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Fulltext Clinical glycomics for the diagnosis of congenital disorders of glycosylation

Abu Bakar N, Lefeber DJ, van Scherpenzeel M

J Inherit Metab Dis, 2018 May;41(3):499-513.
PMID: 29497882 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-018-0144-9

Clinical glycomics comprises a spectrum of different analytical methodologies to analyze glycan structures, which provides insights into the mechanisms of glycosylation. Within clinical diagnostics, glycomics serves as a functional readout of genetic variants, and can form a basis for therapy development, as was described for PGM1-CDG. Integration of glycomics with genomics has resulted in the elucidation of previously unknown disorders of glycosylation, namely CCDC115-CDG, TMEM199-CDG, ATP6AP1-CDG, MAN1B1-CDG, and PGM1-CDG. This review provides an introduction into protein glycosylation and presents the different glycomics methodologies ranging from gel electrophoresis to mass spectrometry (MS) and from free glycans to intact glycoproteins. The role of glycomics in the diagnosis of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) is presented, including a diagnostic flow chart and an overview of glycomics data of known CDG subtypes. The review ends with some future perspectives, showing upcoming technologies as system wide mapping of the N- and O-glycoproteome, intact glycoprotein profiling and analysis of sugar metabolism. These new advances will provide additional insights and opportunities to develop personalized therapy. This is especially true for inborn errors of metabolism, which are amenable to causal therapy, because interventions through supplementation therapy can directly target the pathogenesis at the molecular level.

Matched MeSH terms: Mass Spectrometry
Fulltext Heavy Metal contamination of Dietary Supplements products available in the UAE markets and the associated risk

Jairoun AA, Shahwan M, Zyoud SH

Sci Rep, 2020 11 02;10(1):18824.
PMID: 33139833 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76000-w

A specific safety concern is the possibility that a dietary supplement could be contaminated with heavy metals. This research was undertaken to investigate the daily exposure levels of heavy metals in dietary supplements available in the UAE and to explore the factors associated with the contamination of dietary supplements with heavy metals. A total of 277 dietary supplement samples were collected from the UAE market and prepared for the analysis of selected heavy metal contamination. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to determine the presence of heavy metals. The average daily intake of cadmium was 0.73 μg [95% CI 0.61-0.85], compared to the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 6 μg; the daily intake of lead was 0.85 μg [95% CI 0.62-1.07], compared to the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 20 μg; and the daily intake of arsenic was 0.67 μg [95% CI 0.57-0.78], compared to the acceptable daily intake of 10 μg. Although the dietary supplements available in the UAE have low levels of heavy metal contamination, numerous individuals are consuming a number of different dietary supplements every day and thereby may experience a cumulative level of toxic exposure. Dietary supplements formulations (Categories), dosage forms and country of origin are strong determents of heavy metal contamination in dietary supplements products.

Matched MeSH terms: Mass Spectrometry
Biological treatment of produced water in a sequencing batch reactor by a consortium of isolated halophilic microorganisms

Pendashteh AR, Fakhru'l-Razi A, Chuah TG, Radiah AB, Madaeni SS, Zurina ZA

Environ Technol, 2010 Oct;31(11):1229-39.
PMID: 21046953 DOI: 10.1080/09593331003646612

Produced water or oilfield wastewater is the largest volume ofa waste stream associated with oil and gas production. The aim of this study was to investigate the biological pretreatment of synthetic and real produced water in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) to remove hydrocarbon compounds. The SBR was inoculated with isolated tropical halophilic microorganisms capable of degrading crude oil. A total sequence of 24 h (60 min filling phase; 21 h aeration; 60 min settling and 60 min decant phase) was employed and studied. Synthetic produced water was treated with various organic loading rates (OLR) (0.9 kg COD m(-3) d(-1), 1.8 kg COD m(-3) d(-1) and 3.6 kg COD m(-3) d(-1)) and different total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration (35,000 mg L(-1), 100,000 mg L(-1), 150,000 mg L(-1), 200,000 mg L(-1) and 250,000 mg L(-1)). It was found that with an OLR of 0.9 kg COD m(-3) d(-1) and 1.8 kg COD m(-3) d(-1), average oil and grease (O&G) concentrations in the effluent were 7 mg L(-1) and 12 mg L(-1), respectively. At TDS concentration of 35,000 mg L(-1) and at an OLR of 1.8 kg COD m(-3)d(-1), COD and O&G removal efficiencies were more than 90%. However, with increase in salt content to 250,000 mg L(-1), COD and O&G removal efficiencies decreased to 74% and 63%, respectively. The results of biological treatment of real produced water showed that the removal rates of the main pollutants of wastewater, such as COD, TOC and O&G, were above 81%, 83%, and 85%, respectively.

Matched MeSH terms: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Discovery of Antimalarial Drugs from Streptomycetes Metabolites Using a Metabolomic Approach

Ahmad SJ, Abdul Rahim MBH, Baharum SN, Baba MS, Zin NM

J Trop Med, 2017;2017:2189814.
PMID: 29123551 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2189814

Natural products continue to play an important role as a source of biologically active substances for the development of new drug. Streptomyces, Gram-positive bacteria which are widely distributed in nature, are one of the most popular sources of natural antibiotics. Recently, by using a bioassay-guided fractionation, an antimalarial compound, Gancidin-W, has been discovered from these bacteria. However, this classical method in identifying potentially novel bioactive compounds from the natural products requires considerable effort and is a time-consuming process. Metabolomics is an emerging "omics" technology in systems biology study which integrated in process of discovering drug from natural products. Metabolomics approach in finding novel therapeutics agent for malaria offers dereplication step in screening phase to shorten the process. The highly sensitive instruments, such as Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry (LC-MS), Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ((1)H-NMR) spectroscopy, provide a wide range of information in the identification of potentially bioactive compounds. The current paper reviews concepts of metabolomics and its application in drug discovery of malaria treatment as well as assessing the antimalarial activity from natural products. Metabolomics approach in malaria drug discovery is still new and needs to be initiated, especially for drug research in Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Fulltext Stingless bee honey, a novel source of trehalulose: a biologically active disaccharide with health benefits

Fletcher MT, Hungerford NL, Webber D, Carpinelli de Jesus M, Zhang J, Stone ISJ, et al.

Sci Rep, 2020 07 22;10(1):12128.
PMID: 32699353 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68940-0

Stingless bee (Meliponini) honey has long been considered a high-value functional food, but the perceived therapeutic value has lacked attribution to specific bioactive components. Examination of honey from five different stingless bee species across Neotropical and Indo-Australian regions has enabled for the first time the identification of the unusual disaccharide trehalulose as a major component representing between 13 and 44 g per 100 g of each of these honeys. Trehalulose is an isomer of sucrose with an unusual α-(1 → 1) glucose-fructose glycosidic linkage and known acariogenic and low glycemic index properties. NMR and UPLC-MS/MS analysis unambiguously confirmed the identity of trehalulose isolated from stingless bee honeys sourced across three continents, from Tetragonula carbonaria and Tetragonula hockingsi species in Australia, from Geniotrigona thoracica and Heterotrigona itama in Malaysia and from Tetragonisca angustula in Brazil. The previously unrecognised abundance of trehalulose in stingless bee honeys is concrete evidence that supports some of the reported health attributes of this product. This is the first identification of trehalulose as a major component within a food commodity. This study allows the exploration of the expanded use of stingless bee honey in foods and identifies a bioactive marker for authentication of this honey in associated food standards.

Matched MeSH terms: Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Fulltext Detection of malachite green and leuco-malachite green in fishery industry

Hidayah, N., Abu Bakar, F., Mahyudin, N.A., Faridah, S., Nur-Azura, M.S., Zaman, M.Z.

International Food Research Journal, 2013;20(4):1511-1519.
MyJurnal

This article summarises the current methods for total malachite green (MG) detection which is known as a sum of MG and leuco-malachite green (LMG) that has been used extensively in aquaculture as fungicide, dye color in textile and other purposes in food industries. LMG is a reducing form of MG, where the MG is easily reduced due to the photo-oxidative de-methylation process. Nevertheless, the use of MG had become an issue due to its toxicity effects. Many analytical instruments such as HPLC, LC—MS/MS, GC—MS, and spectrometry have been widely used for detection of MG. However, these methods require long time sample preparation and analysis, expensive, use hazardous reagents and indirect measurements. Hence, other analytical methods which are more sensitive, safe, rapid, inexpensive and portable are required. Alternatively, biosensors promise a more sensitive and rapid detection method for MG and LMG.

Matched MeSH terms: Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Fulltext i-Propylammonium Lead Chloride Based Perovskite Photocatalysts for Depolymerization of Lignin Under UV Light

Kausar S, Altaf AA, Hamayun M, Rasool N, Hadait M, Akhtar A, et al.

Molecules, 2020 Jul 31;25(15).
PMID: 32752133 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153520

Lignin depolymerization for the purpose of synthesizing aromatic molecules is a growing focus of research to find alternative energy sources. In current studies, the photocatalytic depolymerization of lignin has been investigated by two new iso-propylamine-based lead chloride perovskite nanomaterials (SK9 and SK10), synthesized by the facile hydrothermal method. Characterization was done by Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), UV-Visible (UV-Vis), Photoluminescence (PL), and Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy and was used for the photocatalytic depolymerization of lignin under UV light. Lignin depolymerization was monitored by taking absorption spectra and catalytic paths studied by applying kinetic models. The %depolymerization was calculated for factors such as catalyst dose variation, initial concentration of lignin, and varying temperatures. Pseudo-second order was the best suited kinetic model, exhibiting a mechanism for lignin depolymerization that was chemically rate controlled. The activation energy (Ea) for the depolymerization reaction was found to be 15 kJ/mol, which is remarkably less than conventional depolymerization of the lignin, i.e., 59.75 kJ/mol, exhibiting significant catalytic efficiencies of synthesized perovskites. Products of lignin depolymerization obtained after photocatalytic activity at room temperature (20 °C) and at 90 °C were characterized by GC-MS analysis, indicating an increase in catalytic lignin depolymerization structural subunits into small monomeric functionalities at higher temperatures. Specifically, 2-methoxy-4-methylphenol (39%), benzene (17%), phenol (10%) and catechol (7%) were detected by GC-MS analysis of lignin depolymerization products.

Matched MeSH terms: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Fulltext Clinacanthus nutans Standardized Fraction Arrested SiHa Cells at G1/S and Induced Apoptosis via Upregulation of p53

Nik Zainuddin NAS, Muhammad H, Nik Hassan NF, Othman NH, Zakaria Y

J Pharm Bioallied Sci, 2020 Nov;12(Suppl 2):S768-S776.
PMID: 33828376 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_262_19

Introduction: Cervical cancer is a leading cause of death in women. Current cancer treatment comes with side effects. Clinacanthus nutans has been known traditionally to treat cancer. This study was aimed to characterize C. nutans standardized fraction (SF1) and to investigate its anticancer mechanism against SiHa cells.
Materials and Methods: SF1 was produced by optimized methodology for bioassay-guided fractionation. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were carried out to characterize the SF1. SF1 was screened for cytotoxicity activity toward HeLa, SiHa, and normal cells (NIH) cells by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The anticancer mechanism of SF1 was evaluated toward SiHa cells, which showed highest cytotoxicity toward SF1 treatment. The mechanism includes cell cycle progression and protein expression, which was detected using specific antibody-conjugated fluorescent dye, p53-FITC, by flow cytometry.
Results: Major constituents of SF1 were alkaloids with amines as functional group. SF1 showed highest cytotoxic activity against SiHa (half-maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50] < 10 µg/mL) compared to HeLa cells. Cytoselectivity of SF1 was observed with no IC50 detected on normal NIH cells. On flow cytometry analysis, SF1 was able to induce apoptosis on SiHa cells by arresting cell cycle at G1/S and upregulation of p53 protein.
Conclusion: SF1 showed anticancer activity by inducing apoptosis through arrested G1/S cell cycle checkpoint-mediated mitochondrial pathway.

Matched MeSH terms: Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Inhibition of Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883 cells by hexane extract of Halimeda discoidea (Decaisne) and the identification of its potential bioactive compounds

Supardy NA, Ibrahim D, Sulaiman SF, Zakaria NA

J Microbiol Biotechnol, 2012 Jun;22(6):872-81.
PMID: 22573167

The inhibitory effect of the Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883 strain caused by the hexane extract of Halimeda discoidea (Nor Afifah et al., 2010) was further evaluated by means of the microscopy view and its growth curves. The morphological changes of the K. pneumoniae ATCC 13883 cells were observed under the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) after they were treated at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC; 0.50 mg/ml) (Nor Afifah et al., 2010) for 12, 24, and 36 h. The results showed the severity of the morphological deteriorations experienced by the treated cells. The killing curve assay was performed for 48 h at three different extract concentrations (1/2 MIC, MIC, and 2 MIC). An increase in the extract concentration of up to 2 MIC value did significantly reduce the number of cells by approximately 1.9 log10, as compared with the control. Identification of the potential compounds of the extract responsible for the antibacterial activity was carried out through the gas chromatography-mass spectrum (GCMS) analysis of the active subfraction, and the compound E-15-heptadecenal was identified and suggested as the most potential antibacterial compound of this extract. The subsequent cellular degenerations showed by the data might well explain the inhibitory mechanisms of the suggested antibacterial compound. All of these inhibitory effects have further proven the presence of an antibacterial compound within H. discoidea that can inhibit the growth of K. pneumoniae ATCC 13883.

Matched MeSH terms: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Antidepressant evaluation of Andrographis paniculata Nees extract and andrographolide in chronic unpredictable stress zebrafish model

Aldurrah Z, Mohd Kauli FS, Abdul Rahim N, Zainal Z, Afzan A, Al Zarzour RH, et al.

Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol, 2023 Sep;271:109678.
PMID: 37301417 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109678

Andrographis paniculata (A. paniculata) showed an anti-depressive effect in rodent models. Zebrafish has recently emerged as a worthy complementary translational model for antidepressant drug discovery study. This study investigates the anti-depressive effect of A. paniculata extract and andrographolide in the chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)- zebrafish model. Four groups of zebrafish (n = 10/group), i.e. control, CUS (stressed, untreated), CUS + A. paniculata (100 mg/L) and CUS + fluoxetine (0.01 mg/L) were assessed in open-field and social interaction tests, 24 h after treatment. After extract screening, behavioural and cortisol analysis of andrographolide (5, 25 and 50 mg/kg, i.p.) and fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) were evaluated. Before the behavioural study, acute toxicity and characterization of A. paniculata extract using UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS were performed. A significant reduction in freezing duration was found in A. paniculata- (t-test, p = 0.0234) and fluoxetine-treated groups (t-test, p

Matched MeSH terms: Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Fulltext Investigation of α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Metabolites from Tetracera scandens Leaves by GC-MS Metabolite Profiling and Docking Studies

Nokhala A, Siddiqui MJ, Ahmed QU, Ahamad Bustamam MS, Zakaria AZA

Biomolecules, 2020 02 12;10(2).
PMID: 32059529 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020287

Stone leaf (Tetracera scandens) is a Southeast Asian medicinal plant that has been traditionally used for the management of diabetes mellitus. The underlying mechanisms of the antidiabetic activity have not been fully explored yet. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the α-glucosidase inhibitory potential of the hydromethanolic extracts of T. scandens leaves and to characterize the metabolites responsible for such activity through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) metabolomics. Crude hydromethanolic extracts of different strengths were prepared and in vitro assayed for α-glucosidase inhibition. GC-MS analysis was further carried out and the mass spectral data were correlated to the corresponding α-glucosidase inhibitory IC50 values via an orthogonal partial least squares (OPLS) model. The 100%, 80%, 60% and 40% methanol extracts displayed potent α-glucosidase inhibitory potentials. Moreover, the established model identified 16 metabolites to be responsible for the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of T. scandens. The putative α-glucosidase inhibitory metabolites showed moderate to high affinities (binding energies of -5.9 to -9.8 kcal/mol) upon docking into the active site of Saccharomyces cerevisiae isomaltase. To sum up, an OPLS model was developed as a rapid method to characterize the α-glucosidase inhibitory metabolites existing in the hydromethanolic extracts of T. scandens leaves based on GC-MS metabolite profiling.

Matched MeSH terms: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Fulltext Antinociceptive activity of methanolic extract of melastoma malabathricum l.leaves and mechanisms of action in experimentalanimals

Erman Shah Jaios, Suzanah Abdul Rahman, Mooi, Ching Siew, Arifah Abdul Kadir, Mohd Nasir Mohd Desa, Zainul Amirudin Zakaria

International Journal of Allied Health Sciences, 2017;1(1):1-1.
MyJurnal

Objectives/Research Problem:Melastoma malabathricum L., (Melastomaceae) is a medicinally important plant known as “Senduduk”. Traditionally, the leaves are used to relieve diverse pain-related ailments. Present study aims to examine the antinociceptive activity of methanolic extract of M. malabathricum (MEMM) leaves and its fractions via in vivo models of nociception.

Materials and Method: Extracts (100, 250, 500 mg/kg) were administered orally 60 minutes prior to subjection to the respective test, n=6/group. Evaluation of MEMM antinociceptive activity; chemically (acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction; ACT, formalin-induced paw licking test; FT) and thermally (hot plate test; HT) models of nociception and elucidation of mechanisms of action involved; role of opioid, vanilloid receptors, glutamatergic system and NO/cGMP pathway were determined. Continuously, MEMM, partitioned into three fractions: petroleum ether (PEMM), ethyl acetate (EAMM), and aqueous (AQMM) extracts and determine the most potent fraction. Therefore, experiment ED50 and its 95% confidence intervals (CI) values were conducted, and ACT was used to screen. Calculation, obtained, PEMM, the most effective was further used to assess the antinociceptive properties. Phytochemical screening, HPLC and GC-MS analysis were performed.

Results and Discussion: First stage, MEMM exhibited significant (P

Matched MeSH terms: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Fulltext The effects of Piper sarmentosum aqueous extracts on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos and caudal fin tissue regeneration

Zainol Abidin IZ, Fazry S, Jamar NH, Ediwar Dyari HR, Zainal Ariffin Z, Johari AN, et al.

Sci Rep, 2020 08 25;10(1):14165.
PMID: 32843675 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70962-7

In Malaysia, Piper sarmentosum or 'kaduk' is commonly used in traditional medicines. However, its biological effects including in vivo embryonic toxicity and tissue regenerative properties are relatively unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo toxicities and caudal fin tissue regeneration in the presence of P. sarmentosum aqueous extracts. The phytochemical components and antioxidant activity of the extract were studied using GC-MS analysis and DPPH assay, respectively. Embryo toxicity tests involving survival, heartbeat, and morphological analyses were conducted to determine P. sarmentosum extract toxicity (0-60 µg/mL); concentrations of 0-400 µg/mL of the extract were used to study tissue regeneration in the zebrafish caudal fin. The extract contained several phytochemicals with antioxidant activity and exhibited DPPH scavenging activity (IC50 = 50.56 mg/mL). Embryo toxicity assays showed that a concentration of 60 μg/mL showed the highest rates of lethality regardless of exposure time. Slower embryogenesis was observed at 40 µg/mL, with non-viable embryos first detected at 50 µg/mL. Extracts showed significant differences (p

Matched MeSH terms: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Label-free Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Ascorbic Acid-induced Differentially Expressed Osteoblast-related Proteins in Dental Pulp Stem Cells from Deciduous and Permanent Teeth

Zainol Abidin IZ, Manogaran T, Abdul Wahab RM, Karsani SA, Yazid MD, Yazid F, et al.

Curr Stem Cell Res Ther, 2023;18(3):417-428.
PMID: 35762553 DOI: 10.2174/1574888X17666220627145424

BACKGROUND: Proteomic is capable of elucidating complex biological systems through protein expression, function, and interaction under a particular condition.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the potential of ascorbic acid alone in inducing differentially expressed osteoblast-related proteins in dental stem cells via the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/ mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) approach.
METHODS: The cells were isolated from deciduous (SHED) and permanent teeth (DPSC) and induced with 10 μg/mL of ascorbic acid. Bone mineralisation and osteoblast gene expression were determined using von Kossa staining and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The label-free protein samples were harvested on days 7 and 21, followed by protein identification and quantification using LC-MS/MS. Based on the similar protein expressed throughout treatment and controls for SHED and DPSC, overall biological processes followed by osteoblast-related protein abundance were determined using the PANTHER database. STRING database was performed to determine differentially expressed proteins as candidates for SHED and DPSC during osteoblast development.
RESULTS: Both cells indicated brownish mineral stain and expression of osteoblast-related genes on day 21. Overall, a total of 700 proteins were similar among all treatments on days 7 and 21, with 482 proteins appearing in the PANTHER database. Osteoblast-related protein abundance indicated 31 and 14 proteins related to SHED and DPSC, respectively. Further analysis by the STRING database identified only 22 and 11 proteins from the respective group. Differential expressed analysis of similar proteins from these two groups revealed ACTN4 and ACTN1 as proteins involved in both SHED and DPSC. In addition, three (PSMD11/RPN11, PLS3, and CLIC1) and one (SYNCRIP) protein were differentially expressed specifically for SHED and DPSC, respectively.
CONCLUSION: Proteome differential expression showed that ascorbic acid alone could induce osteoblastrelated proteins in SHED and DPSC and generate specific differentially expressed protein markers.

Matched MeSH terms: Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Fulltext Identification of angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory and radical scavenging bioactive peptides from sea cucumber (Stichopus vastus) collagen hydrolysates through optimization

Abedin, M.Z., Karim, A.A., Gan, C.Y., Ghazali, F.C., Barzideh, Z., Zzaman, W., et al.

International Food Research Journal, 2015;22(3):1074-1082.
MyJurnal

The sea cucumber (Stichopus vastus) is an underutilized species, as most of its parts, including the integument (high collagen content) are thrown away during processing. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different hydrolysis conditions (substrate to enzyme ratio (S/E), reaction temperature, and hydrolysis time) on the angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory and radical scavenging (RSc) activities of the hydrolysates produced from trypsin hydrolysis of S. vastus collagen. Optimal conditions predicted by Box-Behnken Design modelling for producing ACE inhibitory and RSc hydrolysates were found to be S/E ratio (15), reaction temperature (55°C), and hydrolysis time (1 h). Under optimal conditions, ACE inhibitory and RSc activities were estimated to be as high as 67.8% and 77.9%, respectively. Besides, some novel bioactive peptides were identified through mass spectrometry analysis. These results indicate that S. vastus hydrolysates might be used as a functional ingredient in food and nutraceutical products.

Matched MeSH terms: Mass Spectrometry
Optimisation of the supercritical extraction of toxic elements in fish oil

Hajeb P, Jinap S, Shakibazadeh Sh, Afsah-Hejri L, Mohebbi GH, Zaidul IS

Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess, 2014;31(10):1712-22.
PMID: 25090228 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.942707

This study aims to optimise the operating conditions for the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of toxic elements from fish oil. The SFE operating parameters of pressure, temperature, CO2 flow rate and extraction time were optimised using a central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM). High coefficients of determination (R²) (0.897-0.988) for the predicted response surface models confirmed a satisfactory adjustment of the polynomial regression models with the operation conditions. The results showed that the linear and quadratic terms of pressure and temperature were the most significant (p < 0.05) variables affecting the overall responses. The optimum conditions for the simultaneous elimination of toxic elements comprised a pressure of 61 MPa, a temperature of 39.8ºC, a CO₂ flow rate of 3.7 ml min⁻¹ and an extraction time of 4 h. These optimised SFE conditions were able to produce fish oil with the contents of lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury reduced by up to 98.3%, 96.1%, 94.9% and 93.7%, respectively. The fish oil extracted under the optimised SFE operating conditions was of good quality in terms of its fatty acid constituents.

Matched MeSH terms: Mass Spectrometry
Fulltext Dual bioactivities of laurus nobilis essential oil

Nur Afiqah Saparin, Mohd Muzamir Mahat, Muhd Fauzi Safian, Shahrul Hisham Zainal Ariffin, Nor Azah Mohamad Ali, Zaidah Zainal Ariffin

Science Letters, 2020;14(1):62-67.
MyJurnal

The evolution of cosmetic products results in the growing demands for cosmetics that are preservatives free. Plant essential oils were found to be a promising antimicrobial and also antioxidant agent. In this study, Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass), Laurus nobilis (bay leaf) and Backhousia citriodora (lemon myrtle) essential oils were selected and evaluated for their antimicrobial properties. It was found that Laurus nobilis exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against the selected bacteria Streptococcus saprophyticus (ATCC 49619), Streptococcus aureus (ATCC 22923), Streptococcus pyogenes (ATCC 29436), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 13048), Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 700603), Escherichia coli (ATCC 22922) with MIC ranging between 7.8 ug/mL to 250 μg/mL. The antioxidant activity of selected essential oils was determined by antioxidant assays which were 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay (DPPH), determination of ferric reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) and β-Carotene/linoleic acid bleaching assay. Backhousia citriodora and Laurus nobilis showed the highest antioxidant activity.
n-Octanal and β-Selinene were identified to be the major components with peak area of 26.37 % and 13.92 % respectively in secondary metabolites analysis by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS).

Matched MeSH terms: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Chemometric techniques in oil classification from oil spill fingerprinting

Ismail A, Toriman ME, Juahir H, Kassim AM, Zain SM, Ahmad WKW, et al.

Mar Pollut Bull, 2016 Oct 15;111(1-2):339-346.
PMID: 27397593 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.089

Extended use of GC-FID and GC-MS in oil spill fingerprinting and matching is significantly important for oil classification from the oil spill sources collected from various areas of Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah (East Malaysia). Oil spill fingerprinting from GC-FID and GC-MS coupled with chemometric techniques (discriminant analysis and principal component analysis) is used as a diagnostic tool to classify the types of oil polluting the water. Clustering and discrimination of oil spill compounds in the water from the actual site of oil spill events are divided into four groups viz. diesel, Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO), Mixture Oil containing Light Fuel Oil (MOLFO) and Waste Oil (WO) according to the similarity of their intrinsic chemical properties. Principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrates that diesel, HFO, MOLFO and WO are types of oil or oil products from complex oil mixtures with a total variance of 85.34% and are identified with various anthropogenic activities related to either intentional releasing of oil or accidental discharge of oil into the environment. Our results show that the use of chemometric techniques is significant in providing independent validation for classifying the types of spilled oil in the investigation of oil spill pollution in Malaysia. This, in consequence would result in cost and time saving in identification of the oil spill sources.

Matched MeSH terms: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methods*
Chemical composition of volatile oils of Aquilaria malaccensis (Thymelaeaceae) from Malaysia

Tajuddin SN, Yusoff MM

Nat Prod Commun, 2010 Dec;5(12):1965-8.
PMID: 21299133

Volatile oils of Aquilaria malaccensis Benth. (Thymelaeaceae) from Malaysia were obtained by hydrodistillation and subjected to detailed GC-FID and GC/MS analyses to determine possible similarities and differences in their chemical composition in comparison with the commercial oil. A total of thirty-one compounds were identified compared with twenty-nine identified in the commercial oil. The major compounds identified were 4-phenyl-2-butanone (32.1%), jinkoh-eremol (6.5%) and alpha-guaiene (5.8%), while the major compounds in the commercial oil were alpha-guaiene (10.3%), caryophellene oxide (8.6%), and eudesmol (3.2%). The results of the present study showed that more than nine sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were present, which is more than previously reported. Analysis also showed that the number of oxygenated sesquiterpenes in this study were much less than previously reported. Among the compounds detected were alpha-guaiene, beta-agarofuran, alpha-bulnesene, jinkoh-eremol, kusunol, selina-3,11-dien-9-one, oxo-agarospirol and guaia-1 (10), 11-dien-15,2-olide.

Matched MeSH terms: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Fulltext The effects of Secondhand Smoke (SHS) exposure on microvascular endothelial function among healthy women

Sanip Z, Hanaffi SH, Ahmad I, Yusoff SS, Rasool AH, Yusoff HM

Tob Induc Dis, 2015;13(1):32.
PMID: 26346914 DOI: 10.1186/s12971-015-0052-9

BACKGROUND: Studies have demonstrated that secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure could impair endothelial function. However, the effect of SHS exposure specifically on microvascular endothelial function is not well understood. This study aimed to determine the effects of SHS exposure on microvascular endothelial function among non-smoking, generally healthy women.
FINDINGS: We studied 127 women; and based on their hair nicotine levels measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, 25 of them were categorized as having higher hair nicotine levels, 25 were grouped as having lower hair nicotine and 77 women were grouped into the non-detected group. The non-detected group did not have detectable levels of hair nicotine. Anthropometry, blood pressure (BP), lipid profile and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were measured accordingly. Microvascular endothelial function was assessed non-invasively using laser Doppler fluximetry and the process of iontophoresis involving acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside as endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilators respectively. The mean hair nicotine levels for higher and lower hair nicotine groups were 0.74 (1.04) and 0.05 (0.01) ng/mg respectively. There were no significant differences in anthropometry, BP, lipid profile and hsCRP between these groups. There were also no significant differences in the microvascular perfusion and endothelial function between these groups.
CONCLUSION: In this study, generally healthy non-smoking women who have higher, lower and non-detected hair nicotine levels did not show significant differences in their microvascular endothelial function. Low levels of SHS exposure among generally healthy non-smoking women may not significantly impair their microvascular endothelial function.

Matched MeSH terms: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

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