Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 492 in total

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  1. Ishigooka J, Nakamura J, Fujii Y, Iwata N, Kishimoto T, Iyo M, et al.
    Schizophr Res, 2015 Feb;161(2-3):421-8.
    PMID: 25556976 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.12.013
    This study was designed to evaluate efficacy and safety of aripiprazole once-monthly (AOM) by verifying non-inferiority of AOM to oral aripiprazole in Asian patients with schizophrenia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Japan
  2. Ibrahim N, Parsa A, Hassan B, van der Stelt P, Rahmat RA, Ismail SM, et al.
    BMC Oral Health, 2021 05 08;21(1):249.
    PMID: 33964918 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01595-z
    BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare the trabecular bone microstructures of anterior and posterior edentulous regions of human mandible using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and micro computed tomography (µCT).

    METHODS: Twenty volumes of interests consisting of six anterior and fourteen posterior edentulous regions were obtained from human mandibular cadavers. A CBCT system with a resolution of 80 µm (3D Accuitomo 170, J. Morita, Kyoto, Japan) and a µCT system with a resolution of 35 µm (SkyScan 1173, Kontich, Belgium) were used to scan the mandibles. Three structural parameters namely, trabecular number (Tb.N), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), and trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) were analysed using CTAn software (v 1.11, SkyScan, Kontich, Belgium). For each system, the measurements obtained from anterior and posterior regions were tested using independent sample t-test. Subsequently, all measurements between systems were tested using paired t-test.

    RESULTS: In CBCT, all parameters of the anterior and posterior mandible showed no significant differences (p > 0.05). However, µCT showed a significant different of Tb.Th (p = 0.023) between anterior and posterior region. Regardless of regions, the measurements obtained using both imaging systems were significantly different (p ≤ 0.021) for Tb.Th and Tb.N.

    CONCLUSIONS: The current study demonstrated that only the variation of Tb.Th between anterior and posterior edentulous region of mandible can be detected using µCT. In addition, CBCT is less feasible than µCT in assessing trabecular bone microstructures at both regions.

    Matched MeSH terms: Japan
  3. Abdullah NL, Gunasekaran R, Mohd-Zin SW, Lim BH, Maniam P, Mohd-Salleh AS, et al.
    BMC Res Notes, 2018 Jul 16;11(1):475.
    PMID: 30012199 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3593-1
    OBJECTIVES: The Neural Tube Defects Research Group of University of Malaya was approached to analyze a tablet named TELSE, which may have resulted in a baby born with central nervous system malformation at the University of Malaya Medical Centre. In this animal experimental study, we investigated the content of TELSE and exposure of its contents that resulted in failure of primary neurulation.

    RESULTS: Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass spectrophotometry analysis of the TELSE tablet confirmed the presence of trimethoprim as the active compound. The TELSE tablet-treated females produced significant numbers of embryos with exencephaly (n = 8, 36.4%, *P 

    Matched MeSH terms: Japan
  4. Houkin K, Fukuhara S, Selladurai BM, Zurin AA, Ishak M, Kuroda S, et al.
    Neurol. Med. Chir. (Tokyo), 1999 Oct;39(11):773-7; discussion 777-8.
    PMID: 10598447
    A new image transmission and teleconference system using international digital telephone services was established between Japan and Malaysia. This new system consists of an ordinary personal computer, image scanner, and terminal adapter for digital telephone lines. The quality of images transferred using this system was high enough for diagnosis and discussion except for images such as radiographs requiring huge data transfer. Transmission of one image took approximately 20 seconds. The cost performance was almost equal to the conventional mailing system. The most remarkable advantage of this new system is the high quality of transferred images, the cost and time performance, and security of the medical information. New communication systems using international digital networks including the internet may allow re-distribution of medical resources between advanced countries and developing countries in neurosurgery.
    Matched MeSH terms: Japan
  5. Ta GC, Mokhtar MB, Mohd Mokhtar HA, Ismail AB, Abu Yazid MF
    Ind Health, 2010;48(6):835-44.
    PMID: 20616463
    Chemical classification and labelling systems may be roughly similar from one country to another but there are significant differences too. In order to harmonize various chemical classification systems and ultimately provide consistent chemical hazard communication tools worldwide, the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) was endorsed by the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). Several countries, including Japan, Taiwan, Korea and Malaysia, are now in the process of implementing GHS. It is essential to ascertain the comprehensibility of chemical hazard communication tools that are described in the GHS documents, namely the chemical labels and Safety Data Sheets (SDS). Comprehensibility Testing (CT) was carried out with a mixed group of industrial workers in Malaysia (n=150) and factors that influence the comprehensibility were analysed using one-way ANOVA. The ability of the respondents to retrieve information from the SDS was also tested in this study. The findings show that almost all the GHS pictograms meet the ISO comprehension criteria and it is concluded that the underlying core elements that enhance comprehension of GHS pictograms and which are also essential in developing competent persons in the use of SDS are training and education.
    Matched MeSH terms: Japan
  6. Mior Azrizal M. Ibrahim, Wan Zaripah Wan Bakar, Adam Husein
    MyJurnal
    Composite resins Amaris is claimed to have hydrophobic effect which minimizes the staining intake. This study is to investigate the colour stability of Amaris compared to Filtek Z250 in coffee solution. Sixty discs of composite resins Filtek Z250 (3M ESPE) and Amaris (Voco) with diameter of 5mm and depth of 2mm were fabricated by packing in a drinking straw and sectioned with hard tissue cutter (Exakt, Japan). The surfaces of the specimens were polished with Sof-Lex disc before each group of the samples is immersed in coffee solution. They were kept in the solution for 4 days at 370C and assessed at the period of 2 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, and 4 days. The staining was assessed visually and recorded using Lobene (1968) Stain Index and score was given accordingly. The colour changes of both groups were not statistically significant (p
    Matched MeSH terms: Japan
  7. Adhikary AK
    J Med Microbiol, 2017 Nov;66(11):1616-1622.
    PMID: 29068283 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000625
    Recently, human adenovirus type 3 (HAdV-3) has become the most isolated HAdV worldwide. Restriction endonuclease analysis of globally isolated strains of HAdV-3 has uncovered 51 genome types to date. Information on the genome type is important to the epidemiological study of HAdV-3. In this study, analysis of 75 isolates of HAdV- 3 collected over a 24-year period in Fukui revealed: (1) the emergence of three novel genome types (HAdV-3a52, HAdV-3a53 and HAdV-3a54) and two known genome types (HAdV-3a and HAdV-3a54); (2) the spectrum of diseases caused by individual genome types and their major involvement in the paediatric age population; and (3) the co-circulation and replacement of genome types as a usual phenomenon. The rising number of HAdV-3 genome types indicates that the genetic variation of HAdV-3 is more than other HAdVs. Considering the clinical importance of HAdV-3 infection, its genetic diversity underscores the need for its continuous surveillance and genetic characterization.
    Matched MeSH terms: Japan/epidemiology
  8. Hashimoto K, Watanobe T, Liu CX, Init I, Blair D, Ohnishi S, et al.
    Parasitol Res, 1997;83(3):220-5.
    PMID: 9089716
    For elucidation of the taxonomic status of the Japanese Fasciola species, whole mitochondrial DNA of Fasciola hepatica from Australia, F. gigantica from Malaysia, and Fasciola sp. from Japan was digested with three four-base-cutting endonucleases: HinfI, MspI, and RsaI. The resulting digestion patterns showed that for each enzyme there were some bands specific for each geographical isolate and that the Japanese Fasciola sp. shared more bands with F. gigantica than with F. hepatica. Nucleotide sequences of two regions, the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) of the nuclear ribosomal RNA cluster and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), were also compared among them. The ITS2 sequence was highly conserved among the three isolates. F. gigantica and the Japanese Fasciola sp. were identical, but they differed from the Australian F. hepatica at six sites, one of which was a deletion. The COI sequence was less conserved but implied a similar relationship between the isolates. There seems no reason to regard the Japanese Fasciola sp. as anything other than a strain of F. gigantica.
    Matched MeSH terms: Japan
  9. Okamoto M, Ito A, Kurosawa T, Oku Y, Kamiya M, Agatsuma T
    Int J Parasitol, 1995 Feb;25(2):221-8.
    PMID: 7622329
    The technique of isoenzyme electrophoresis was applied to Japanese wild populations of Taenia taeniaeformis (isolated from Norway rats) and three laboratory reared isolates (KRN isolated from a Malaysian Norway rat, BMM from a Belgian house mouse and ACR from a Japanese gray red-backed vole). The average heterozygosities of Japanese wild populations were fairly small and total genetic variability was 0.0499. The genetic make-up of T. taeniaeformis in Norway rats was rather uniform in the whole of Japan. In KRN isolate, each of all 10 loci examined possessed the allele which was predominant in Japanese wild populations. Similarly, each of 9 loci in BMM isolate possessed the same alleles, but one of 2 alleles at HK locus was different from that in the others. T. taeniaeformis parasitizing house mice and rats were considered to be genetically closely related to each other. In ACR isolate, 7 out of 10 loci possessed different alleles from those in the other populations. It was considered that ACR isolate was genetically distant and its phylogenetic origin in Japan should be different from worms parasitizing Norway rats.
    Matched MeSH terms: Japan
  10. Cejp B, Jimi N, Aguado MT
    Zootaxa, 2023 Feb 21;5244(4):341-360.
    PMID: 37044457 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5244.4.2
    The phylogenetic relationships of Syllidae have been analyzed in several studies during the last decades, resulting in highly congruent topologies. Most of the subfamilies were found to be monophyletic, while other groups (Eusyllinae and several genera) have been reorganized attending their phylogenetic relationships. However, there are still several enigmatic genera, which could not be assigned to any of the established subgroups. These enigmatic genera usually show a combination of characters indicating relationships with several different groups, and some show morphological traits unique to Syllidae. One of the most intriguing genera, still unclassified within Syllidae is Clavisyllis Knox. Herein, we provide a complete description of a new species Clavisyllis tenjini n. sp. from Japan. We sequence the complete mitochondrial genome, compare with the available data from other syllids, and perform a phylogenetic analysis of three genes (18S, 16S, COI), traditionally used in previous studies. Clavisyllis shows a unique combination of characters within Syllidae, such as nuchal lappets and large ovoid dorsal cirri. The new species has additional anterior appendages that have not been found in any other syllid. Our results show the genus is a member of Eusyllinae, closely related to Pionosyllis Malmgren. The mitochondrial gene order agrees with the considered plesiomorphic gene order in Annelida, which is present in all members of Eusyllinae investigated so far. Clavisyllis reproduces by epigamy, the reproductive mode of members of Eusyllinae. The present study contributes to the systematics of Syllidae, a complex group with a large number of species and striking reproductive modes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Japan
  11. Jaswir, I., Octavianti, F., Lestari, W., Hendri, R., Ahmad, H.
    MyJurnal
    Gastrodin elata blume (Tianma in Chinese, Chunma in Korean) is a perennial parasitic herbaceous plant native to Korea, Japan and China (Chae et al., 2008). The plant has recently received very good attention, especially in Korea, due to its excellent health-promoting properties. This plant is reported to have excellent antioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties. This paper briefly reviews some characteristics and functional properties of Chunma.
    Matched MeSH terms: Japan
  12. Ahmad, H.S.
    MyJurnal
    The past decade has seen a marked increase in the popularity of ATS use, particularly methamphetamine, within East Asia,and the Pacific region. In Malaysia, the National Anti Drug Agency has identified 8,870 addicts (from January till August 2008) out of which 1,126 was ATS dependence. During the same period, the police have arrested 46,388 people under the Dangerous Drug Act 1952. They also has seize 283kg of syabu, 545kg of ecstacy powder, 66194 tablets of esctacy pills and 222,376 tablets of yaba pills from Jan till August this year. The occurrence of psychosis arising from the use of ATS was first reported in the late 1930's. With growing ATS use, particularly methamphetamine, ATS-induced psychosis has become a major impact on public health.Symptoms of ATS-induced psychosis: Methamphetamine use produces a variety of effects, ranging from irritability, to physical aggression, hyperawareness, hypervigilance, and psychomotor agitation. Repeated or high-dose use of the stimulant can cause drug-induced psychosis resembling paranoid schizophrenia, characterized by hallucinations, delusions and thought disorders. When used in long term, methamphetamine may lead to development of psychiatric symptoms due to dopamine depletion in the striatum. The most common lifetime psychotic symptoms among methamphetamine psychotic patients - as reported in a cross-country study involving Australia, Japan, the Philippines and Thailand - are persecutory delusion, auditory hallucinations, strange or unusual beliefs and thought reading. Those patients were also reported to suffer from impaired speech, psychomotor retardation, depression and anxiety. An ATS psychosis can be distinguished from primary psychotic disorders by time. In ATS-induced psychosis symptoms usually resolve after the drug is discontinued. If symptoms do not resolve within 2 weeks after cessation of stimulant use, a primary psychiatric disorder should be suspected. When compared with other stimulants, such as cocaine, psychosis is induced more commonly by ATS, possibly due to the longer duration of action produced by amphetamines.For example, while smoking cocaine produces a high that lasts for 20-30 minutes, smoking methamphetamine produces a high that lasts 8-24 hours. Other symptoms of ATS-induced psychosis reported include affective blunting,(6) violent behavior, and self-mutilation and self-injurious behavior.
    Matched MeSH terms: Japan
  13. Matsumoto T, Sato M, Nishizono A, Ahmed K
    Arch Virol, 2019 Aug;164(8):2179-2182.
    PMID: 31111258 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04286-x
    We identified two novel circoviruses, HK02976 and HK00220, in oral swabs from bats. The size of their full genome was 2,010 nucleotides (nt). The full-genome sequence of our strains shared 96.1% nucleotide sequence identity with each other, and 39.9%-69.5% identity with bat-associated circoviruses (BatACVs)1-9. Based on the species demarcation threshold for viruses of the family Circoviridae, which is 80% genome-wide nucleotide sequence identity, we have tentatively named this group of viruses "bat-associated circovirus 10" (BatACV10).
    Matched MeSH terms: Japan
  14. Ling GHT, Md Suhud NAB, Leng PC, Yeo LB, Cheng CT, Ahmad MHH, et al.
    PMID: 33578829 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041704
    Little attention has been paid to the impacts of institutional-human-environment dimensions on the outcome of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) abatement. Through the diagnostic social-ecological system (SES) framework, this review paper aimed to investigate what and how the multifaceted social, physical, and governance factors affected the success level of seven selected Asia-Pacific countries (namely, South Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, Indonesia, and New Zealand) in combatting COVID-19. Drawing on statistical data from the Our World In Data website, we measured the COVID-19 severity or abatement success level of the countries on the basis of cumulative positive cases, average daily cases, and mortality rates for the period of 1 February 2020 to 30 June 2020. A qualitative content analysis using three codes, i.e., present (P), partially present (PP), and absent (A) for each SES attribute, as well as score calculation and rank ordering for government response effectiveness and the abatement success level across the countries, was undertaken. Not only did the standard coding process ensure data comparability but the data were deemed substantially reliable with Cohen's kappa of 0.76. Among 13 attributes of the SES factors, high facility adequacy, comprehensive COVID-19 testing policies, strict lockdown measures, imposition of penalty, and the high trust level towards the government seemed to be significant in determining the COVID-19 severity in a country. The results show that Vietnam (ranked first) and New Zealand (ranked second), with a high presence of attributes/design principles contributing to high-level government stringency and health and containment indices, successfully controlled the virus, while Indonesia (ranked seventh) and Japan (ranked sixth), associated with the low presence of design principles, were deemed least successful. Two lessons can be drawn: (i) having high number of P for SES attributes does not always mean a panacea for the pandemic; however, it would be detrimental to a country if it lacked them severely, and (ii) some attributes (mostly from the governance factor) may carry higher weightage towards explaining the success level. This comparative study providing an overview of critical SES attributes in relation to COVID-19 offers novel policy insights, thus helping policymakers devise more strategic, coordinated measures, particularly for effective country preparedness and response in addressing the current and the future health crisis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Japan
  15. Ishigaki G, Nitthaisong P, Prasojo YS, Kobayashi I, Fukuyama K, Rahman MM, et al.
    Asian-Australas J Anim Sci, 2018 May;31(5):748-754.
    PMID: 29059721 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.17.0543
    OBJECTIVE: The preference evaluation of cattle is an important factor for estimation and improvement of the grazing amounts of newly introduced or bred grasses or cultivars in barn. This study was performed to assess the grazing behavior (the amount of grazing and/or the grazing speed) of cattle as indirect method using newly bred Brachiaria ruziziensis tetraploid strain 'OKI-1'(BR) hay as treatment group and Cloris gayana 'Callide' (CG) hay as control group. It also compared the feasibility of using behavioral differences between two groups as one criteria for evaluating preference by Japanese black cattle in barn.

    METHODS: Three experiments were carried out using 12 growing Japanese Black cattle including 6 males and 6 females. In each experiment, the four Japanese Black cattle (2 males and 2 females) were placed in separated stall and allowed to graze BR and CG in manger that was separated into two portions for about 30 min. The position and behavior of the cattle were recorded, and weighed the residual of each gay at 15 and 30 minutes after experiment start.

    RESULTS: The BR was superior to CG in chemical composition such as protein, fibers and non-fibrous carbohydrate. The cattle, over all, tended to prefer BR over CG in the first half 15 minutes in terms of the time spent and amount of grazing. Additionally, growing cattle exhibited neophilia for BR bred newly.

    CONCLUSION: These findings indicated the current approach could be applied for one of criteria to evaluate the preference of hay by Japanese black cattle under indoor housing environment.

    Matched MeSH terms: Japan
  16. Lojanapiwat B, Lee JY, Gang Z, Kim CS, Fai NC, Hakim L, et al.
    Prostate Int, 2019 Jun;7(2):60-67.
    PMID: 31384607 DOI: 10.1016/j.prnil.2018.06.001
    The Asian Prostate Cancer (A-CaP) study is an Asia-wide initiative that was launched in December 2015 in Tokyo, Japan, with the objective of surveying information about patients who have received a histopathological diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa) and are undergoing treatment and clarifying distribution of staging, the actual status of treatment choices, and treatment outcomes. The study aims to clarify the clinical situation for PCa in Asia and use the outcomes for the purposes of international comparison. Following the first meeting in Tokyo in December 2015, the second A-CaP meeting was held in Seoul, Korea, in September 2016. This, the third A-CaP meeting, was held on October 14, 2017, in Chiang Mai, Thailand, with the participation of members and collaborators from 12 countries and regions. In the meeting, participating countries and regions presented the current status of data collection, and the A-CaP office presented a preliminary analysis of the registered cases received from each country and region. Participants discussed ongoing challenges relating to data input and collection, institutional, and legislative issues that may present barriers to data sharing, and the outlook for further patient registrations through to the end of the registration period in December 2018. In addition to A-CaP-specific discussions, a series of special lectures were also delivered on the situation for health insurance in the United States, the correlation between insurance coverage and PCa outcomes, and the outlook for robotic surgery in the Asia-Pacific region. Members also confirmed the principles of authorship in collaborative studies, with a view to publishing original articles based on A-CaP data in the future.
    Matched MeSH terms: Japan
  17. Lim J, Onozawa M, Saad M, Ong TA, A-CaP (Asian Prostate Cancer) Study, J-CaP (Japan Prostate Cancer Study Group), et al.
    Cancer Sci, 2021 Jun;112(6):2071-2080.
    PMID: 33738901 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14889
    The number of newly diagnosed prostate cancer cases varies across Asia, with higher mortality-to-incidence ratio reported in developing nations. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), alone or in combination, remains the mainstay of first-line treatment for advanced prostate cancer. Key findings of extensive research and randomized controlled trials have shaped current clinical practice and influenced clinical guideline recommendations. We describe here the recent trend of ADT in newly diagnosed prostate cancer for Asia focusing on Japan (high-income country) and Malaysia (middle-income country) based on the Asian Prostate Cancer (A-CaP) Study. The combination of radiotherapy and ADT or ADT alone was common in patients with intermediate-to-high risk localized and locally advanced disease. For metastatic prostate cancer, maximum androgen blockade (gonadotrophin-releasing hormone [GnRH] agonist/antagonist plus antiandrogen) was prevalent among the Japanese patients while primary ADT alone with GnRH agonist/antagonist was widely practiced in the Malaysian cohort. Upfront combined therapy (ADT plus docetaxel or androgen receptor pathway inhibitor) has significantly improved the outcomes of patients with metastatic castration-naïve prostate cancer. Its application, however, remains low in our cohorts due to patients' financial capacity and national health insurance coverage. Early detection remains the cornerstone in prostate cancer control to improve treatment outcome and patient survival.
    Matched MeSH terms: Japan
  18. Solarin SA, Gil-Alana LA, Al-Mulali U
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2018 Jun;25(18):17289-17299.
    PMID: 29651729 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1920-7
    In this article, we have examined the hypothesis of convergence of renewable energy consumption in 27 OECD countries. However, instead of relying on classical techniques, which are based on the dichotomy between stationarity I(0) and nonstationarity I(1), we consider a more flexible approach based on fractional integration. We employ both parametric and semiparametric techniques. Using parametric methods, evidence of convergence is found in the cases of Mexico, Switzerland and Sweden along with the USA, Portugal, the Czech Republic, South Korea and Spain, and employing semiparametric approaches, we found evidence of convergence in all these eight countries along with Australia, France, Japan, Greece, Italy and Poland. For the remaining 13 countries, even though the orders of integration of the series are smaller than one in all cases except Germany, the confidence intervals are so wide that we cannot reject the hypothesis of unit roots thus not finding support for the hypothesis of convergence.
    Matched MeSH terms: Japan
  19. Hassali MA, Alrasheedy AA, McLachlan A, Nguyen TA, Al-Tamimi SK, Ibrahim MI, et al.
    Saudi Pharm J, 2014 Dec;22(6):491-503.
    PMID: 25561861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2013.12.017
    Generic medicines are clinically interchangeable with original brand medicines and have the same quality, efficacy and safety profiles. They are, nevertheless, much cheaper in price. Thus, while providing the same therapeutic outcomes, generic medicines lead to substantial savings for healthcare systems. Therefore, the quality use of generic medicines is promoted in many countries. In this paper, we reviewed the role of generic medicines in healthcare systems and the experiences of promoting the use of generic medicines in eight selected countries, namely the United States (US), the United Kingdom (UK), Sweden, Finland, Australia, Japan, Malaysia and Thailand. The review showed that there are different main policies adopted to promote generic medicines such as generic substitution in the US, generic prescribing in the UK and mandatory generic substitution in Sweden and Finland. To effectively and successfully implement the main policy, different complementary policies and initiatives were necessarily introduced. Barriers to generic medicine use varied between countries from negative perceptions about generic medicines to lack of a coherent generic medicine policy, while facilitators included availability of information about generic medicines to both healthcare professionals and patients, brand interchangeability guidelines, regulations that support generic substitution by pharmacists, and incentives to both healthcare professionals and patients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Japan
  20. Nayeri ND, Goudarzian AH, Herth K, Naghavi N, Nia HS, Yaghoobzadeh A, et al.
    Int J Health Sci (Qassim), 2020 9 22;14(5):50-57.
    PMID: 32952505
    Objective: The psychological construct of hope is an important determinant for mental health and well-being. The availability of valid and reliable instruments to measure hope is, therefore, critical. Despite a large number of psychometric studies on the Herth Hope Index (HHI), its construct validity has not yet been determined. Therefore, this paper aimed to conduct a systematic review of the psychometric properties of the HHI.

    Methods: Databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Magiran, SID, IranDoc, and IranMedex were evaluated systematically using the terms "HHI," "psychometric," "validity," "reliability," and related terms (with the use of OR and AND operators) and no restrictions on the year of publication. A total of 13 eligible studies were found published between 1992 and 2018 in the USA, Portugal, Switzerland, Iran, Germany, Petersburg, Japan, the Netherlands, Lima, Peru, and Norway. The methodology used in the available studies included principal component analysis (n = 6), maximum likelihood estimation (n = 5), and principal axis factoring (n = 1). One study did not point the methodology.

    Results: Four studies reported the total extracted variances to be less than 50%, six studies reported variance between 50% and 60%, and three papers reported variance that exceeded 60%. Of the papers that examined the factor structure of the HHI, two studies reported a one-factor solution, seven reported two factors, and four reported a three-factor solution. Although the HHI is the most widely translated and psychometrically tested tool in languages other than English, psychometric variations in factor solutions remain inconsistent.

    Conclusion: Findings highlight the need for future research that appraises the validity of the HHI in different countries, and how the measure relates to other scales that evaluate hope.

    Matched MeSH terms: Japan
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