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Interaction between irbesartan, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR-γ), and adiponectin in the regulation of blood pressure and renal function in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Afzal S, Sattar MA, Johns EJ, Abdulla MH, Akhtar S, Hashmi F, et al.

J Physiol Biochem, 2016 Dec;72(4):593-604.
PMID: 27405250

Adiponectin exerts vasodilatory effects. Irbesartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker, possesses partial peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) agonist activity and increases circulating adiponectin. This study explored the effect of irbesartan alone and in combination with adiponectin on blood pressure, renal hemodynamic excretory function, and vasoactive responses to angiotensin II and adrenergic agonists in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Irbesartan was given orally (30 mg/kg/day) for 28 days and adiponectin intraperitoneally (2.5 μg/kg/day) for last 7 days. Groups of SHR received either irbesartan or adiponectin or in combination. A group of Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) served as controls. Metabolic data and plasma samples were taken on days 0, 21, and 28. In acute studies, the renal vasoconstrictor actions of angiotensin II (ANGII), noradrenaline (NA), phenylephrine (PE), and methoxamine (ME) were determined. SHR control rats had a higher mean blood pressure than the WKY (132 ± 7 vs. 98 ± 2 mmHg), lower plasma and urinary adiponectin, creatinine clearance, urine flow rate and sodium excretion, and oxidative stress markers compared to WKY (all P

Matched MeSH terms: Injections, Intraperitoneal
Fulltext Pharmacokinetics of Free Oxytetracycline and Oxytetracycline Loaded Cockle Shell Calcium Carbonate-Based Nanoparticle in BALB/c Mice

Idris SB, Abdul Kadir A, Abdullah JFF, Ramanoon SZ, Basit MA, Abubakar MZZA

Front Vet Sci, 2020;7:270.
PMID: 32613011 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00270

The development and utilization of nano-antibiotics is currently gaining attention as a possible solution to antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the pharmacokinetics of free oxytetracycline (OTC) and oxytetracycline loaded cockle shell calcium carbonate-based nanoparticle (OTC-CNP) after a single dose of intraperitoneal (IP) administration in BALB/c mice. A total of 100 female BALB/c mice divided into two groups of equal number (n = 50) were administered with 10 mg/kg OTC and OTC-CNP, respectively. Blood samples were collected before and post-administration from both groups at time 0, 5, 10, 15, and 30 min and 1, 2, 6, 24, and 48 h, and OTC plasma concentration was quantified using a validated HPLC-UV method. The pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed using a non-compartment model. The Cmax values of OTC in OTC-CNP and free OTC treated group were 64.99 and 23.53 μg/ml, respectively. OTC was detected up to 24 h in the OTC-CNP group as against 1 h in the free OTC group following intraperitoneal administration. In the OTC-CNP group, the plasma elimination rate of OTC was slower while the half-life, the area under the curve, and the volume of the distribution were increased. In conclusion, the pharmacokinetic profile of OTC in the OTC-CNP group differs significantly from that of free OTC. However, further studies are necessary to determine the antibacterial efficacy of OTC-CNP for the treatment of bacterial diseases.

Matched MeSH terms: Injections, Intraperitoneal
Induction of Chronic Subclinical Systemic Inflammation in Sprague-Dawley Rats Stimulated by Intermittent Bolus Injection of Lipopolysaccharide

Ranneh Y, Akim AM, Hamid HA, Khazaai H, Mokhtarrudin N, Fadel A, et al.

Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 2019 Dec;67(6):385-400.
PMID: 31278602 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-019-00553-6

Chronic subclinical systemic inflammation has a key role in stimulating several chronic conditions associated with cardiovascular diseases, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. Hence, developing in vivo models of chronic subclinical systemic inflammation are essential to the study of the pathophysiology and to measure the immunomodulatory agents involved. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to intraperitoneal, intermittent injection with saline, or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (0.5, 1, 2 mg/kg) thrice a week for 30 days. Hematological, biochemical, and inflammatory mediators were measured at different timepoints and at the end of the study. The hearts, lungs, kidneys, and livers were harvested for histological evaluation. Significant elevation in peripheral blood leukocyte includes neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes, as well as the neutrophils-to-lymphocyte ratio. The pro-inflammatory mediator levels [C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and IL-8] along with the biochemical profile (alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, creatine kinase, creatinine, and urea) were increased significantly (P

Matched MeSH terms: Injections, Intraperitoneal
Antidepressant-like effect of aqueous extract of Channa striatus fillet in mice models of depression

Saleem AM, Taufik Hidayat M, Mat Jais AM, Fakurazi S, Moklas M, Sulaiman MR, et al.

Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 2011 Jul;15(7):795-802.
PMID: 21780549

Channa (C.) striatus (Malay-Haruan), is a fresh water snakehead fish, consumed as a rejuvenating diet in post-parturition period in local Malay population. The aqueous extract of C. striatus fillet (AECSF) was reported to act through serotonergic receptor system in a previous study. There is no scientific report on neuropharmacological effects of C. striatus. Based on these data, the antidepressant-like effect of C. striatus was evaluated in mice models of depression.

Matched MeSH terms: Injections, Intraperitoneal
Therapeutic potential of Moringa oleifera extracts against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

Sharifudin SA, Fakurazi S, Hidayat MT, Hairuszah I, Moklas MA, Arulselvan P

Pharm Biol, 2013 Mar;51(3):279-88.
PMID: 23043505 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2012.720993

Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) is a rich source of essential minerals and antioxidants; it has been used in human and animal nutrition. The leaves and flowers are being used by the population with great dietary importance.

Matched MeSH terms: Injections, Intraperitoneal
Fulltext Robust model of systemic inflammation through Lipopolysaccharide

Khan H., Aamir K., Arya A.

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(102):50-50.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Systemic inflammation is the major clinical problem which is constellation of communicable and non-communicable infection equipped with acute to chronic inflammation. It may lead to unfavourable conditions for instance, systemic inflammatory syndrome, burns and sepsis. Systemic inflammation might rotate the steering towards vital clinical maladies including cardiomyopathy, neuroinflammation, hepatitis, liver and kidney diseases and even diabetes. In order to elucidate the molecular insights in these clinical implications, there is an intensive need
to design rodent model of systemic inflammation having close association with systemic inflammatory conditions in humans. Methods: Presently, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced systemic inflammatory rodent model is widely established, reproducible and acceptable among scientists. In this model animals are treated with intraperitoneal injection of LPS ranging from 1-10 mg/kg which leads to instant release of proinflammatory cytokines to provide robust model of systemic inflammation in order to elucidate pathological conditions and their in-depth mechanism to uncover the new anti-inflammatory therapeutic targets. Conclusion: Robust model would open new window to explore anti-inflammatory activities of phytochemicals, small molecules and drug candidates along with crosstalk of different signaling pathways at molecular level.

Matched MeSH terms: Injections, Intraperitoneal
Characterization of the possible mechanisms underlying the hypotensive and spasmogenic effects of Loranthus ferrugineus methanolic extract

Ameer OZ, Salman IM, Siddiqui MJ, Yam MF, Sriramaneni RN, Sadikun A, et al.

Am J Chin Med, 2009;37(5):991-1008.
PMID: 19885958

In the present study, L. ferrugineus methanol extract (LFME) was evaluated for its blood pressure lowering effect in anesthetized normotensive Sprague Dawley (SD) rats and its spasmogenic effect in isolated guinea pig ileum. The possible mechanism(s) of action were also investigated. LFME was obtained by Soxhlet extraction. The rats were fasted overnight and anesthetized with sodium pentobarbitone (60 mg/kg i.p.). LFME was administered in i.v. boluses in the concentrations of 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg respectively, with concomitant monitoring of mean arterial pressure (MAP). It was found that LFME dose-dependently reduced MAP. An i.v. bolus injection of atropine significantly decreased the blood pressure lowering effect of LFME. Similarly, L-NAME (Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) significantly lowered both the MAP and the action duration. Conversely, no significant change in MAP was seen following i.v. injections of neostigmine, hexamethonium, prazosin and propranolol. LFME also produced a dose-dependent contractile effect in guinea pig ileum. This contraction was significantly reduced in atropine pre-incubated tissue segments, yet it was significantly enhanced in the presence of neostigmine. No appreciable change in the ability of LFME to contract guinea pig ileum was seen in the presence of hexamethonium. Accordingly, it can be postulated that LFME possesses a marked hypotensive effect that can be attributed to stimulation of muscarinic receptors and/or stimulation of nitric oxide (NO) release. Moreover, LFME retains a considerable spasmogenic action due to its cholinergic properties. The hypotensive and spasmogenic effects of LFME justify its traditional uses.

Matched MeSH terms: Injections, Intraperitoneal
Complications of artificial pneumoperitoneum

BURMAN D

Med J Malaya, 1954 Sep;9(1):46-60.
PMID: 13213453
Matched MeSH terms: Injections, Intraperitoneal*
Fulltext Evaluation of neuroprotective effects of alpha-tocopherol in cuprizone-induced demyelination model of multiple sclerosis

Mitra NK, Xuan KY, Teo CC, Xian-Zhuang N, Singh A, Chellian J

Res Pharm Sci, 2020 Dec;15(6):602-611.
PMID: 33828603 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.301345

Background and Purpose: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by demyelination and axonal loss. Quantitative estimation of behavioral, locomotor, and histological changes following the use of alpha-tocopherol (AT) in the animal model of MS have not been reported. The present study was planned to evaluate whether AT can improve sensorimotor dysfunction and reduce demyelination in the cuprizone (CPZ)-induced rat model of MS.
Experimental approach: Female Sprague-Dawley rats (8 weeks) were fed with cuprizone diet for 5 weeks followed by intraperitoneal injections of alpha-tocopherol (100 mg/Kg) or PBS for 2 weeks (groups E1 and E2, n = 8). Group C (n = 8) was fed with normal pellets followed by intraperitoneal doses of PBS. Open-field test and beam walking were carried out on every 10th day. The mean area of demyelination in the corpus callosum was quantified in Luxol® fast blue (LFB) stained histological sections of the forebrain. Qualitative grading for relative changes in the stains of myelinated fibers was also done.
Findings/Results: During withdrawal of CPZ, AT treatment increased the average speed by 22% in group E1, compared to group E2 (P < 0.05). The mean time to walk the beam was reduced in group E1 by 2.6% compared to group E2 (P < 0.05). The rearing frequency was increased in group E1 during week 6-7 compared to that in the period of CPZ treatment. The mean area of demyelination in the corpus callosum showed a 12% reduction in group E1 compared to group E2 (P < 0.05).
Conclusion and implications: Short-term AT therapy showed improvement in motor dysfunction and reduction of demyelination in the animal model of MS.

Matched MeSH terms: Injections, Intraperitoneal
Stress induces reinstatement of extinguished cocaine conditioned place preference by a sequential signaling via neuropeptide S, orexin, and endocannabinoid

Chou YH, Hor CC, Lee MT, Lee HJ, Guerrini R, Calo G, et al.

Addict Biol, 2020 Oct 19.
PMID: 33078457 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12971

Neurons containing neuropeptide S (NPS) and orexins are activated during stress. Previously, we reported that orexins released during stress, via orexin OX1 receptors (OX1 Rs), contribute to the reinstatement of cocaine seeking through endocannabinoid/CB1 receptor (CB1 R)-mediated dopaminergic disinhibition in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Here, we further demonstrated that NPS released during stress is an up-stream activator of this orexin-endocannabinoid cascade in the VTA, leading to the reinstatement of cocaine seeking. Mice were trained to acquire cocaine conditioned place preference (CPP) by context-pairing cocaine injections followed by the extinction training with context-pairing saline injections. Interestingly, the extinguished cocaine CPP in mice was significantly reinstated by intracerebroventricular injection (i.c.v.) of NPS (1 nmol) in a manner prevented by intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of SHA68 (50 mg/kg), an NPS receptor antagonist. This NPS-induced cocaine reinstatement was prevented by either i.p. or intra-VTA microinjection (i.vta.) of SB-334867 (15 mg/kg, i.p. or 15 nmol, i.vta.) and AM 251 (1.1 mg/kg, i.p. or 30 nmol, i.vta.), antagonists of OX1 Rs and CB1 Rs, respectively. Besides, NPS (1 nmol, i.c.v.) increased the number of c-Fos-containing orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and increased orexin-A level in the VTA. The latter effect was blocked by SHA68. Furthermore, a 30-min restraint stress in mice reinstated extinguished cocaine CPP and was prevented by SHA68. These results suggest that NPS is released upon stress and subsequently activates LH orexin neurons to release orexins in the VTA. The released orexins then reinstate extinguished cocaine CPP via an OX1 R- and endocannabinoid-CB1 R-mediated signaling in the VTA.

Matched MeSH terms: Injections, Intraperitoneal
The effects of intramuscular and intraperitoneal injections of benzo[a]pyrene on selected biomarkers in Clarias gariepinus

Karami A, Christianus A, Ishak Z, Syed MA, Courtenay SC

Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 2011 Sep;74(6):1558-66.
PMID: 21636131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.05.012

This study investigated the dose-dependent and time-course effects of intramuscular (i.m.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) on the biomarkers EROD activity, GST activity, concentrations of BaP metabolites in bile, and visceral fat deposits (Lipid Somatic Index, LSI) in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Intraperitoneal injection resulted in 4.5 times higher accumulation of total selected biliary FACs than i.m. injection. Hepatic GST activities were inhibited by BaP via both injection methods. Dose-response relationships between BaP injection and both biliary FAC concentrations and hepatic GST activities were linear in the i.p. injected group but nonlinear in the i.m. injected fish. Hepatic EROD activity and LSI were not significantly affected by BaP exposure by either injection route. We conclude that i.p. is a more effective route of exposure than i.m. for future ecotoxicological studies of PAH exposure in C. gariepinus.

Matched MeSH terms: Injections, Intraperitoneal
Fulltext Protective effect of aqueous extracts from Canarium odontophyllum Miq. leaf on liver in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Siti Balkis Budin, Kumar, Shashi, Nor Malia Abd Warif, Shafikha Mohd Saari, Dayang Fredalina Basri

Life Sciences, Medicine and Biomedicine, 2018;2(1):1-5.
MyJurnal

The fruit of Canarium odontophyllum Miq. is a traditional delicacy in Borneo for its anti-aging benefit. This study evaluated the protective effect of C. odontophyllum leaf aqueous extract on damaged liver in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. A total of 30 male Spraque-Dawley rats (150-250g) were randomly divided into three groups: control group, diabetic without treatment and diabetic treated with 300 mg/kg aqueous extract of C. odontophyllum for 28 consecutive days. The diabetic condition was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin at 65 mg/kg body weight. At the end of study period, blood was collected to assess the biochemical changes and the oxidative stress markers whereas the liver section was examined for morphological changes. Result showed that the level of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), total bilirubin, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in diabetic rats treated with C. odontophyllum were significantly reduced (p

Matched MeSH terms: Injections, Intraperitoneal
Fulltext N-Ethyl-n-Nitrosourea Induced Leukaemia in a Mouse Model through Upregulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Evading Apoptosis

Aliyu A, Shaari MR, Ahmad Sayuti NS, Reduan MFH, Sithambaram S, Noordin MM, et al.

Cancers (Basel), 2020 Mar 13;12(3).
PMID: 32183192 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030678

Chemical carcinogens are commonly used to investigate the biology and prognoses of various cancers. This study investigated the mechanism of leukaemogenic effects of n-ethyl-n-nitrosourea (ENU) in a mouse model. A total of 14 3-week-old male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR)-mice were used for the study. The mice were divided into groups A and B with seven mice each. Group A served as the control while group B received intraperitoneal (IP) injections of 80 mg/kg ENU twice with a one-week interval and were monitored monthly for 3 months for the development of leukaemia via blood smear examination. The mice were sacrificed humanely using a CO2 chamber. Blood, spleen, lymph nodes, liver, kidney and lung samples were collected for blood smear examination and histopathological evaluation. The expression of angiogenic protein (VEGF), and pro and anti-apoptotic proteins (BCL2 and BAX), was detected and quantified using Western blot technique. Leukaemia was confirmed by the presence of numerous blast cells in the peripheral blood smear in group B. Similarly, the VEGF and BCL2 proteins were significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated in group B compared to A. It is concluded that IP administration of 80 mg/kg ENU induced leukaemia in ICR-mice 12 weeks post administration through upregulation of angiogenic and anti-apoptotic proteins: VEGF and BCL2.

Matched MeSH terms: Injections, Intraperitoneal
Fulltext Anti-malarial and anti-inflammatory effects of Gleichenia truncata mediated through inhibition of GSK3β

Suhaini S, Liew SZ, Norhaniza J, Lee PC, Jualang G, Embi N, et al.

Trop Biomed, 2015 Sep;32(3):419-33.
PMID: 26695202 MyJurnal

Gleichenia truncata is a highland fern from the Gleicheniaceae family known for its traditional use among indigenous communities in Asia to treat fever. The scientific basis of its effect has yet to be documented. A yeast-based kinase assay conducted in our laboratory revealed that crude methanolic extract (CME) of G. truncata exhibited glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3)-inhibitory activity. GSK3β is now recognized to have a pivotal role in the regulation of inflammatory response during bacterial infections. We have also previously shown that lithium chloride (LiCl), a GSK3 inhibitor suppressed development of Plasmodium berghei in a murine model of malarial infection. The present study is aimed at evaluating G. truncata for its anti-malarial and anti-inflammatory effects using in vivo malarial and melioidosis infection models respectively. In a four-day suppressive test, intraperitoneal injections of up to 250 mg/kg body weight (bw) G. truncata CME into P.berghei-infected mice suppressed parasitaemia development by >60%. Intraperitoneal administration of 150 mg/kg bw G. truncata CME into Burkholderia pseudomallei-infected mice improved survivability by 44%. G. truncata CME lowered levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ) in serum and organs of B. pseudomallei-infected mice. In both infections, increased phosphorylations (Ser9) of GSK3β were detected in organ samples of animals administered with G. truncata CME compared to controls. Taken together, results from this study strongly suggest that the anti-malarial and anti-inflammatory effects elicited by G. truncata in part were mediated through inhibition of GSK3β. The findings provide scientific basis for the ethnomedicinal use of this fern to treat inflammation-associated symptoms.

Matched MeSH terms: Injections, Intraperitoneal
Histopathological studies of cardiac lesions after long term administration of methamphetamine in high dosage--Part II

Islam MN, Jesmine K, Kong Sn Molh A, Hasnan J

Leg Med (Tokyo), 2009 Apr;11 Suppl 1:S147-50.
PMID: 19345131 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2009.02.035

A small amount of Methamphetamine (MA) can produce behavioural changes such as euphoria, increased alertness, paranoia, decreased appetite and increased physical activity. In cardiovascular system, it can produce chest pain and hypertension which can result in cardiovascular collapse. In addition, MA causes accelerated heartbeat, elevated blood pressure. It can also cause irreversible damage to blood vessels in the brain. A number of sympathomimetic amines are capable of causing myocardial damage, but the cardio-toxic action of MA has been of particular interest since standardized dosage consistently produces myocardial lesions. As this drug is a choice of many teenagers and young adults, the damage to their health, as well as their future aspects could be greatly affected, therefore more evidence must be sought to convince them the negative root and show them the optimism of recovery and salvation. To clarify the effect of Methamphetamine (MA) on myocardium, 56 male Wister rats aged four weeks were divided equally into MA, Methamphetamine withdrawal (MW), Placebo (P) and Control (C) group were examined following daily intra-peritoneal administration of MA at a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight for 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Normal saline was similarly injected in P group. Light microscopic changes was seen in the myocardium of MA treated group including eosinophilic degeneration, atrophy, hypertrophy, disarray, edema, cellular infiltration, myolysis, granulation tissue, fibrosis and vacuolization. On the other hand, the withdrawal group showed evidence of gradual recovery of those myocardial changes. Optimism is therefore generated about possibility of returning towards normal by withdrawing of this drug by the addicts.

Matched MeSH terms: Injections, Intraperitoneal
The role of macrophages in the induction of murine immune response to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans

Sosroseno W, Herminajeng E

J Med Microbiol, 2002 Jul;51(7):581-8.
PMID: 12132775

The aim of this study was to determine the role of macrophages in the Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans-induced murine immune response. BALB/c mice were given carrageenan solution by intraperitoneal injection before immunisation with heat-killed A. actinomycetemcomitans. Mice immunised with antigens and phosphate-buffered saline served as positive and negative controls, respectively. One week after the last immunisation, the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response was assessed by measurement of footpad swelling. Serum IgG and IgM anti-A. actinomycetemcomitans antibody levels and culture supernate levels of interferon (IFN)-gamma were determined by ELISA. The diameter of abscess formation was determined every 5 days. Sham-immunised spleen cells were transferred to carrageenan-untreated recipients (groups A and B) and to carrageenan-treated recipients (group D). Antigen-immunised spleen cells were transferred to carrageenan-untreated (group C) and carrageenan-treated (group E) recipients. The carrageenan-treated recipients in groups F and G received macrophages from antigen- and sham-immunised mice respectively. All mice except those in group A were immunised with antigen 24 h after cell transfer. After 1 week, a partial suppression of DTH response, reduced levels of IFN-gamma, serum IgG and IgM anti-A. actinomycetemcomitans antibodies and delayed healing were seen in carrageenan-treated mice when compared with the positive control. The immune response to A. actinomycetemcomitans in groups A, B and D was lower than that in groups C and E. Healing of the lesion in the former groups was also delayed when compared with the latter groups. The immune response and the healing of the lesion could be partially restored in carrageenan-treated mice that received antigen-pulsed macrophages (group F) but not in those that received naive macrophages (group G). These results suggest that macrophages play a partial role in the induction of the murine immune response to A. actinomycetemcomitans.

Matched MeSH terms: Injections, Intraperitoneal
Effects of mitragynine from Mitragyna speciosa Korth leaves on working memory

Apryani E, Hidayat MT, Moklas MA, Fakurazi S, Idayu NF

J Ethnopharmacol, 2010 Jun 16;129(3):357-60.
PMID: 20371280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.03.036

AIM OF THE STUDY: Mitragyna speciosa Korth from Rubiaceae family is a tropical plant indigenous to Southeast Asia particularly in Thailand, Peninsular of Malaysia and Indonesia. The leaves have been used by natives for their opium-like effect and cocaine-like stimulant ability to combat fatigue and enhance tolerance to hard work. However there is no scientific information about the effect of mitragynine on the cognitive performances. This study is designed to examine the working memory effects of mitragynine which is extracted from Mitragyna speciosa mature leaves.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cognitive effect was studied using object location task and the motor activity in open-field test. Mitragynine 5, 10 and 15 mg/kg and were administered by intraperitoneal (IP) for 28 consecutive days and evaluated on day 28 after the last dose treatment. Scopolamine was used as the control positive drug.
RESULTS: In this study there is prominent effects on horizontal locomotor activity was observed. Mitragynine significantly reduced locomotor activity in open-field test compared with vehicle. In object location task mitragynine (5, 10 and 15 mg/kg) did not showed any significances discrimination between the object that had changed position than the object that had remain in a constant position.
CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that chronic administration of mitragynine can altered the cognitive behavioral function in mice.

Matched MeSH terms: Injections, Intraperitoneal
Toxicology study of vanillin on rats via oral and intra-peritoneal administration

Ho K, Yazan LS, Ismail N, Ismail M

Food Chem Toxicol, 2011 Jan;49(1):25-30.
PMID: 20807560 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.08.023

Vanillin is useful as anti-sickle cell anemia, anti-mutagen and anti-bacteria agent. However, vanillin must be administered at high concentration and cannot be oxidized by the upper gastrointestinal track of patients to be medically effective. In this study, we assessed the toxic effect of vanillin when administered in an un-oxidized form at high concentrations (150 and 300 mg/kg) via oral and intra-peritoneal injection. It was found that 300 mg/kg vanillin injection caused the rats to be unconscious without exerting any toxic effect on blood cells, kidney and liver. Besides, it showed blood protective property. Further analysis with GenomeLab GeXP genetic system on brain tissues showed that the expression of most xenobiotic metabolism, cell progression, tumor suppressor, DNA damage and inflammation genes were maintained at normal level. However, the expression of a few xenobiotic metabolism, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis genes were up-regulated by 5% ethanol injection. Nevertheless, when 5% ethanol was injected with the presence of vanillin, the expression was back to normal level. It is postulated that vanillin might have neuro-protective property. In conclusion, vanillin is not toxic at high concentration in both oral and intra-peritoneal injection and could provide blood and brain protective properties.

Matched MeSH terms: Injections, Intraperitoneal
Leave methamphetamine to be alive--Part II

Islam MN, Khan J, Jaafar H

Leg Med (Tokyo), 2009 Apr;11 Suppl 1:S143-6.
PMID: 19345604 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2009.02.045

Series of experiments have been completed with Methamphetamine (MA). Some were with the higher, medium or lower duration of MA administration and some were with acute or chronic doses. Whatever may be the dose or duration the ultimate result came out with the further establishment of cardio-toxic effect of this drug. Cardiovascular symptoms related to MA toxicity include chest pain, palpitations, dyspnoea, hypertension, tachycardia, atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, and myocardial ischemia. MA abusers often go through a repeated pattern of frequent drug administrations followed by a period of abstinence. Previous studies have focused largely upon the chronic effect of MA intake to major organs, such as the brains and the heart, by using animal experiments. However, there is a lack of research into the effects of acute dose of MA, especially pertaining to the heart. To clarify the effect of MA on myocardium, 22 male Wister rats aged six weeks were divided into MA, Placebo (P) and Control (C) group were examined following single intraperitoneal administration of MA at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight. Normal saline was similarly injected in P group. Light microscopic changes was seen in the myocardium of MA treated group including cellular infiltration, with clusters of macrophage-like cells having large nuclei and little cytoplasm evident in the sub-endocardium region. There were presence of few macrophages, leucocytes, and spindle-like fibroblasts. Bringing in to account of cardiac changes by a single dose of MA, slogan should be voiced out to leave methamphetamine.

Matched MeSH terms: Injections, Intraperitoneal
Influence of cisplatin-induced renal failure on the alpha(1)-adrenoceptor subtype causing vasoconstriction in the kidney of the rat

Khan AH, Sattar MA, Abdullah NA, Johns EJ

Eur J Pharmacol, 2007 Aug 13;569(1-2):110-8.
PMID: 17559832

This study investigated whether the alpha(1)-adrenoceptor subtype(s) mediating the vasoconstrictor actions of the renal sympathetic nerves were altered in rats with cisplatin-induced renal failure. Male Wistar Kyoto rats were used and half received cisplatin (5 mg/kg i.p.) to induce renal failure and were taken for study 7 days later. The renal blood flow reductions caused by electrical renal nerve stimulation and close intra-renal administration of noradrenaline, phenylephrine and methoxamine were determined before and after amlodopine (AMP), 5-methylurapidil (MeU), chloroethylclonidine (CEC) or BMY 7378. Water intake and creatinine clearance were decreased (P<0.05) by 40-50% while fractional excretion of sodium was increased two-fold in the cisplatin treated rats. Mean arterial pressure was higher, 110+/-2 versus 102+/-3 mmHg and renal blood flow was lower, 10.7+/-0.9 versus 18.9+/-0.1 ml/min/kg in the renal failure rats (both P<0.05). AMP, MeU and BMY 7378 decreased (all P<0.05) the adrenergically induced renal vasoconstrictor responses in the renal failure groups by 30 to 50% and in normal rats by 20 to 40%. In the presence of CEC, renal nerve stimulation and noradrenaline and methoxamine induced renal vasoconstrictor responses were enhanced (all P<0.05) in the renal failure but not in the normal rats. These data showed that alpha(1A)- and alpha(1D)-adrenoceptors were the major subtypes in mediating adrenergically induced renal vasoconstriction but there was no substantial shift in subtype in renal failure. The contribution of alpha(1B)-adrenoceptor subtypes either pre- or post-synaptic appeared to be raised in the renal failure rats.

Matched MeSH terms: Injections, Intraperitoneal

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