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  1. Fulltext Psychometric properties of the 'Skala Kepuasan Interaksi Perubatan-11' to measure patient satisfaction with physician-patient interaction in Malaysia
    Abd Aziz A, Izyan Farhana Nordin N, Mohd Noor N, Bachok N, Nor Ismalina Isa S
    Fam Pract, 2014 Apr;31(2):236-44.
    PMID: 24317538 DOI: 10.1093/fampra/cmt062
    Background. Patient satisfaction influences the outcomes of the patient-physician encounter.
    Objective. The objective of this study was to validate the Malay version patient satisfaction
    (MISS-21) questionnaire using a confirmatory validity approach.
    Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 252 patients attending primary health
    clinic, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. Construct validity (convergent and discriminant) using
    confirmatory factor analysis and internal consistency were performed after the translation, content
    validity and face validity processes. Criterion validity was assessed using Pearson correlations
    with the scale of shared decision making 9-item questionnaire (SDMQ-9). The data was
    analysed using Analysis of Moment Structure version 19.
    Results. A total of 252 (100%) outpatients responded to this study. The final model that consists
    of three domains with 11 items had a good fit; (χ2
    (df) = 65.805 (32), P 
    Matched MeSH terms: India/ethnology
  2. CT scan in minor head injury: a guide for rural doctors
    Abdul Latip LS, Ahmad Alias NA, Ariff AR, Shuaib IL, Abdullah J, Naing NN
    J Clin Neurosci, 2004 Nov;11(8):835-9.
    PMID: 15519858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2003.12.017
    Minor head injury in a developing country like Malaysia is managed by primary care physicians and/or medical assistants in district hospitals. These patients are seen initially in their local hospitals, which have at least an X-ray machine for the purpose of screening. This study aimed to guide these physicians to manage these patients at a primary care level. A cross-sectional study was conducted and the study revealed significant predictors of significant computed tomographic (CT) findings. The presence of a Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score of 14 or 13 was associated with the risk of developing significant CT findings compared to patients with a GCS of 15 (p<0.001). Thirty-seven out of 50 patients with GCS of 14 or 13 developed clinically significant brain injury on CT scan. Similarly, the presence of skull fracture was associated with the risk of developing CT abnormalities (p<0.001). Forty-two out of 51 patients with skull fracture developed clinically significant CT findings. Vomiting was associated with developing CT abnormalities (p=0.017). Twenty-seven out of 40 patients with vomiting showed significant CT findings. Soft tissue injury was also found to be associated with developing CT abnormalities (p=0.007). Therefore, we propose reclassifying minor head injury based on the GCS score. Patients with a GCS score of 15 were classified as having mild head injury, while patients with a GCS score of 13 or 14 were at higher risk of developing brain injury and therefore categorized as high risk mild head injury. This group requires emergency CT scan examination, especially when associated with non-motor vehicle accidents, abnormal central nervous system (CNS) examination, craniofacial injuries or skull fractures. They should be referred to a general surgical unit which can treat head injuries or a neurosurgical tertiary centre.
    Matched MeSH terms: India/ethnology
  3. A cross-sectional study of diastolic dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis and its association with disease activity
    Abdul Muizz AM, Mohd Shahrir MS, Sazliyana S, Oteh M, Shamsul AS, Hussein H
    Int J Rheum Dis, 2011 Feb;14(1):18-30.
    PMID: 21303478 DOI: 10.1111/j.1756-185X.2010.01593.x
    AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate the left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients without clinically evident cardiovascular manifestations and to estimate whether there is any correlation between RA disease severity and disability and LV diastolic dysfunction.
    METHODS: The study was a cross-sectional study involving 53 patients (47 female and 6 male) with RA without clinically evident heart disease and 53 healthy subjects (47 female and 6 male) who served as a control group. Both groups were matched for age and sex. Echocardiographic and Doppler studies were conducted in all patients with RA and control subjects.
    RESULTS: Of 17 cardiac parameters assessed, only two were abnormal. None of the specific cardiac diastolic dysfunction parameters were significantly different in RA patients compared to the control group. There was no significant correlation between diastolic function values in RA patients and value of Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS-28) and value of Health Assessment Questionnaires Disability Index (HAQDI). Atrial (A) wave velocity was greater in RA patients compared to the control group (0.71 [0.58-0.83] vs. 0.61 [0.51-0.71]; P < 0.04). However, interventricular relaxation time (IVRT) ([73.08 ± 9.92 vs. 70.74 ± 9.02], P = 0.207), lower E/A ratio (1.27 [1.02-1.56] vs. 1.42 [1.20-1.68], P = 0.102), diastolic dysfunction parameters according to Redfield Classification (25 [47.2%] vs. 27 [50.9%] P = 0.56), diastolic dysfunction using E/A (P = 0.321) and tissue doppler imaging (E/E') (P = 0.148) were not different.
    CONCLUSION: Prevalence of diastolic dysfunction in the rheumatoid arthritis group (47.2%) was not different from controls (50.9%). LV diastolic function had no significant correlation with RA disease severity and duration of disease.
    Matched MeSH terms: India/ethnology
  4. A 5-year longitudinal study of caries development in first permanent molars in children
    Abdul Razak I, Esa R
    Dent J Malays, 1988 Nov;10(2):41-4.
    PMID: 3271127
    The present study analysed the development of caries in 653 first permanent molars annually over a period of 5 years in children who were 7 years-old at baseline. The cumulative caries experience increased from 6.0% at baseline to 35.2% at the end of the study period. There were no appreciable differences in the annual incremental rate of caries experience among males and females. At baseline, the Malays and Indians have the highest and lowest caries experience respectively. At 12 years of age, the Chinese have the highest caries experience whilst the data for the Malays and Indians were comparable. The highest cumulative percentage increase in caries experience for the Malays, Chinese and Indians were between the ages of 7 to 8, 9 to 10 and 8 to 9 respectively while the average annual caries increment were 4.5%, 7.3% and 5.0% respectively.
    Matched MeSH terms: India/ethnology
  5. Toothbrushing effectiveness of a group of six-year-old uninstructed schoolchildren
    Abdul Razak I
    Dent J Malays, 1985 Apr;8(2):27-30.
    PMID: 3917002
    The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of toothbrushing in 124 six year-old uninstructed schoolchildren. The toothbrushing conditions were made to closely simulate the toothbrushing procedure carried out at home. The amount of plaque before and after toothbrushing was assessed using the Modified Personal Hygiene Performance Index. An overall reduction of 54.0 per cent in plaque score was observed following toothbrushing. This reduction was much more favourable than other reported studies using subjects of similar age group. However most of the plaque that remained following brushing were accumulated in the gingival areas. The highest prebrushing score and the least effective toothbrushing ability was observed among the Malay schoolchildren. The pre and postbrushing scores among the Chinese and Indians were comparable. There was no statistically significant difference in toothbrushing ability between boys and girls at this age. The children brushed their anterior teeth better than their posterior and the facial surfaces better than the lingual. The greatest percentage reduction in plaque score was observed in the occlusal/incisal areas with the gingival areas being the least accessible. The conclusions of this study points to the lack of manual dexterity of children of this age group to effectively brush their teeth and the need for proper parental supervision in assisting them to carry out the toothbrushing procedure.
    Matched MeSH terms: India/ethnology
  6. Periodontal status of 16-year-old west Malaysian urban students
    Abdul-Kadir R
    Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 1990 Dec;18(6):324.
    PMID: 2090388
    Matched MeSH terms: India/ethnology
  7. Bullous diseases in Malaysia: epidemiology and natural history
    Adam BA
    Int J Dermatol, 1992 Jan;31(1):42-5.
    PMID: 1737688
    The characteristics of three primary bullous diseases, pemphigus, pemphigoid, and dermatitis herpetiformis, seen in this country, probably reflecting this region, are discussed and compared to those reported in the literature in the West. One hundred and forty-eight patients with bullous diseases were seen over a period of 15 years. The criteria for confirmation of clinical diagnosis were the findings of the direct immunofluorescent test. Pemphigus vulgaris was the commonest bullous disease. The incidence of bullous pemphigoid was highest in the Indians of Malaysian origin, and they are also more likely to develop pemphigus vulgaris than any other ethnic group. Linear IgA type formed the entire group of dermatitis herpetiformis. The granular type was not seen at all. The patients were treated with prednisolone alone or together with methotrexate or azathioprine. Dapsone alone controlled the dermatitis herpetiformis. The known association between pemphigus and other diseases with immunologic disturbances was not found in this study. The natural history of the bullous disease as seen in the follow-up patients is described. Deaths in pemphigus and pemphigoid were more due to either complications of steroid therapy or unassociated diseases than the primary disease itself. Introduction of immunofluorescence as a diagnostic tool in pemphigus and extension of this facility to other bullous diseases has led to detailed characterization of these diseases as seen in the West; however, publications in English dealing with epidemiologic aspects of bullous diseases in this region are rare.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
    Matched MeSH terms: India/ethnology
  8. Fulltext Psoriasis in hospital population
    Adam BA
    Med J Malaysia, 1980 Jun;34(4):370-4.
    PMID: 7219266
    Two hundred and three patients with psoriasis, who attended the skin clinic were studied to identify the pattern of sporiasis. The incidence was 4%. It was more common in Indians than in the other ethnic groups and this was found to be statistically significant. Males were affected twice as common, 12.5% gave a positive family history, the lower limbs and the scalp were the commonest site, and pruritus was frequent. The pattern appears similar to those in the west.
    Study site: Skin clinic, University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: India/ethnology
  9. Lichen planus: variations in Indians
    Adam BA
    Med J Malaysia, 1973 Jun;27(4):284-8.
    PMID: 4270787
    Matched MeSH terms: India/ethnology
  10. Fulltext Assessment of awareness of diabetic retinopathy among the diabetics attending the peripheral diabetic clinics in Melaka, Malaysia
    Addoor KR, Krishna RA, Bhandary SV, Khanna R, Rao LG, Lingam KD, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 2011 Mar;66(1):48-52.
    PMID: 23765143 MyJurnal
    In view of the alarming increase in the incidence of diabetes mellitus in Malaysia, we conducted a study to assess the awareness of complications of diabetes among the diabetics attending the peripheral clinics in Melaka. The study period was from January 2007 to December 2007. 351 patients were included in the study. 79.8% were aware of the complications of diabetes mellitus and 87.2% were aware that diabetes can affect the eyes. However, only 50% of the patients underwent an ophthalmological evaluation. Although awareness was good, the motivation to undergo the assessment was poor.
    Study site: Klinik Kesihatan Peringgit, Klinik Kommunity Ayer Keroh, Melaka, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: India/ethnology
  11. Age at first birth and completed family size in West Malaysia
    Aghajanian A
    J Biosoc Sci, 1981 Apr;13(2):197-201.
    PMID: 7287777 DOI: 10.1017/s0021932000013365
    Matched MeSH terms: India/ethnology
  12. Fulltext Professional training and roles of community pharmacists in Malaysia: views from general medical practitioners
    Ahmad Hassali MA, Awaisu A, Shafie AA, Saeed MS
    Malays Fam Physician, 2009;4(2-3):71-6.
    PMID: 25606167 MyJurnal
    AIM: This pilot study aimed to explore the perceptions of general medical practitioners (GPs) towards the professional training and roles of community pharmacists.
    METHODS: A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to all private clinics (n=160) run by GPs in a northern state of Malaysia. The instrument contained questions to evaluate the practitioners' level of agreement using a 5-point Likert-type scale.
    RESULTS: Of 160 GPs, 80 returned the questionnaire (response rate 50%). The respondents agreed that: GPs should consider the community pharmacists' recommendations whenever there is/are any problem(s) with the prescriptions given by them (46.3%); community pharmacists are the best healthcare professionals to educate patients about safe and appropriate use of medications (52.5%); the pharmacy profession had undergone a major metamorphosis from a product-oriented profession to a more patient-centred and outcome-oriented one (61.3%); if dispensing separation is implemented, they will work closely with the community pharmacists in monitoring patients' pharmacotherapeutic outcomes (77.5%).
    CONCLUSION: The current findings suggest that GPs would support an extension of the role of the community pharmacists in number of activities of patient care activities such as medication counselling. Thus, suggesting potential collaborative care between GPs and community pharmacists towards patient care and the needs to develop and incorporate topics on inter-professional relationship in the current medical and pharmaceutical education curriculums.
    KEYWORDS: Community pharmacists; general practitioners; perceptions; roles; training
    Matched MeSH terms: India/ethnology
  13. Fulltext Medication adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated at primary health clinics in Malaysia
    Ahmad NS, Ramli A, Islahudin F, Paraidathathu T
    Patient Prefer Adherence, 2013;7:525-30.
    PMID: 23814461 DOI: 10.2147/PPA.S44698
    Diabetes mellitus is a growing global health problem that affects patients of all ages. Even though diabetes mellitus is recognized as a major chronic illness, adherence to antidiabetic medicines has often been found to be unsatisfactory. This study was conducted to assess adherence to medications and to identify factors that are associated with nonadherence in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients at Primary Health Clinics of the Ministry of Health in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: India/ethnology
  14. Fulltext Disease impact and patient insight--a study on a local population of asthmatics
    Ahmad NS, Chan MY, Hiew FL, Sharif SA, Vijayasingham P, Thayaparan T, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 2003 Oct;58(4):526-32.
    PMID: 15190628
    The cornerstone of asthma management is achieving adequate symptom control and patient education. We studied in our local population of asthmatic patients how well their symptoms were controlled with currently prescribed treatment and their insight into the disease and its management. Over a 6-month period, 93 asthmatics recruited from two local government health clinics and a state hospital were interviewed using a standard questionnaire. Patients were classified into 4 groups based on the treatment they were on according to Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) treatment guidelines. The number of patients in Step 1 (rescue medication alone), Step 2 (1 controller medication), Step 3 (2 controller medications) and Step 4 (at least 3 controller medications) were 8, 39, 34 and 12, respectively. Except for day symptoms in Step 1 group, fewer than 50% achieved minimum day or night symptoms and no restriction of daily activities. Questions on patient insight were only available for 50 patients. Weather change (74%), air pollution (66%) and physical stress (46%) were the three highest ranked common asthma triggers. More than half correctly recognized the important symptoms of a serious asthma attack but fewer than 15% were familiar with the peak flow meter and its use or with the asthma self-management plan. Most patients perceived that their treatment had helped reduce disease severity and exacerbations. We conclude that symptom control and some aspect of patient education are still lacking in our local asthmatics.
    Study site: Hospital Tuanku Jaafar, Seremban, Negeri Sembilan; Klinik Kesihatan Seremban; Klinik Kesihatan Ampangan, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: India/ethnology
  15. Fulltext Barriers to the utilization of primary care services for mental health prolems among adolescents in a secondary school in Malaysia
    Aida J, Noor Azimah M, Mohd Radzniwan AR, Tuti Iryani MD, Ramli M, Khairani O
    Malays Fam Physician, 2010;5(1):31-5.
    PMID: 25606183
    OBJECTIVE: To study the barriers toward the utilization of primary care services for mental health problems among adolescents in a secondary school in Hulu Langat, Selangor, Malaysia.
    METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in July 2008 at a secondary school in Hulu Langat, Selangor. The respondents were selected using randomised cluster sampling among Form Four and Form Five students. Students were given self-administered questionnaire, consisting socio-demographic data and questions on their help-seeking barrier and behaviour. Help-seeking behaviour questions assess the use of medical facility and help-seeking sources. The formal help-seeking sources include from teachers, counsellors and doctors. The informal help-seeking sources include from friends, parents and siblings.
    RESULTS: A total of 175 students were included in the study. None of the students admitted of using the primary health care services for their mental health problems. Majority of the students were not aware of the services availability in the primary health care (97.1%). More than half of them thought the problems were due to their own mistakes (55.4%) and the problems were not that serious (49.1%). With regard to perception of the primary health care services, (43.2%) of the students were worried about confidentiality, half of them were concerned about other people's perception especially from their family members (44.6%) and friends (48.6%). Minority of them (10.8%) thought that nobody can help them. Few of them thought smoking (3.4%), alcohol (3.4%) and recreational drugs (1.1%) can solve their emotional problems.
    CONCLUSION: One of the major barriers identified in the students' failure to use the health care facilities was their unawareness of the availability of the service for them in the community. Thus there is a need to promote and increase their awareness on this issue.
    Matched MeSH terms: India/ethnology
  16. Fulltext Psychological disorders and help seeking behaviour among Malaysian medical students in their clinical years
    Aida, J., Hizlinda, T., Siti Fatimah, S., Mohd Muhaimin, A., Chai, S.Y., Sahrina, W., et al.
    Medicine & Health, 2014;9(2):114-123.
    MyJurnal
    The present study is to determine the level of depression, anxiety and stress among Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) clinical year medical students and their help seeking behaviour in relation to their psychological aspect. A cross-sectional study was conducted in UKM Medical Centre for three months duration. The study population was the third, fourth and fifth year medical students via proportional sampling. They were given questionnaires consisting of socio-demographic items, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale 21 – Bahasa Malaysia version BM-DASS21 and questions regarding help-seeking behaviors. Psychometric assessment (BMDASS21) estimated the level of depression, anxiety and stress among medical students. Help-seeking behavior questions assessed the use of medical facilities and other help-seeking sources. Regarding questions on the barriers towards seeking help from the primary health-care, three parts were evaluated: structural barriers, barriers towards perceptions on mental-health disorder and barriers towards use of primary health-care services. There were 380 medical students who were involved in this research. It was found that some students experienced depression (1.3%), anxiety (2.4%) and stress (2.4%). Majority of them preferred to seek help from friends (283; 74.5%) followed by parents (275; 72.4%). There was a significant association between students who were anxious and help seeking behaviour from formal sources: counselor (p=0.001) and religious personnel (p=0.03). Hence, it is essential to increase their awareness on psychological disorders and more efficient screening programme should be used to recognize medical students with possible emotional disorders.
    Matched MeSH terms: India/ethnology
  17. Monitoring of lithium therapy
    Aishah AB, Foo YN
    Malays J Pathol, 1995 Jun;17(1):43-5.
    PMID: 8907005
    Results of serum lithium performed in the Chemical Pathology Laboratory, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, over a years' period (June 1991 till May 1992) formed the subject of study. A total of 277 tests were carried out on 148 patients, giving a frequency of about 23.1 tests per month. Complete data regarding age, sex and ethnic group was available for 140 subjects. There were 74 males and 66 females. Racial distribution was 72 Malays, 42 Chinese and 26 Indians. Their ages ranged from 15 to 80 years. One hundred and twenty-three subjects (87.6%) were within the 3rd to 5th decade of life. 136/277 (49.1%) of serum lithium levels were less than 0.6 mmol/l and 24/277 (8.7%) gave results greater than 1.0 mmol/l. Only 6 tests gave values which exceeded 2 mmol/l. This study reveals the need to conduct a prospective study to determine the underlying cause of the high incidence of low serum lithium levels and whether this situation is associated with a satisfactory treatment response in the said population.
    Matched MeSH terms: India/ethnology
  18. Incidence and prognosis of non-metastatic triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) among different races in Southeast Asia
    Alcantara VS, Lim GH, Lim SH, Sultana R, Lee JA
    J Surg Oncol, 2017 Apr;115(5):523-537.
    PMID: 28168712 DOI: 10.1002/jso.24559
    BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) carries a worse prognosis compared to the other subtypes. There have been conflicting studies that race may impact the prognosis of TNBC patients. We aim to determine the incidence and prognosis of TNBC among the different ethnic races in Singapore, and to determine its associated risk factors for prognosis.

    METHODS: Patients diagnosed with invasive breast cancer (BC) from 2005 to 2013 at our tertiary institution were included and divided according to race and subtypes. Demographic and clinical information of non-metastatic TNBC patients were analyzed. Log-rank test, univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to find associated risk factors related with overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS).

    RESULTS: Among 1227 BC patients, 129 (10.5%) had TNBC. TNBC patients had the worst OS (P: 0.0005) and DFS (P: 0.0016) among the subtypes. However, variations in race did not have any difference in OS or DFS among TNBC patients. Axillary lymph node involvement, invasive lobular histology, larger tumor size, and the presence of lymphovascular invasion (LVI) were factors associated with both poor DFS and OS among TNBC patients.

    CONCLUSIONS: Racial variation did not have any impact on the prognosis of the TNBC.

    Matched MeSH terms: India/ethnology
  19. Fulltext Cross-sectional analysis of ethnic differences in fall prevalence in urban dwellers aged 55 years and over in the Malaysian Elders Longitudinal Research study
    Alex D, Khor HM, Chin AV, Hairi NN, Othman S, Khoo SPK, et al.
    BMJ Open, 2018 07 17;8(7):e019579.
    PMID: 30018093 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019579
    OBJECTIVES: Falls represent major health issues within the older population. In low/middle-income Asian countries, falls in older adults remain an area which has yet to be studied in detail. Using data from the Malaysian Elders Longitudinal Research (MELoR), we have estimated the prevalence of falls among older persons in an urban population, and performed ethnic comparisons in the prevalence of falls.

    DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis was carried out using the first wave data from MELoR which is a longitudinal study.

    SETTING: Urban community dwellers in a middle-income South East Asian country.

    PARTICIPANTS: 1565 participants aged ≥55 years were selected by simple random sampling from the electoral rolls of three parliamentary constituencies.

    OUTCOME MEASURES: Consenting participants from the MELoR study were asked the question 'Have you fallen down in the past 12 months?' during their computer-assisted home-based interviews. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to compare the prevalence of falls among various ethnic groups.

    RESULTS: The overall estimated prevalence of falls for individuals aged 55 years and over adjusted to the population of Kuala Lumpur was 18.9%. The estimated prevalence of falls for the three ethnic populations of Malays, Chinese and Indian aged 55 years and over was 16.2%, 19.4% and 23.8%, respectively. Following adjustment for ethnic discrepancies in age, gender, marital status and education attainment, the Indian ethnicity remained an independent predictor of falls in our population (relative risk=1.45, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.85).

    CONCLUSION: The prevalence of falls in this study is comparable to other previous Asian studies, but appears lower than Western studies. The predisposition of the Indian ethnic group to falls has not been previously reported. Further studies may be needed to elucidate the causes for the ethnic differences in fall prevalence.

    Matched MeSH terms: India/ethnology
  20. Fulltext Ethnicity association of Helicobacter pylori virulence genotype and metronidazole susceptibility
    Alfizah H, Rukman AH, Norazah A, Hamizah R, Ramelah M
    World J Gastroenterol, 2013 Feb 28;19(8):1283-91.
    PMID: 23483193 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i8.1283
    To characterise the cag pathogenicity island in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) isolates by analysing the strains' vacA alleles and metronidazole susceptibilities in light of patient ethnicity and clinical outcome.
    Matched MeSH terms: India/ethnology
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