype but not until subtype level.

    Matched MeSH terms: Hepacivirus/genetics*
  4. Alzubaidi Z, Al-Attar W
    PMID: 37042584
    Hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) considered one of the main reasons in Iraq to cause chronic liver disease, which may progress to life-threatening outcomes. Nurses' knowledge about the HCV will impact their practice of standard precaution when managing HCV patients. The present study aimed to assess the nurses' knowledge about HCV in Baghdad teaching hospitals. A cross-sectional descriptive study was performed via distribution of HCV info questionnaires to 150 nurses in three Baghdad teaching hospitals (Al-Kindi, Al-Elwyia pediatric and Sheikh Zayed hospitals). The questionnaire format consists of nurses' demographic data (age, gender, educational level, marital status, years of experience in hospital, workplace in hospital, attending training courses and information sources) and nurses' knowledge of hepatitis C virus (nature of the disease, transmission, prevention, and treatment). The mean score of the knowledge showed fair grade with 66.66±12.9%. As the highest correct percentage displayed in nature of the disease (73%) and treatment (72%). Whereas the lowest correct percentage presented in transmission (69%) and prevention (48.3%). The results exhibited significant difference between the nurses' knowledge about treatment with the information sources (P<0.05), about transmission and prevention with the hospital workplace (P<0.05), and about prevention with the educational level (P<0.005). Continuing educational programs are essential to increase awareness of HCV among the nurses.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hepacivirus*
  5. Ng KT, Lee YM, Al-Darraji HA, Xia X, Takebe Y, Chan KG, et al.
    Genome Announc, 2013 Jan;1(1).
    PMID: 23409272 DOI: 10.1128/genomeA.00168-12
    We report the full genome sequence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) subtype 6n from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Phylogenetic analysis of the isolate 10MYKJ032 suggests that Southeast Asia might be the origin for the HCV subtype 6n and highlights the possible spread of this lineage from Southeast Asia to other regions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hepacivirus
  6. AR Siti Nurul Fazlin, H Hairul Aini, HM Hadzri, MM Mohammed Imad
    MyJurnal
    Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotyping is very important for the clinical management of HCV-infected patients. The aim of this study was to determine the genotypes of HCV-infected patients and to identify their risk factors and comorbidities.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hepacivirus
  7. Awan AAY, Berenguer MC, Bruchfeld A, Fabrizi F, Goldberg DS, Jia J, et al.
    Ann Intern Med, 2023 Dec;176(12):1648-1655.
    PMID: 38079642 DOI: 10.7326/M23-2391
    DESCRIPTION: The Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) 2022 clinical practice guideline on prevention, diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of hepatitis C in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an update of the 2018 guideline from KDIGO.

    METHODS: The KDIGO Work Group (WG) updated the guideline, which included reviewing and grading new evidence that was identified and summarized. As in the previous guideline, the WG used the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach to appraise evidence and rate the strength of recommendations and used expert judgment to develop recommendations. New evidence led to updating of recommendations in the chapters on treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in patients with CKD (Chapter 2), management of HCV infection before and after kidney transplant (Chapter 4), and diagnosis and management of kidney disease associated with HCV infection (Chapter 5). Recommendations in chapters on detection and evaluation of hepatitis C in CKD (Chapter 1) and prevention of HCV transmission in hemodialysis units (Chapter 3) were not updated because of an absence of significant new evidence.

    RECOMMENDATIONS: The 2022 updated guideline includes 43 graded recommendations and 20 ungraded recommendations, 7 of which are new or modified on the basis of the most recent evidence and consensus among the WG members. The updated guidelines recommend expanding treatment of hepatitis C with sofosbuvir-based regimens to patients with CKD glomerular filtration rate categories G4 and G5, including those receiving dialysis; expanding the donor pool for kidney transplant recipients by accepting HCV-positive kidneys regardless of the recipient's HCV status; and initiating direct-acting antiviral treatment of HCV-infected patients with clinical evidence of glomerulonephritis without requiring kidney biopsy. The update also addresses the use of immunosuppressive regimens in such patients.

    Matched MeSH terms: Hepacivirus
  8. Isahak I, Baharin R, Hakim AS, Abu Bakar M, George E
    Malays J Pathol, 1993 Jun;15(1):85-7.
    PMID: 8277796
    A specific enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the diagnosis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection was developed by recombinant DNA technology. Abbott HCV EIA was used to detect antibody to HCV (anti-HCV) in non-transfused and multiply-transfused thalassemia patients. None of 11 non-transfused patients had anti-HCV but 3 of 52 (5.8%) multiply-transfused patients had anti-HCV. This study showed that the prevalence rate of HCV infection is low in thalassemia patients. However, it is still important to identify hepatitis C virus infected patients in high risk groups because hepatitis C is associated with chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hepacivirus/immunology*
  9. Suan MAM, Chan HK, Sem X, Shilton S, Hassan MRA
    Sci Rep, 2022 Nov 23;12(1):20153.
    PMID: 36418369 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24612-9
    This cross-sectional study evaluated the performance of the Aspartate Aminotransferase-to-Platelet Ratio Index (APRI) and the Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) Index when they were used individually and in sequential combination to diagnose cirrhosis associated with hepatitis C virus infection. The final evaluation involved 906 people living with hepatitis C. The diagnostic performance of individual biomarkers at cut-off scores of 1.5 and 2.0 for the APRI and at 3.25 for the FIB-4 index was assessed. For the sequential combination method, the cirrhosis status of individuals with an APRI score between 1.0 and 1.5 were reassessed using the FIB-4. Transient elastography (TE) was used as the reference standard for diagnosing cirrhosis. The APRI, at a cut-off score of 1.5, showed a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of 44.9%, 97.6%, 91.1% and 76.3%, respectively. Increasing the cut-off score to 2.0 produced a much lower sensitivity (29.6%) and NPV (71.9%). The FIB-4, at a cut-off score of 3.25, yielded a sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of 40.8%, 97.3%, 89.1% and 75.0%, respectively. The sequential combination method demonstrated a much more optimal diagnostic performance (50.2% sensitivity, 96.6% specificity, 89.0% PPV and 77.9% NPV). Overall, the APRI and FIB-4 Index performed better in diagnosing cirrhosis associated with hepatitis C when they were used in sequential combination.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hepacivirus*
  10. Hassan MRA, Chan HK, Nordin M, Yahya R, Sulaiman WRW, Merican SAA, et al.
    Harm Reduct J, 2023 Apr 12;20(1):48.
    PMID: 37046294 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-023-00780-3
    BACKGROUND: Despite advancements in hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment, low uptake among hard-to-reach populations remains a global issue. The current study aimed to assess the feasibility of a modified same-day test-and-treat model in improving HCV care for people who inject drugs (PWID) living in resource-constrained rural areas.

    METHODS: A pilot study was conducted in four primary healthcare (PHC) centers in Malaysia. The model's key features included on-site HCV ribonucleic acid (RNA) testing using a shared GeneXpert® system; noninvasive biomarkers for cirrhosis diagnosis; and extended care to PWID referred from nearby PHC centers and outreach programs. The feasibility assessment focused on three aspects of the model: demand (i.e., uptake of HCV RNA testing and treatment), implementation (i.e., achievement of each step in the HCV care cascade), and practicality (i.e., ability to identify PWID with HCV and expedite treatment initiation despite resource constraints).

    RESULTS: A total of 199 anti-HCV-positive PWID were recruited. They demonstrated high demand for HCV care, with a 100% uptake of HCV RNA testing and 97.4% uptake of direct-acting antiviral treatment. The rates of HCV RNA positivity (78.4%) and sustained virologic response (92.2%) were comparable to standard practice, indicating the successful implementation of the model. The model was also practical, as it covered non-opioid-substitution-therapy-receiving individuals and enabled same-day treatment in 71.1% of the participants.

    CONCLUSIONS: The modified same-day test-and-treat model is feasible in improving HCV care for rural PWID. The study finding suggests its potential for wider adoption in HCV care for hard-to-reach populations.

    Matched MeSH terms: Hepacivirus/genetics
  11. Ooi BG, Sinniah M, Ismail S, Baharuddin R
    Malays J Pathol, 1996 Dec;18(2):89-93.
    PMID: 10879228
    The Serodia-HCV Particle Agglutination (HCV-PA) for the detection of HCV antibodies was compared with the Enzyme Immunoassay Test (UBI HCV EIA) for possible in-house use. A total of 150 specimens were analysed using UBI HCV EIA and Serodia-HCV PA. Of these, 80 (53.3%) were both PA and EIA positive and 59 (39.3%) were negative by both techniques. Eleven sera (7.4%) were found to be EIA-positive but PA-negative. These 11 discordant sera were further tested by the LiaTek-HCV III Immunoassay (Organon Teknika). Ten were found to be line immunoassay negative and one was line immunoassay positive. Failure of the PA to detect the HCV positive serum meant that a small proportion of HCV antibody positives may be missed by the PA test. We conclude that (i) EIA should continue to be the first line screening test in our laboratory, (ii) PA with its 100% specificity could be a useful supplementary screen for all EIA-positive sera and finally (iii) line immunoassay could be used on sera to resolve discordant results in the EIA and PA assays.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hepacivirus/genetics; Hepacivirus/immunology; Hepacivirus/isolation & purification*
  12. James SA, Ong HS, Hari R, Khan AM
    BMC Genomics, 2021 Sep 28;22(Suppl 3):700.
    PMID: 34583643 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07657-4
    BACKGROUND: Biology has entered the era of big data with the advent of high-throughput omics technologies. Biological databases provide public access to petabytes of data and information facilitating knowledge discovery. Over the years, sequence data of pathogens has seen a large increase in the number of records, given the relatively small genome size and their important role as infectious and symbiotic agents. Humans are host to numerous pathogenic diseases, such as that by viruses, many of which are responsible for high mortality and morbidity. The interaction between pathogens and humans over the evolutionary history has resulted in sharing of sequences, with important biological and evolutionary implications.

    RESULTS: This study describes a large-scale, systematic bioinformatics approach for identification and characterization of shared sequences between the host and pathogen. An application of the approach is demonstrated through identification and characterization of the Flaviviridae-human share-ome. A total of 2430 nonamers represented the Flaviviridae-human share-ome with 100% identity. Although the share-ome represented a small fraction of the repertoire of Flaviviridae (~ 0.12%) and human (~ 0.013%) non-redundant nonamers, the 2430 shared nonamers mapped to 16,946 Flaviviridae and 7506 human non-redundant protein sequences. The shared nonamer sequences mapped to 125 species of Flaviviridae, including several with unclassified genus. The majority (~ 68%) of the shared sequences mapped to Hepacivirus C species; West Nile, dengue and Zika viruses of the Flavivirus genus accounted for ~ 11%, ~ 7%, and ~ 3%, respectively, of the Flaviviridae protein sequences (16,946) mapped by the share-ome. Further characterization of the share-ome provided important structural-functional insights to Flaviviridae-human interactions.

    CONCLUSION: Mapping of the host-pathogen share-ome has important implications for the design of vaccines and drugs, diagnostics, disease surveillance and the discovery of unknown, potential host-pathogen interactions. The generic workflow presented herein is potentially applicable to a variety of pathogens, such as of viral, bacterial or parasitic origin.

    Matched MeSH terms: Hepacivirus
  13. Mellor J, Walsh EA, Prescott LE, Jarvis LM, Davidson F, Yap PL, et al.
    J Clin Microbiol, 1996 Feb;34(2):417-23.
    PMID: 8789027
    Previous surveys of the prevalences of genotypes of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in different populations have often used genotyping assays based upon analysis of amplified sequences from the 5' noncoding region (5'NCR), such as restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) or hybridization with type-specific probes (e.g., InnoLipa). Although highly conserved, this region contains several type-specific nucleotide polymorphisms that allow major genotypes 1 to 6 to be reliably identified. Recently, however, novel HCV variants found in Vietnam and Thailand that are distantly related to the type 6a genotype (type 6 group) by phylogenetic analysis of coding regions of the genome often have sequences in the 5'NCR that are similar or identical to those of type 1 and could therefore not be identified by an assay of sequences in this region. We developed a new genotyping assay based upon RFLP of sequences amplified from the more variable core region to investigate their distribution elsewhere in southeast (SE) Asia. Among 108 samples from blood donors in seven areas that were identified as type 1 by RFLP in the 5'NCR, type 6 group variants were found in Thailand (7 from 28 samples originally identified as type 1) and Burma (Myanmar) (1 of 3) but were not found in Hong Kong (n = 43), Macau (n = 8), Taiwan (n = 6), Singapore (n = 2), or Malaysia (n = 18). Although this small survey suggests a relatively limited distribution for type 6 group variants in SE Asia, larger studies will be required to explore their distribution in other geographical regions and the extent to which their presence would limit the practical usefulness of 5'NCR-based genotyping assays for clinical or epidemiological purposes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hepacivirus/classification*; Hepacivirus/genetics*; Hepacivirus/isolation & purification
  14. Wasitthankasem R, Vongpunsawad S, Siripon N, Suya C, Chulothok P, Chaiear K, et al.
    PLoS One, 2015;10(5):e0126764.
    PMID: 25962112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126764
    The majority of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection results in chronic infection, which can lead to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Global burden of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is estimated at 150 million individuals, or 3% of the world's population. The distribution of the seven major genotypes of HCV varies with geographical regions. Since Asia has a high incidence of HCV, we assessed the distribution of HCV genotypes in Thailand and Southeast Asia. From 588 HCV-positive samples obtained throughout Thailand, we characterized the HCV 5' untranslated region, Core, and NS5B regions by nested PCR. Nucleotide sequences obtained from both the Core and NS5B of these isolates were subjected to phylogenetic analysis, and genotypes were assigned using published reference genotypes. Results were compared to the epidemiological data of HCV genotypes identified within Southeast Asian. Among the HCV subtypes characterized in the Thai samples, subtype 3a was the most predominant (36.4%), followed by 1a (19.9%), 1b (12.6%), 3b (9.7%) and 2a (0.5%). While genotype 1 was prevalent throughout Thailand (27-36%), genotype 3 was more common in the south. Genotype 6 (20.9%) constituted subtype 6f (7.8%), 6n (7.7%), 6i (3.4%), 6j and 6m (0.7% each), 6c (0.3%), 6v and 6xa (0.2% each) and its prevalence was significantly lower in southern Thailand compared to the north and northeast (p = 0.027 and p = 0.030, respectively). Within Southeast Asia, high prevalence of genotype 6 occurred in northern countries such as Myanmar, Laos, and Vietnam, while genotype 3 was prevalent in Thailand and Malaysia. Island nations of Singapore, Indonesia and Philippines demonstrated prevalence of genotype 1. This study further provides regional HCV genotype information that may be useful in fostering sound public health policy and tracking future patterns of HCV spread.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hepacivirus/classification; Hepacivirus/genetics*
  15. Al-Kubaisy WA, Obaid KJ, Noor NA, Ibrahim NS, Al-Azawi AA
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2014;15(18):7725-30.
    PMID: 25292053
    Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cause for cancer death in the world, now being especially linked to chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. This case-control study consisting of 65 HCC patients and 82 patients with other malignant tumours as controls was conducted to determine the association of HCV markers with HCC. Serum of each participant was obtained for detection of HCV Ab and RNA by DNA enzyme immunoassay (DEIA). Twenty six per cent (26.0%) of HCC patients had positive anti-HCV which was significantly greater than the control group (p=0.001). HCC patients significantly have a risk of exposure to HCV infection almost 3 times than the control group (OR=2.87, 95% C.I=1.1-7). Anti-HCV seropositive rate was significantly (p=0.03) higher among old age HCC patients and increases with age. Males with HCC significantly showed to have more than 9 times risk of exposure to HCV infection (OR=9.375, 95 % CI=1.299-67.647) than females. HCV-RNA seropositive rate was (70.8%) significantly higher among HCC patients compared to (22.2%) the control group (p=0.019). The most prevalent genotype (as a single or mixed pattern of infection) was HCV- 1b. This study detected a significantly higher HCV seropositive rate of antibodies and RNA in HCC patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hepacivirus/genetics*; Hepacivirus/immunology; Hepacivirus/isolation & purification
  16. Mohamed NA, Zainol Rashid Z, Wong KK, S A A, Rahman MM
    Pak J Med Sci, 2013 Sep;29(5):1142-6.
    PMID: 24353708
    Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotyping is important for treatment and epidemiological purposes. The objective was to determine HCV genotype and their associations with certain risk factors at University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC).
    Matched MeSH terms: Hepacivirus
  17. Tan SS, Abu Hassan MR, Abdullah A, Ooi BP, Korompis T, Merican MI
    J Viral Hepat, 2010 Jun;17(6):410-8.
    PMID: 19758272 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2009.01191.x
    Chronic hepatitis C is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in persons undergoing haemodialysis. This single-arm, open-label clinical trial investigated the safety and efficacy of an escalating dosage regimen of pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) alpha-2b in this patient population. Patients with chronic hepatitis C who were undergoing haemodialysis began treatment with PEG-IFN alpha-2b at a dose of 0.5 microg/kg/week, which was increased every 4 weeks to a maximum of 1 microg/kg/week. Treatment duration was 24 weeks for patients with genotype (G) 2 or 3 infection and 48 weeks for patients with G1 infection. The primary end point was sustained virological response (SVR). Of 46 patients screened, 34 (G1: 70.6%; G3: 29.4%) were treated and 23 (67.6%) completed treatment. Overall, 85.3% of patients experienced early virological response, 52.9% experienced end-of-treatment response, and 50% attained SVR, with a trend toward higher SVR rates in G3 compared with G1 patients (80%vs 37.5%; P = 0.06). Anaemia was the main reason for discontinuation of treatment. Patients with chronic hepatitis C who are undergoing haemodialysis can be successfully treated with an escalating dosage regimen of PEG-IFN alpha-2b monotherapy. G3-infected patients can attain high rates of SVR with only 24 weeks of therapy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hepacivirus/classification; Hepacivirus/genetics; Hepacivirus/isolation & purification
  18. Anasir MI, Poh CL
    Front Microbiol, 2019;10:738.
    PMID: 31040832 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00738
    Although vaccines have proven pivotal against arrays of infectious viral diseases, there are still no effective vaccines against many viruses. New structural insights into the viral envelope, protein conformation, and antigenic epitopes can guide the design of novel vaccines against challenging viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus, enterovirus A71, and dengue virus. Recent studies demonstrated that applications of this structural information can solve some of the vaccine conundrums. This review focuses on recent advances in structure-based vaccine design, or structural vaccinology, for novel and innovative viral vaccine design.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hepacivirus
  19. Lim SK, Othman R, Yusof R, Heh CH
    Chem Biol Drug Des, 2021 01;97(1):28-40.
    PMID: 32657543 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13756
    Structure-based virtual screening (SBVS) has served as a popular strategy for rational drug discovery. In this study, we aimed to discover novel benzopyran-based inhibitors that targeted the NS3 enzymes (NS3/4A protease and NS3 helicase) of HCV G3 using a combination of in silico and in vitro approaches. With the aid of SBVS, six novel compounds were discovered to inhibit HCV G3 NS3/4A protease and two phytochemicals (ellagic acid and myricetin) were identified as dual-target inhibitors that inhibited both NS3/4A protease and NS3 helicase in vitro (IC50  = 40.37 ± 5.47 nm and 6.58 ± 0.99 µm, respectively). Inhibitory activities against the replication of HCV G3 replicons were further assessed in a cell-based system with four compounds showed dose-dependent inhibition. Compound P8 was determined to be the most potent compound from the cell-based assay with an EC50 of 19.05 µm. The dual-target inhibitor, ellagic acid, was determined as the second most potent (EC50  = 32.37 µm) and the most selective in its inhibitory activity against the replication of HCV replicons, without severely affecting the viability of the host cells (selectivity index > 6.18).
    Matched MeSH terms: Hepacivirus/drug effects; Hepacivirus/enzymology*; Hepacivirus/genetics
  20. Subramaniam, U.
    Malaysian Dental Journal, 2007;28(2):103-106.
    MyJurnal
    Gingival overgrowth is a well-recognized unwanted effect associated with three major drugs / drug groups - phenytoin, cyclosporine and the calcium channel blockers. Cyclosporine is the first-choice immunosuppressant for preventing allograft rejection in patients who have received organ or bone marrow transplants. This report aims to highlight a case in which the patient on cyclosporine therapy had also contracted Hepatitis C virus infection.
    Matched MeSH terms: Hepacivirus
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