METHODS: In May-August 2022, nasopharyngeal swab samples (n=3,642) were collected from international travelers to West Kalimantan (active surveillance), and patients hospitalized due to SARS-CoV-2 infection (baseline surveillance). The samples were tested for Omicron lineages based on ORF1ab, N, and HV69-70del genes, followed by whole-genome sequencing. The sequences were then identified using two genomic databases, aligned against the reference genome (Wuhan/Hu-1/2019), and then compared with BA.2.40 lineage detected across the world. Phylogenetic analysis between the samples and other SARS-CoV-2 isolates was performed using molecular evolutionary genetics analysis software.
RESULTS: Based on the genomic databases, 10 isolates were identified as BA.2.40. All samples tested positive for the ORF1ab and N genes, but negative for the HV69-70del gene, which is a marker to detect the Omicron variant. Phylogenetic analysis showed the isolates were closely related to an isolate from Malaysia, an area dominated by BA.2.40.
CONCLUSION: Omicron lineage BA.2.40 has no HV69-70 deletion in the spike protein, a marker used to screen for the Omicron variant. BA.2.40 showed a high similarity to an isolate from Malaysia and was detected only during certain periods, indicating the effect of internationally imported cases.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the effect of the duration and frequency of betel quid chewing behaviour on periodontitis severity and the life quality of people in Tanini Village, Kupang Regency, Indonesia.
METHODS: The type of this study was an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional design. We used a questionnaire to obtain sociodemographic data. Oral Health Survey Basic Methods were used to measure debris index, plaque index, bleeding on probing, loss of attachment, and pocket depth. Behaviour and quality of life were measured by questionnaire and WHOQOL-BREF method as well.
RESULTS: The largest number of respondents were male. Duration of chewing had a significant relationship with the frequency of chewing and periodontal status. Periodontitis was higher compared to all categories. The lifestyle of the community greatly influenced their behaviour in betel nut chewing and also affected the severity of their periodontitis and OHIs significantly.
CONCLUSION: The lifestyle of betel nut chewing of the people in Tanini Village, greatly influences their behaviour. Prolonged and excessive use of betel nut induced significant adverse effects on human health. The longer and more often chew betel or areca nut, the higher the incidence of periodontitis, which significantly affects the quality of life as there is a possibility of the development of carcinogenesis, particularly in the oral cavity.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 400 respondents were recruited, from all over the province in Indonesia. Instruments utilized were structured questionnaires including a demographic questionnaire, work performance scale (WPS), daily work stress scale. The design used was cross-sectional with a nonprobability sampling method and the data analysis with Chi-Square. The respondents were 400 respondents.
RESULTS: Shows that both respondents who had high, moderate, and low-stress levels on work from home (p>0.001), work from office (p>0.001), and Hybrid (p>0.001). Respondents also had good work performance with all varied work methods.
CONCLUSIONS: Based on this research, each worker has more varied work stress, even though they still carry out their jobs well, and have good performance.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A single-centre, prospective, casecontrol study involving 32 subjects of preterm neonates was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Malang, East Java, Indonesia between January to June 2022. A total of 15 preterm neonates with NEC and 17 preterm neonates without NEC were enrolled in this study. Data on demographic, clinical and laboratory findings were collected. Multiple logistic regression test was performed to analyse the risk factors for NEC development. Further profiling within 15 subjects with NEC, i.e., NEC grade ≥ II, were conducted to collect systemic, abdominal, laboratory, abdominal x-ray (AXR) and blood culture findings.
RESULTS: The risk factors related to NEC development in preterm infants were multi-morbidity (adjusted OR = 11.96; 95% CI 1.85 168.38; p = 0.046), antibiotic exposure (OR = 15.95; 95% CI 1.54 165.08; p = 0.020) and requiring advanced neonatal resuscitation at birth (OR = 10.04; 95% CI 1.09 92.11; p = 0.041). Further profiling within NEC cohorts highlighted respiratory distress (86.7%), (oro)gastric retention (80.0%), thrombocytopenia (53.3%), gastrointestinal dilatation in AXR (53.3%), and positive blood culture Klebsiella pneumoniae (40.0%) were most common findings.
CONCLUSION: Preterm neonates with multimorbidity, prolonged antibiotic exposure, and requiring advanced resuscitation at birth were more likely to develop NEC. Early detection of the risk factors and determinant factors for survival may help to improve the clinical outcome.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study of treated adult chronic disease patients was conducted using the fifth Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS-5) database. Descriptive analysis was used to identify the proportion of TM users, while a multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze their characteristics.
RESULTS: This study included 4901 subjects and identified 27.1% as TM users. The highest TM use was in subjects with cancer (43.9%), liver issues (38.3%), cholesterol issues (34.3%), diabetes (33.6%), and stroke (31.7%). Characteristics associated with TM users were a perception of one's current health as unhealthy (OR 2.59, 95% CI 1.76-3.81), low medication adherence (OR 2.49, 95% CI 2.17-2.85), age above 65 years (OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.63-2.90), having higher education (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.17-2.29), and residence outside of Java (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.11-1.45).
CONCLUSIONS: Low medication adherence among TM users highlights the potentially irrational use of treatment in chronic diseases. Nevertheless, the longstanding use of TM users indicates the potential for its development. Further studies and interventions are needed to optimize TM use in Indonesia.
METHODS: This multinational cross-sectional survey was conducted in rehabilitation facilities in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand. Community-dwelling adults with traumatic or nontraumatic spinal cord injury participating in the International Spinal Cord Injury Community Survey from 2017 to 2018 were enrolled. Data regarding bladder management/care, presence of bladder dysfunction, urinary tract infection, and quality of life score were extracted from the International Spinal Cord Injury Community Survey questionnaire. The impact of bladder care and urinary complications on quality of life was determined using univariable and multivariable regression analysis.
RESULTS: Questionnaires from 770 adults were recruited for analysis. After adjusting for all demographic and spinal cord injury-related data, secondary conditions, as well as activity and participation factors, urinary tract infection was an independent negative predictive factor of quality of life score ( P = 0.007, unstandardized coefficients = -4.563, multivariable linear regression analysis, enter method).
CONCLUSIONS: Among bladder care and urinary complication factors, urinary tract infection is the only factor negatively impacting quality of life. These results address the importance of proper bladder management and urinary tract infection prevention in persons with spinal cord injury to improve their quality of life.
DESIGN: We conducted a cross-sectional study involving the data of 3234 adults with stroke obtained from the 2018 Basic Health Research (Riset Kesehatan Dasar, RISKESDAS).
METHODS: Physical activity level in metabolic equivalents-minutes per week were determined using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire according to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behavior recommendations. Depression was assessed using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Multivariate binomial logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the predictive role of physical activity for depression after adjusting for confounders.
RESULTS: Adults with stroke who met the WHO recommendation of physical activity were independently and significantly associated with lower odds of depression after adjustment for confounders (adjusted OR = 0.757, p = 0.017).
CONCLUSIONS: Performing physical activity according to the WHO recommendation is associated with a lower likelihood of depression among Indonesian adults with stroke.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Clinicians should be informed by the findings of this study and prescribe exercise interventions or plan physical activities to optimize recovery and prevent poststroke depression.
METHODS: Data were derived from 360 inpatient medical records from six types C public and private hospitals in an Indonesian rural province. These data were accumulated from inpatient medical records from four major disciplines: medicine, surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, and pediatrics. The dependent variable was provider moral hazards, which included indicators of up-coding, readmission, and unnecessary admission. The independent variables are Physicians' characteristics (age, gender, and specialization), coders' characteristics (age, gender, education level, number of training, and length of service), and patients' characteristics (age, birth weight, length of stay, the discharge status, and the severity of patient's illness). We use logistic regression to investigate the determinants of moral hazard.
RESULTS: We found that the incidences of possible unnecessary admissions, up-coding, and readmissions were 17.8%, 11.9%, and 2.8%, respectively. Senior physicians, medical specialists, coders with shorter lengths of service, and patients with longer lengths of stay had a significant relationship with the incidence of moral hazard.
CONCLUSION: Unnecessary admission is the most common form of a provider's moral hazard. The characteristics of physicians and coders significantly contribute to the incidence of moral hazard. Hospitals should implement reward and punishment systems for doctors and coders in order to control moral hazards among the providers.
AIMS: To analyze the factors associated with complementary feeding practices among children aged 6-23 months in Indonesia.
METHODS: A cross-sectional design was employed using data from the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey. A total of 502,800 mothers with children aged 6-23 months were recruited through multistage cluster sampling. Data were analyzed using a logistic regression test to determine the correlation between predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors and complementary feeding practices.
RESULTS: A prevalence values of analysis showed that approximately 71.14%, 53.95%, and 28.13% of the children met MMF, MMD, and MAD, respectively. The probability of achieving minimum dietary diversity (MDD) was high in the following: children aged 18-23 months (odds ratio [OR] = 9.58; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 7.29-12.58), children of mothers with higher education (OR = 5.95; 95% CI = 2.17-16.34), children from households with upper wealth index (OR = 2.53; 95% CI = 1.85-3.48), children of mothers who received childbirth assistance by professionals (OR = 1.63; 95% CI = 1.20-2.20), and children of mothers who had access to the Internet (OR = 1.26; 95% CI = 1.06-1.50). Moreover, children from households with the upper wealth index (OR = 1.40; 95% CI = 1.03-1.91), children whose mothers were employed (OR = 1.19; 95% CI = 1.02-1.39) living in urban areas (OR = 1.28; 95% CI = 1.06-1.54) and children of mothers who received childbirth assistance by professionals (OR = 1.33; 95% CI = 0.98-1.82) were more likely to meet Minimum Meal Frequency (MMF). Finally, children aged 18-23 months (OR = 2.40; 95% CI = 1.81-3.17), of mothers with higher education (OR = 3.15; 95% CI = 0.94-10.60), from households with upper wealth index (OR = 1.41; 95% CI = 1.05-2.90) and born with professional childbirth assistance (OR = 1.82; 95% CI = 1.21-2.75) were significantly associated with minimum acceptable diet (MAD).
CONCLUSIONS: The findings revealed that the prevalence of MDD and MAD in Indonesia was low. Strategies such as improving health services, economic conditions, and education level of mothers are needed to improve infant and young child feeding in Indonesia.
AIM: To compare the skin diseases prompting biopsy before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of skin diseases was performed; the skin problems were then grouped into major histopathological reactions.
RESULTS: A total of 229 biopsies were performed before the COVID-19 outbreak, whereas only 160 biopsies were done during the pandemic. Before versus during the outbreak, the proportion of major reactions were granulomatous 20.52% vs 21.88%, neoplasms 17.47% vs 20%, psoriasiform 14.85% vs 10%, vesiculobullous 9.61% vs 8.75%, others 10.92% vs 7.50%, interface dermatitis 6.99% vs 10%, vasculopathy 6.99% vs 5.63%, spongiotic 6.55% vs 8.13%, panniculitis 3.49% vs 3.75%, and superficial and deep dermal infiltrate 2.62% vs 4.38%.
CONCLUSION: A decreased total number of patients prompting less biopsies were reported during the COVID-19 outbreak. However, the three largest percentages of major histopathological reactions were still similar, namely granulomatous, neoplasms, and psoriasiform.
METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in six villages in Langkat district, North Sumatera Province in June 2019. Data were recorded using a standardized questionnaire. Finger pricked blood samples were obtained for malaria examination using rapid diagnostic test, thick and thin blood smears, and polymerase chain reaction.
RESULTS: A total of 342 individuals were included in the study. Of them, one (0.3%) had a microscopic Plasmodium malariae infection, no positive RDT examination, and three (0.9%) were positive for P. malariae (n = 1) and Plasmodium knowlesi (n = 2). The distribution of bed net ownership was owned by 40% of the study participants. The participants had a house within a radius of 100-500 m from the forest (86.3%) and had the housing material of cement floor (56.1%), a tin roof (82.2%), wooden wall (35.7%), bamboo wall (28.1%), and brick wall (21.6%).
CONCLUSION: Malaria incidence has substantially decreased in Langkat, North Sumatera, Indonesia. However, submicroscopic infection remains in the population and may contribute to further transmission. Surveillance should include the detection of microscopic undetected parasites, to enable the achievement of malaria elimination.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used cross-sectional and secondary data from the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS). A total of 142 infants under 1 year were selected as the respondents. Chi-square test and binary logistic regression were used to examine factors associated with diarrhoea in infants with LBW in Indonesia.
RESULTS: There are several factors more likely to increase the incidence of diarrhoea in infants with LBW, which are living in rural areas [OR = 5.65, 95% CI = 1.08-29.5] and having internet access less than the last 12 months (OR = 13.03, 95% CI = 1.48-114). Meanwhile, factors more likely to decrease the incidence of diarrhoea in infants with LBW, which are maternal age (20-24 years old) [odds ratio (OR) = 0.07, 95% CI = 0.01-0.98], cell phone ownership (OR = 0.08, 95% CI= 0.01-0.45), and the use of feeding bottles (OR = 0.22, 95% CI = 0.05-0.92).
CONCLUSION: This study highlights that maternal age, cell phone ownership, internet access, area of residence, and use of feeding bottles are significant factors associated with diarrhoea in infants with LBW. Health workers must enhance health education related to those factors through the Community Integrated Child Health Service (Posyandu) programs.