Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 59 in total

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  1. Abu Ismaiel A, Aroua MK, Yusoff R
    Sensors (Basel), 2014 Jul 21;14(7):13102-13.
    PMID: 25051034 DOI: 10.3390/s140713102
    In this study, a potentiometric sensor composed of palm shell activated carbon modified with trioctylmethylammonium thiosalicylate (TOMATS) was used for the potentiometric determination of mercury ions in water samples. The proposed potentiometric sensor has good operating characteristics towards Hg (II), including a relatively high selectivity; a Nernstian response to Hg (II) ions in a concentration range of 1.0 × 10(-9) to 1.0 × 10(-2) M, with a detection limit of 1 × 10(-10) M and a slope of 44.08 ± 1.0 mV/decade; and a fast response time (~5 s). No significant changes in electrode potential were observed when the pH was varied over the range of 3-9. Additionally, the proposed electrode was characterized by good selectivity towards Hg (II) and no significant interferences from other cationic or anionic species.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ionic Liquids/chemistry*
  2. Hossain MI, El-Harbawi M, Alitheen NB, Noaman YA, Lévêque JM, Yin CY
    Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 2013 Jan;87:65-9.
    PMID: 23107478 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.09.020
    Three 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-alkylimidazolium chloride room temperature ionic liquids (ILs) [2OHimC(n)][Cl]; (n=0, 1, 4) have been synthesized from the appropriate imidazole precursors and characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopies and elemental analysis. Their anti-microbial activities were investigated using the well-diffusion method. The viabilities of Escherichia coli, Aeromonas hydrophila, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica as a function of IL concentrations were studied. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and EC₅₀ values for the present ILs were within the concentration range from 60 to 125 mM and 23 to 73 mM. The anti-microbial potencies of the present ILs were compared to a standard antibiotic, gentamicin. The finding affords additional perspective on the level of ILs toxicity to aquatic lifeforms and yet, this characteristic can be readily harnessed to detect microbial growth and activity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ionic Liquids/chemistry
  3. Ismail Hossain M, Samir BB, El-Harbawi M, Masri AN, Abdul Mutalib MI, Hefter G, et al.
    Chemosphere, 2011 Oct;85(6):990-4.
    PMID: 21794892 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.088
    A new mathematical model has been developed that expresses the toxicities (EC₅₀ values) of a wide variety of ionic liquids (ILs) towards the freshwater flea Daphnia magna by means of a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR). The data were analyzed using summed contributions from the cations, their alkyl substituents and anions. The model employed multiple linear regression analysis with polynomial model using the MATLAB software. The model predicted IL toxicities with R²=0.974 and standard error of estimate of 0.028. This model affords a practical, cost-effective and convenient alternative to experimental ecotoxicological assessment of many ILs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ionic Liquids/chemistry
  4. Hassan S, Duclaux L, Lévêque JM, Reinert L, Farooq A, Yasin T
    J Environ Manage, 2014 Nov 1;144:108-17.
    PMID: 24929502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.05.005
    The adsorption from aqueous solution of imidazolium, pyrrolidinium and pyridinium based bromide ionic liquids (ILs) having different alkyl chain lengths was investigated on two types of microporous activated carbons: a fabric and a granulated one, well characterized in terms of surface chemistry by "Boehm" titrations and pH of point of zero charge measurements and of porosity by N2 adsorption at 77 K and CO2 adsorption at 273 K. The influence of cation type, alkyl chain length and adsorbate size on the adsorption properties was analyzed by studying kinetics and isotherms of eight different ILs using conductivity measurements. Equilibrium studies were carried out at different temperatures in the range [25-55 °C]. The incorporation of ILs on the AC porosity was studied by N2 adsorption-desorption measurements at 77 K. The experimental adsorption isotherms data showed a good correlation with the Langmuir model. Thermodynamic studies indicated that the adsorption of ILs onto activated carbons was an exothermic process, and that the removal efficiency increased with increase in alkyl chain length, due to the increase in hydrophobicity of long chain ILs cations determined with the evolution of the calculated octanol-water constant (Kow). The negative values of free energies indicated that adsorption of ILs with long chain lengths having hydrophobic cations was more spontaneous at the investigated temperatures.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ionic Liquids/chemistry*
  5. Sarwono A, Man Z, Muhammad N, Khan AS, Hamzah WSW, Rahim AHA, et al.
    Ultrason Sonochem, 2017 Jul;37:310-319.
    PMID: 28427638 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.01.028
    5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) has been identified as a promising biomass-derived platform chemical. In this study, one pot production of HMF was studied in ionic liquid (IL) under probe sonication technique. Compared with the conventional heating technique, the use of probe ultrasonic irradiation reduced the reaction time from hours to minutes. Glucose, cellulose and local bamboo, treated with ultrasonic, produced HMF in the yields of 43%, 31% and 13% respectively, within less than 10min. The influence of various parameters such as acoustic power, reaction time, catalysts and glucose loading were studied. About 40% HMF yield at glucose conversion above 90% could be obtained with 2% of catalyst in 3min. Negligible amount of soluble by-product was detected, and humin formation could be controlled by adjusting the different process parameters. Upon extraction of HMF, the mixture of ionic liquid and catalyst could be reused and exhibited no significant reduction of HMF yield over five successive runs. The purity of regenerated [C4C1im]Cl and HMF was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy, indicating neither changes in the chemical structure nor presence of any major contaminants during the conversion under ultrasonic treatment. 13C NMR suggests that [C4C1im]Cl/CrCl3 catalyses mutarotation of α-glucopyranose to β-glucopyranose leading to isomerization and finally conversion to HMF. The experimental results demonstrate that the use of probe sonication technique for conversion to HMF provides a positive process benefit.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ionic Liquids/chemistry*
  6. Mohamad Hanapi NS, Sanagi MM, Ismail AK, Wan Ibrahim WA, Saim N, Wan Ibrahim WN
    PMID: 28142101 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.01.028
    The aim of this study was to investigate and apply supported ionic liquid membrane (SILM) in two-phase micro-electrodriven membrane extraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) for pre-concentration and determination of three selected antidepressant drugs in water samples. A thin agarose film impregnated with 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, [C6MIM] [PF6], was prepared and used as supported ionic liquid membrane between aqueous sample solution and acceptor phase for extraction of imipramine, amitriptyline and chlorpromazine. Under the optimized extraction conditions, the method provided good linearity in the range of 1.0-1000μgL(-1), good coefficients of determination (r(2)=0.9974-0.9992) and low limits of detection (0.1-0.4μgL(-1)). The method showed high enrichment factors in the range of 110-150 and high relative recoveries in the range of 88.2-111.4% and 90.9-107.0%, for river water and tap water samples, respectively with RSDs of ≤7.6 (n=3). This method was successfully applied to the determination of the drugs in river and tap water samples. It is envisaged that the SILM improved the perm-selectivity by providing a pathway for targeted analytes which resulted in rapid extraction with high degree of selectivity and high enrichment factor.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ionic Liquids/chemistry*
  7. Soheilmoghaddam M, Wahit MU
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2013 Jul;58:133-9.
    PMID: 23567285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.03.066
    In this study, novel nanocomposite films based on regenerated cellulose/halloysite nanotube (RC/HNT) have been prepared using an environmentally friendly ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIMCl) through a simple green method. The structural, morphological, thermal and mechanical properties of the RC/HNT nanocomposites were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), thermal analysis and tensile strength measurements. The results obtained revealed interactions between the halloysite nanotubes and regenerated cellulose matrix. The thermal stability and mechanical properties of the nanocomposite films, compared with pure regenerated cellulose film, were significantly improved When the halloysite nanotube (HNT) loading was only 2 wt.%, the 20% weight loss temperature (T20) increased 20°C. The Young's modulus increased from 1.8 to 4.1 GPa, while tensile strength increased from 35.30 to 60.50 MPa when 8 wt.% halloysite nanotube (HNT) was incorporated, interestingly without loss of ductility. The nanocomposite films exhibited improved oxygen barrier properties and water absorption resistance compared to regenerated cellulose.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ionic Liquids/chemistry
  8. Atkins MP, Earle MJ, Seddon KR, Swadźba-Kwaśny M, Vanoye L
    Chem Commun (Camb), 2010 Mar 14;46(10):1745-7.
    PMID: 20177636 DOI: 10.1039/b923250h
    Selected Brønsted acidic ionic liquids were tested as homogeneous catalysts for the dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether. Ionic liquids incorporating an alkanesulfonic acid as a part of the cation, a complex acidic anion, [A(2)H](-), or both, proved to be good catalysts for this process, providing high conversions and selectivities. Homogeneous catalysis in the liquid state represents a novel approach to dimethyl ether synthesis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ionic Liquids/chemistry
  9. Ghanem OB, Shah SN, Lévêque JM, Mutalib MIA, El-Harbawi M, Khan AS, et al.
    Chemosphere, 2018 Mar;195:21-28.
    PMID: 29248749 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.018
    Over the past decades, Ionic liquids (ILs) have gained considerable attention from the scientific community in reason of their versatility and performance in many fields. However, they nowadays remain mainly for laboratory scale use. The main barrier hampering their use in a larger scale is their questionable ecological toxicity. This study investigated the effect of hydrophobic and hydrophilic cyclic cation-based ILs against four pathogenic bacteria that infect humans. For that, cations, either of aromatic character (imidazolium or pyridinium) or of non-aromatic nature, (pyrrolidinium or piperidinium), were selected with different alkyl chain lengths and combined with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic anionic moieties. The results clearly demonstrated that introducing of hydrophobic anion namely bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)amide, [NTF2] and the elongation of the cations substitutions dramatically affect ILs toxicity behaviour. The established toxicity data [50% effective concentration (EC50)] along with similar endpoint collected from previous work against Aeromonas hydrophila were combined to developed quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model for toxicity prediction. The model was developed and validated in the light of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines strategy, producing good correlation coefficient R2 of 0.904 and small mean square error (MSE) of 0.095. The reliability of the QSAR model was further determined using k-fold cross validation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ionic Liquids/chemistry
  10. Aziz NFHA, Abbasiliasi S, Ng HS, Phapugrangkul P, Bakar MHA, Tam YJ, et al.
    J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci, 2017 Jun 15;1055-1056:104-112.
    PMID: 28458127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.04.029
    The partitioning of β-mannanase derived from Bacillus subtilis ATCC 11774 in aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) was studied. The ATPS containing different molecular weight of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and types of salt were employed in this study. The PEG/salt composition for the partitioning of β-mannanase was optimized using response surface methodology. The study demonstrated that ATPS consists of 25% (w/w) of PEG 6000 and 12.52% (w/w) of potassium citrate is the optimum composition for the purification of β-mannanase with a purification fold (PF) of 2.28 and partition coefficient (K) of 1.14. The study on influences of pH and crude loading showed that ATPS with pH 8.0 and 1.5% (w/w) of crude loading gave highest PF of 3.1. To enhance the partitioning of β-mannanase, four ionic liquids namely 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Bmim]BF4), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Emim]BF4), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([Bmim]Br), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([Emim]Br) was added into the system as an adjuvant. The highest recovery yield (89.65%) was obtained with addition of 3% (w/w) of [Bmim]BF4. The SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that the β-mannanase was successfully recovered in the top phase of ATPS with the molecular size of 36.7kDa. Therefore, ATPS demonstrated a simple and efficient approach for recovery and purification of β-mannanase from fermentation broth in one single-step strategy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ionic Liquids/chemistry*
  11. Mohamad S, Surikumaran H, Raoov M, Marimuthu T, Chandrasekaram K, Subramaniam P
    Int J Mol Sci, 2011;12(9):6329-45.
    PMID: 22016662 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12096329
    This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of the inclusion complex of β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) with dicationic ionic liquid, 3,3'-(1,4-Phenylenebis [methylene]) bis(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium) di(bromide) (PhenmimBr). The inclusion complex was prepared at room temperature utilizing conventional kneading technique. Proton ((1)H) NMR and 2D ((1)H-(1)H) COSY NMR were the primary characterization tools employed to verify the formation of the inclusion complex. COSY spectra showed strong correlations between protons of imidazolium and protons of β-CD which indicates that the imidazolium ring of PhenmimBr has entered the cavity of β-CD. UV absorption indicated that β-CD reacts with PhenmimBr to form a 2:1 β-CD-PhenmimBr complex with an apparent formation constant of 2.61 × 10(5) mol&(-2) L(2). Other characterization studies such as UV, FT-IR, XRD, TGA, DSC and SEM studies were also used to further support the formation of the β-CD-PhenmimBr inclusion complex.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ionic Liquids/chemistry*
  12. Hanid NA, Wahit MU, Guo Q, Mahmoodian S, Soheilmoghaddam M
    Carbohydr Polym, 2014 Jan;99:91-7.
    PMID: 24274483 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.07.080
    In this study, regenerated cellulose/halloysites (RC/HNT) nanocomposites with different nanofillers loading were fabricated by dissolving the cellulose in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (EMIMCl) ionic liquid. The films were prepared via solution casting method and were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The mechanical properties were investigated by tensile testing. It clearly displayed a good enhancement of both tensile strength and Young's modulus with HNT loading up to 5 wt%. As the HNT loadings increased to 5 wt%, the thermal behaviour and water resistance rate was also increased. The TEM and SEM images also depicted even dispersion of the HNT and a good intertubular interaction between the HNT and the cellulose matrix.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ionic Liquids/chemistry*
  13. Tan JS, Lee SY, Chew KW, Lam MK, Lim JW, Ho SH, et al.
    Bioengineered, 2020 12;11(1):116-129.
    PMID: 31909681 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2020.1711626
    The richness of high-value bio-compounds derived from microalgae has made microalgae a promising and sustainable source of useful product. The present work starts with a review on the usage of open pond and photobioreactor in culturing various microalgae strains, followed by an in-depth evaluation on the common harvesting techniques used to collect microalgae from culture medium. The harvesting methods discussed include filtration, centrifugation, flocculation, and flotation. Additionally, the advanced extraction technologies using ionic liquids as extractive solvents applied to extract high-value bio-compounds such as lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and other bioactive compounds from microalgae biomass are summarized and discussed. However, more work needs to be done to fully utilize the potential of microalgae biomass for the application in large-scale production of biofuels, food additives, and nutritive supplements.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ionic Liquids/chemistry
  14. Abdul Rahman MB, Jumbri K, Basri M, Abdulmalek E, Sirat K, Salleh AB
    Molecules, 2010 Apr 05;15(4):2388-97.
    PMID: 20428050 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15042388
    This paper reports the synthesis of a series of new tetraethylammonium-based amino acid chiral ionic liquids (CILs). Their physico-chemical properties, including melting point, thermal stability, viscosity and ionic conductivity, have been comprehensively studied. The obtained results indicated that the decomposition for these salts proceeds in one step and the temperature of decomposition (T(onset)) is in the range of 168-210 degrees C. Several new CILs prepared in this work showed high ionic conductivity compared to the amino acid ionic liquids (AAILs) found in the literature.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ionic Liquids/chemistry*
  15. Kia Y, Osman H, Kumar RS, Murugaiyah V, Basiri A, Khaw KY, et al.
    Med Chem, 2014;10(5):512-20.
    PMID: 24138113
    A series of hitherto unreported piperidone embedded α,β-unsaturated ketones were synthesized efficiently in ionic solvent and evaluated for cholinesterase inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes. Most of the synthesized compounds displayed good enzyme inhibition; therein compounds 7i and 7f displayed significant activity against AChE with IC50 values of 1.47 and 1.74 µM, respectively. Compound 6g showed the highest BChE inhibitory potency with IC50 value of 3.41 µM, being 5 times more potent than galanthamine. Molecular modeling simulation was performed using AChE and BChE receptors extracted from crystal structure of human AChE and human BChE to determine the amino acid residues involved in the binding interaction of synthesized compounds and their relevant receptors.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ionic Liquids/chemistry*
  16. Boon YH, Mohamad Zain NN, Mohamad S, Osman H, Raoov M
    Food Chem, 2019 Apr 25;278:322-332.
    PMID: 30583379 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.10.145
    Poly(β-cyclodextrin functionalized ionic liquid) immobilized magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4@βCD-Vinyl-TDI) as sorbent in magnetic µ-SPE was developed for the determination of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in rice samples coupled with gas chromatographic-flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The nanocomposite was characterized by various tools and significant parameters that affected the extraction efficiency of PAHs were investigated. The calibration curves were linear for the concentration ranging between 0.1 and 500 μg kg-1 with correlation determinations (R2) from 0.9970 to 0.9982 for all analytes. Detection limits ranged at 0.01-0.18 μg kg-1 in real matrix. The RSD values ranged at 2.95%-5.34% (intra-day) and 4.37%-7.05% (inter-day) precision for six varied days. The sorbents showed satisfactory reproducibility in 2.9% to 9.9% range and acceptable recovery values at 80.4%-112.4% were obtained for the real sample analysis. The optimized method was successfully applied to access content safety of selected PAHs for 24 kinds of commercial rice available in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ionic Liquids/chemistry
  17. Liew CW, Ramesh S
    Carbohydr Polym, 2015 Jun 25;124:222-8.
    PMID: 25839815 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.02.024
    Biopolymer electrolytes containing corn starch, lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) and ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BmImPF6) are prepared by solution casting technique. Temperature dependence-ionic conductivity studies reveal Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher (VTF) relationship which is associated with free volume theory. Ionic liquid-based biopolymer electrolytes show lower glass transition temperature (Tg) than ionic liquid-free biopolymer electrolyte. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies demonstrate higher amorphous region of ionic liquid-added biopolymer electrolytes. In addition, the potential stability window of the biopolymer electrolyte becomes wider and stable up to 2.9V. Conclusively, the fabricated electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) shows improved electrochemical performance upon addition of ionic liquid into the biopolymer electrolyte. The specific capacitance of EDLC based on ionic liquid-added polymer electrolyte is relatively higher than that of ionic liquid-free polymer electrolyte as depicted in cyclic voltammogram.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ionic Liquids/chemistry
  18. Iqbal B, Sarfaraz Z, Muhammad N, Ahmad P, Iqbal J, Khan ZUH, et al.
    J Biomater Sci Polym Ed, 2018 07;29(10):1168-1184.
    PMID: 29460709 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2018.1443604
    In this study, collagen/alginate/hydroxyapatite beads having different proportions were prepared as bone fillers for the restoration of osteological defects. Ionic liquid was used to dissolve the collagen and subsequently the solution was mixed with sodium alginate solution. Hydroxyapatite was added in different proportions, with the rationale to enhance mechanical as well as biological properties. The prepared solutions were given characteristic bead shapes by dropwise addition into calcium chloride solution. The prepared beads were characterized using FTIR, XRD, TGA and SEM analysis. Microhardness testing was used to evaluate the mechanical properties. The prepared beads were investigated for water adsorption behavior to ascertain its ability for body fluid uptake and adjusted accordingly to the bone cavity. Drug loading and subsequently the antibacterial activity was investigated for the prepared beads. The biocompatibility was assessed using the hemolysis testing and cell proliferation assay. The prepared collagen-alginate-HA beads, having biocompatibility and good mechanical properties, have showed an option of promising biologically active bone fillers for bone regeneration.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ionic Liquids/chemistry*
  19. Muhammad N, Man Z, Bustam MA, Mutalib MI, Wilfred CD, Rafiq S
    Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 2011 Oct;165(3-4):998-1009.
    PMID: 21720837 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9315-y
    In the present work, the dissolution of bamboo biomass was tested using a number of ionic liquids synthesized in laboratory. It was observed that one of the synthesized amino acid-based ionic liquids, namely 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium glycinate, was capable of dissolving the biomass completely. The dissolved biomass was then regenerated using a reconstitute solvent (acetone/water) and was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The results were compared to preconditioned bamboo biomass. The regenerated biomass was found to have a more homogenous macrostructure, which indicates that the crystalline form and structure of its cellulose has changed from type Ι to type ΙΙ during the dissolution and regeneration process.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ionic Liquids/chemistry*
  20. Lee LY, Morad N, Ismail N, Talebi A, Rafatullah M
    Int J Mol Sci, 2020 Sep 18;21(18).
    PMID: 32962106 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186860
    This study investigates the separation of two heavy metals, Cd(II) and Cu(II), from the mixed synthetic feed using a liquid-liquid extraction. The current study uses tri-octyl methylammonium chloride (Aliquat 336) as the extractant (with tributyl phosphate (TBP) as a phase modifier), diluted in toluene, in order to investigate the selective extraction of Cd(II) over Cu(II) ions. We investigate the use of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as a masking agent for Cu(II), when added in aqueous feed, for the selective extraction of Cd(II). Five factors that influence the selective extraction of Cd(II) over Cu(II) (the equilibrium pH (pHeq), Aliquat 336 concentration (Aliquat 336), TBP concentration (TBP), EDTA concentration (EDTA), and organic to aqueous ratio (O:A)) were analyzed. Results from a 25-1 fractional factorial design show that Aliquat 336 significantly influenced Cd(II) extraction, whereas EDTA was statistically significant for the antagonistic effect on the E% of Cu(II) in the same system. Moreover, results from optimization experiment showed that the optimum conditions are Aliquat 336 concentration of 99.64 mM and EDTA concentration of 48.86 mM-where 95.89% of Cd(II) was extracted with the least extracted Cu(II) of 0.59%. A second-order model was fitted for optimization of Cd(II) extraction with a R2 value of 0.998, and ANOVA results revealed that the model adequately fitted the data at a 5% significance level. Interaction between Aliquat 336 and Cd(II) has been proven via FTIR qualitative analysis, whereas the addition of TBP does not affect the extraction mechanism.
    Matched MeSH terms: Ionic Liquids/chemistry
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