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  1. Fulltext In vivo bone strain and finite element modeling of a rhesus macaque mandible during mastication
    Panagiotopoulou O, Iriarte-Diaz J, Wilshin S, Dechow PC, Taylor AB, Mehari Abraha H, et al.
    Zoology (Jena), 2017 10;124:13-29.
    PMID: 29037463 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2017.08.010
    Finite element analysis (FEA) is a commonly used tool in musculoskeletal biomechanics and vertebrate paleontology. The accuracy and precision of finite element models (FEMs) are reliant on accurate data on bone geometry, muscle forces, boundary conditions and tissue material properties. Simplified modeling assumptions, due to lack of in vivo experimental data on material properties and muscle activation patterns, may introduce analytical errors in analyses where quantitative accuracy is critical for obtaining rigorous results. A subject-specific FEM of a rhesus macaque mandible was constructed, loaded and validated using in vivo data from the same animal. In developing the model, we assessed the impact on model behavior of variation in (i) material properties of the mandibular trabecular bone tissue and teeth; (ii) constraints at the temporomandibular joint and bite point; and (iii) the timing of the muscle activity used to estimate the external forces acting on the model. The best match between the FEA simulation and the in vivo experimental data resulted from modeling the trabecular tissue with an isotropic and homogeneous Young's modulus and Poisson's value of 10GPa and 0.3, respectively; constraining translations along X,Y, Z axes in the chewing (left) side temporomandibular joint, the premolars and the m1; constraining the balancing (right) side temporomandibular joint in the anterior-posterior and superior-inferior axes, and using the muscle force estimated at time of maximum strain magnitude in the lower lateral gauge. The relative strain magnitudes in this model were similar to those recorded in vivo for all strain locations. More detailed analyses of mandibular strain patterns during the power stroke at different times in the chewing cycle are needed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mastication/physiology*
  2. Assessment of masticatory function of mandibular implant-supported overdenture wearers: A 3-year prospective study
    Khalid T, Yunus N, Ibrahim N, Saleh NBM, Goode D, Masood M
    J Prosthet Dent, 2020 Dec;124(6):674-681.
    PMID: 31952858 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2019.08.005
    STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Wearers of mandibular complete dentures (CDs) often complain of retention and stability problems resulting in poor masticatory function. Evidence suggests that a mandibular overdenture (MOD) stabilized by 2 implants represents the treatment of choice to improve stability and masticatory function. Measurements are needed of the improvement in masticatory function after providing mandibular implant-stabilized overdentures.

    PURPOSE: The purpose of this prospective clinical study was to evaluate the changes in masticatory function from baseline (T0) to 3 months (T1) and 3 years (T2) in participants with MODs and to assess the effect of baseline mandibular bone height and volume on masticatory function after 3 years.

    MATERIAL AND METHODS: Participants were assessed for masticatory function by using masticatory performance involving paraffin wax cubes as an objective measure and by using masticatory ability involving a questionnaire as a subjective measure. Edentulous individuals presenting for replacement dentures were provided with conventional mucosa-supported prostheses and evaluated for masticatory function after a 3-month settling-in period (baseline measure). Before implant placement, baseline measures of bone height and volume were recorded from cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. The prostheses were then converted to implant-stabilized mandibular overdentures while any maxillary prostheses remained supported by the mucosa. Masticatory function was reassessed at 3 months and 3 years after insertion of the mandibular overdentures, and the mean changes from baseline were analyzed with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The effect of variables on masticatory function was determined by using multivariate linear regression analyses.

    RESULTS: A total of 23 participants were included in the study, with only 1 participant not completing the 3-year assessment. Significant improvement was observed in the masticatory performance (mixing ability index) (P

    Matched MeSH terms: Mastication
  3. Assessment of masticatory performance by geometric measurement of the mixing ability with 2-color chewing gum
    Yousof Y, Salleh NM, Yusof F
    J Prosthet Dent, 2019 Jun;121(6):916-921.
    PMID: 30745100 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2018.09.005
    STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The 2-color mixing ability test has been recently introduced for objective assessment of masticatory performance. However, the ideal bicolor specimens have not yet been identified, and the color analysis of digital images requires improvement.

    PURPOSE: The purpose of this clinical study was to formulate a custom-made, 2-color chewing gum for the mixing ability test and to develop an image-processing method for color mixing analysis.

    MATERIAL AND METHODS: Specimens of red-green (RG) chewing gum were prepared as a test food. Twenty dentate participants (10 men, 10 women; mean age 21 years) took part in this study. Each participant masticated 1 piece of RG gum for 3, 6, 9, 15, and 25 cycles, and this task was repeated 3 times consecutively (total n=15 for each participant). The boluses were retrieved and flattened to 1-mm-thick wafers and scanned with a flatbed scanner. The digital images were analyzed using ImageJ software equipped with a custom-built plug-in to measure the geometric dispersion (GD) of baseline red segment. The predictive criterion validity of this method was determined by correlating GD to the number of mastication cycles. The hardness and mass of RG chewing gum were measured before and after mastication. Hardness loss (%) and mass loss (%) were then calculated and compared with those of a commercially available chewing gum.

    RESULTS: The 2-way repeated-measures ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni test showed that GD was able to discriminate among the groups of different numbers of mastication cycles (P

    Matched MeSH terms: Mastication
  4. Concentrations of thiocyanate and hypothiocyanite in the saliva of young adults
    Jalil RA
    J Nihon Univ Sch Dent, 1994 Dec;36(4):254-60.
    PMID: 7869127
    The study was conducted to determine thiocyanate (SCN-) and hypothiocyanite (OSCN-) concentrations in resting (RWS) and stimulated whole saliva (SWS) and stimulated parotid saliva (SPS) of 20 healthy young adults aged 21-29 y. Samples of saliva were collected at 12:30, immediately before lunch. Resting saliva was collected by expectoration, and stimulated saliva was collected during the uniform chewing of paraffin wax. Parotid secretion was collected using a modified Carlsson-Crittenden cup (Carlsson et al., Am, J. Physiol., 26, 169-177, 1910). SCN- concentration was determined by the ferric nitrate method (Betts et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 75, 5721-5727, 1953) whilst OSCN- was assayed using 2-mercaptoethanol as a reducing agent (Pruitt et al., Caries Res., 16, 315-323, 1982). In RWS, SWS and SPS, the mean SCN- concentrations (in mM) were 1.48 +/- 0.59(S.D.), 0.90 +/- 0.56(S.D.) and 1.24 +/- 0.65(S.D.) whilst the mean OSCN- concentrations (in microM) were 31.21 +/- 13.54(S.D.), 24.90 +/- 12.61 and 30.19 +/- 23.35(S.D.) in the respective salivas. The presence of OSCN- in the secretion collected from the parotid gland supported previous findings by Tenovuo and Pruitt (Tenovuo et al., J. Oral Path, ol. 13, 573-584, 1984), who suggested an endogenous glandular (eukaryotic) source of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), since parotid saliva from healthy glands is devoid of bacteria and leukocytes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mastication
  5. Use of image analysis in determining masticatory efficiency in patients presenting for immediate dentures
    Mahmood WA, Watson CJ, Ogden AR, Hawkins RV
    Int J Prosthodont, 1992 Jul-Aug;5(4):359-66.
    PMID: 1520458
    Image analysis was used to determine masticatory efficiency and performance before and after placement of immediate dentures. Sections of cored carrot were used as the test food and the particle size of chewed expectorated food was measured using image analysis. Measurements were shown to be accurate and reproducible. Masticatory function of immediate-denture patients was also compared with a similar number of dentate individuals and experienced complete-denture wearers. Dentate subjects were significantly (P less than .01) more efficient at masticating the test food than were the complete- or immediate-denture wearers. The new method of measurement removes the necessity for the unpleasant and unhygienic sieving process previously used in this type of study.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mastication*
  6. Speech and mastication difficulties following treatment by a "street dentist": A case of oral lipoma
    Kamil WNWA, Zainal M, Omar AF, Jamaluddin TIBT, Ahmad MS
    Spec Care Dentist, 2021 Jan;41(1):129-134.
    PMID: 33128415 DOI: 10.1111/scd.12536
    In this report, we present the case of a 68-year-old male patient with a complaint of mastication and speech limitations one year after the prescription of a fixed bridge and the construction of "connected" crowns by a "street dentist." A thorough oral examination revealed a multilobulated swelling in the right buccal mucosa that extended to the buccal sulcus. The lesion, which was first noticed as a small, asymptomatic swelling by the patient one year prior, seemed to have undergone enlargement since the prostheses were prescribed. The lesion was completely removed via surgical excision under general anesthesia. Histopathological examination of the excisional mass revealed mature adipocytes and features consistent with conventional or classic lipoma. This case highlights the importance of receiving dental treatment from a qualified professional, whose responsibilities include performing a thorough examination of the oral cavity during treatment planning and delivery, review appointments, and regular dental visits. Such investigation is important to allow for early disease detection and control, especially for patients with complex treatment needs as well as those who may present with asymptomatic and slow-growing lesions such as lipomas.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mastication
  7. Muscle spindles provide servo-assistance to jaw-closing muscles for chewing hard foods
    Zakir H, Fathilah A, Bakri M, Kitagawa J
    Sains Malaysiana, 2015;44:593-597.
    The fundamental pattern of chewing induced by the network of neurons called central pattern generator has been reported
    to be modified by the information arising from the various oro-facial sensory receptors including muscle spindles of jaw
    closing muscles. The cell bodies of primary afferent neurons from these muscle spindles lie in mesencephalic trigeminal
    nucleus (MTN) in the brainstem. The aim of the study was to understand whether muscle spindles from jaw-closing
    muscles play any role in hard food chewing. Single neuronal discharge of muscle spindle afferents was recorded from the
    MTN simultaneous with jaw-movement and electromyograpic (EMG) activities of the left masseter (jaw-closing) muscle
    during chewing soft and hard foods (apple and pellet) in awake rabbits. Ten consecutive chewing cycles were taken for
    analysis. Discharge of nineteen muscle spindles from seven rabbits was successfully recorded. Muscle-spindle discharge
    was significantly higher during the closing phase of jaw-movement for the hard food chewing than for the soft food. The
    jaw-closing muscle EMG activity was significantly higher during hard food chewing compared to soft food. The spindle
    discharge was higher when the masseter muscle activity was greater for chewing hard food. Significant positive (r=0.822,
    p=<0.001) correlation was found between the difference of muscle activity between apple and pellet and the difference
    of spindle discharge between apple and pellet. Above findings suggest that the increase of spindle discharge during
    hard food chewing may play a role for facilitating jaw-closing muscle activities and thereby provides servo-assistance
    to jaw-closing muscles to compensate the hardness of food.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mastication
  8. Fulltext Dental Implants - Perceiving Patients' Satisfaction in Relation to Clinical and Electromyography Study on Implant Patients
    Alam MK, Rahman SA, Rahaman SA, Basri R, Sing Yi TT, Si-Jie JW, et al.
    PLoS One, 2015;10(10):e0140438.
    PMID: 26465146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140438
    The aim of this study is to evaluate the satisfaction of patients with posterior implants in relation to the clinical success criteria and surface electromyography (sEMG) findings of the masseter and temporalis muscles. Total 42 subjects were investigated. Twenty one subjects with posterior dental implants were interviewed using a questionnaire and the clinical success criteria were determined based on The International Congress of Oral Implantologists. The myofunction of the masticatory muscles were assessed using sEMG (21 subjects) and compared to the control group of subjects without implants (21 subjects). Out of 21 subjects, all were satisfied with the aesthetics of their implant. Twenty of them (95.2%) were satisfied with its function and stability. As for clinical criteria, 100% (50) of the implants were successful with no pain, mobility or exudates. sEMG findings showed that patients have significantly lower (p<0.01) basal or resting median power frequency but with muscle burst. During chewing, control subjects showed faster chewing action. There was no difference in reaction and recovery time of clenching for both groups. In conclusion, the satisfaction of implant patients was high, and which was in relation to the successful clinical success criteria and sEMG findings.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mastication/physiology
  9. Fulltext Whole genome sequencing of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa isolated from the chewing stick (Distemonanthus benthamianus): insights into Rhodotorula phylogeny, mitogenome dynamics and carotenoid biosynthesis
    Gan HM, Thomas BN, Cavanaugh NT, Morales GH, Mayers AN, Savka MA, et al.
    PeerJ, 2017;5:e4030.
    PMID: 29158974 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4030
    In industry, the yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa is commonly used for the production of carotenoids. The production of carotenoids is important because they are used as natural colorants in food and some carotenoids are precursors of retinol (vitamin A). However, the identification and molecular characterization of the carotenoid pathway/s in species belonging to the genus Rhodotorula is scarce due to the lack of genomic information thus potentially impeding effective metabolic engineering of these yeast strains for improved carotenoid production. In this study, we report the isolation, identification, characterization and the whole nuclear genome and mitogenome sequence of the endophyte R. mucilaginosa RIT389 isolated from Distemonanthus benthamianus, a plant known for its anti-fungal and antibacterial properties and commonly used as chewing sticks. The assembled genome of R. mucilaginosa RIT389 is 19 Mbp in length with an estimated genomic heterozygosity of 9.29%. Whole genome phylogeny supports the species designation of strain RIT389 within the genus in addition to supporting the monophyly of the currently sequenced Rhodotorula species. Further, we report for the first time, the recovery of the complete mitochondrial genome of R. mucilaginosa using the genome skimming approach. The assembled mitogenome is at least 7,000 bases larger than that of Rhodotorula taiwanensis which is largely attributed to the presence of large intronic regions containing open reading frames coding for homing endonuclease from the LAGLIDADG and GIY-YIG families. Furthermore, genomic regions containing the key genes for carotenoid production were identified in R. mucilaginosa RIT389, revealing differences in gene synteny that may play a role in the regulation of the biotechnologically important carotenoid synthesis pathways in yeasts.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mastication
  10. Gene expression profiling reveals biological pathways responsible for phenotypic heterogeneity between UK and Sri Lankan oral squamous cell carcinomas
    Saeed AA, Sims AH, Prime SS, Paterson I, Murray PG, Lopes VR
    Oral Oncol, 2015 Mar;51(3):237-46.
    PMID: 25560800 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.12.004
    It is well recognized that oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cases from Asia that are associated with betel quid chewing are phenotypically distinct to those from Western countries that are predominantly caused by smoking/drinking, but the molecular basis of these differences are largely unknown. The aim of this study is to examine gene expression, related carcinogenic pathways and molecular processes that might be responsible for the phenotypic heterogeneity of OSCC between UK and Sri Lankan population groups.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mastication
  11. Fulltext Whole-Genome Sequencing of Pantoea sp. Strain RIT388, a Potential Oral Opportunistic Pathogen Isolated from a Chewing Stick (Distemonanthus benthamianus)
    Gan HM, Parthasarathy A, Henry KR, Savka MA, Thomas BN, Hudson AO
    Microbiol Resour Announc, 2020 Feb 27;9(9).
    PMID: 32107300 DOI: 10.1128/MRA.01468-19
    In this study, we report the isolation, identification, characterization, and whole-genome sequence of the endophyte Pantoea sp. strain RIT388, isolated from Distemonanthus benthamianus, a plant known for its antifungal and antibacterial properties that is commonly used for chewing sticks.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mastication
  12. Fulltext Clinical Outcomes and Predictors of Satisfaction in Patients with Improved Lithium Disilicate All-Ceramic Crowns
    Samer MS, Faraz Q, Al-Dubai SAR, Vohra F, Abdullah H, Taiyeb-Ali TB, et al.
    Med Princ Pract, 2017;26(5):470-479.
    PMID: 28965115 DOI: 10.1159/000481864
    OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the clinical outcomes and predictors of satisfaction in patients with lithium disilicate (LD) ceramic crowns.

    SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Clinical outcomes were assessed in 47 patients with 88 LD crowns using modified United States Public Health Service (USPHS) evaluation criteria and survival rates. The questionnaire for predictors included 3 aspects: (a) sociodemographic characteristics, (b) oral health habits (tooth brushing frequency, flossing frequency, and dental visits), and (c) satisfaction of the restorations (aesthetics, function, fit, cleansability, and chewing ability of the crowns, and overall satisfaction). Frequency distributions were computed using univariate and multivariate analysis. The Student t test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to compare means across variables. Correlation analysis was done to assess the association between continuous variables.

    RESULTS: The age of crowns was 34.7 ± 9.7 months. The survival rate was 96.6% at 35.9 ± 9.2 months. There was a significant association between successful crown function and oral hygiene measures: tooth brushing (p˂ 0.001), dental visits (p = 0.006), and flossing (p = 0.009). A strong negative correlation was observed between aesthetic satisfaction (r = -0.717, p˂ 0.001) and chewing ability (r = -0.639, p˂ 0.001) with crown age. The linear regression model was significant for all predictors (p < 0.05) except overall satisfaction (p > 0.05).

    CONCLUSION: The LD crowns had long survival rates of 96.6% up to 35.9 ± 9.2 months and provided satisfactory clinical performance (low risk of failure). Oral hygiene habits such as brushing, flossing, and regular dental visits influenced patient satisfaction with LD crowns.

    Matched MeSH terms: Mastication
  13. Color, sensory and textural attributes of beef frankfurter, beef ham and meat-free sausage containing tomato pomace
    Savadkoohi S, Hoogenkamp H, Shamsi K, Farahnaky A
    Meat Sci, 2014 Aug;97(4):410-8.
    PMID: 24769097 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.03.017
    The present investigation focuses on the textural properties, sensory attributes and color changes of beef frankfurter, beef ham and meat-free sausage produced by different levels of bleached tomato pomace. The texture and color profile were performed using an instrumental texture analyzer and colorimeter. The findings indicated that tomato pomace-added sausages had higher water holding capacity (WHC) compared to that of commercial samples. The frankfurters containing 5 and 7% (w/w) tomato pomace had the highest redness (a*), chroma (C*) and color differences (ΔE) values, while the meat-free sausages containing 7% (w/w) tomato pomace had significant (p<0.05) values for lightness (L*) and yellowness (b*). Furthermore, there were no significant (p>0.05) color differences between beef ham samples (with and without tomato pomace). A significant progression in the textural hardness and chewiness of systems containing tomato pomace was observed as well as higher sensory scores by panelists. According to sensorial evaluations, bleached tomato pomace improved the consumer acceptability and preference.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mastication
  14. Fulltext An association of myasthenia gravis with Hashimoto's thyroiditis in a patient with a multinodular goitre
    Mohamed N, Mohd Zin F, Mohd Yusoff SS
    Malays Fam Physician, 2017;12(2):29-31.
    PMID: 29423128
    Introduction: The association of myasthenia gravis (MG) with other autoimmune diseases including autoimmune thyroid disease (ATD) is well recognised, although rare. The occurrence of both diseases can occur in two ways: either disease preceding the other, or concurrently. The presentation of MG in association with ATD can range from ocular to generalised disease.

    Case Summary: A 26-year-old Malay female with persistent hyperthyroidism secondary to Hashimoto's thyroiditis in multinodular goitre was diagnosed with generalised MG after 2 years. She presented with right eye ptosis (ocular) and difficulty in swallowing and chewing (bulbar). The diagnosis of MG was confirmed by fatigability testing, electromyography and the presence of AChR antibodies. Her symptoms showed improvement with pyridostigmine (Mestinon) 60 mg 6-hourly. Her antithyroid drug was tapered down according to her thyroid function test. Throughout a year of follow-ups, her hyperthyroidism and fatigability symptoms improved with treatment. She was later counselled for total thyroidectomy and thymectomy.

    Conclusion: Myasthenia gravis and hyperthyroidism may present with similar symptoms such as dysphagia due to neuromuscular weakness or fatigue. When the diseases occur together, one of the diagnoses may be missed. Therefore, the occurrence of new symptoms in a patient with underlying ATD should should trigger the early identification of other autoimmune diseases by primary care doctors.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mastication
  15. Fulltext A study of patient satisfaction with orthodontic treatment in Sabah
    Loke, S.T.
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2002;2(1):42-46.
    MyJurnal
    The aims of the study were to investigate patient satisfaction and perceived psychosocial benefit from orthodontic treatment and to relate them to factors ajfecting treatment duration and treatment standards. A total of 130 patients (mean age I5 years) who had just completed full fixed appliance therapy (removable appliance) filled questionnaires. There was high proportion of satisfaction with dentofacial appearance (98.5 %), alignment of teeth (100 %), improved mastication (99.2%) and cleaning of teeth (98.5%). About 89.2% would recommend orthodontic treatment to their friends. All surveyed were satisfied with the services provided by the orthodontic staff and kw patients were dissatisfied with the length of each appointment (3.] %), number of appointments (l.5%) and total treatment time (5.4%). The main dissatisfaction appeared to be the long waiting time to be treated during their appointments (10%}. The mean duration of treatment to complete two-arch fixed appliance was I 7.6 months (S.D. 6.8 months) and 89.2% of cases were completed within 24 months. Treatment duration was also associated with pre-treatment ovemet (r=0.23 5), ovetjet d%rence_h·om pre-treatment to post-treatment 0·=0.204} and number of extractions (r=0.305}. Multmle linear regression anahtsis of duration of treatment with these factors accounted for about 7.8% ofthe variability.
    Study site: Dental clinic, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Mastication
  16. Fulltext Factors associated with fall injury at home among children under 5 years old in Yemen
    Al-Abed A. Al-Abed, Rosnah Sutan, Sami A.R. Al - Dubai, Yassin Ibrahim, Syed M. Aljunid
    Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine, 2014;14(1):101-110.
    MyJurnal
    Falls are the most common injury causing death or long term disability particularly among children. This study aimed to identify the risk factors of the unintentional injuries due to falls in children aged less than five years in Yemen. This cross sectional study enrolled a total of 439 children under five years old from the emergency department of 6 hospitals in Sana'a city. Multistage sampling was used to select six hospitals from public and private sectors in Sana'a city. Face to face interviews were conducted by using a structured questionnaire. Simple logistic regression and multiple logistic regression were used in the analysis. The prevalence of falls among children under five years old was 21.2%. In the multivariate analysis, factors associated with falls among children were young mother (aOR= 0.9, 95% CI 0.81-0.91), working of mother (aOR= 4.5 95% CI 2.40-7.65), frequent family social gatherings (aOR= 2.7, 95% CI 1.54-4.61), number of children at home (aOR= 2.6, 95% CI 1.43-4.64), chewing khat by father (aOR= 2.4, 95% CI 1.38-4.10), presence of staircase in the house (aOR= 2.1, 95% CI 1.24-3.70), number of rooms at home (aOR= 2.2, 95% CI 1.17-3.99) and disabled children (aOR= 3.3, 95% CI 1.20-9.27). In the study, socio-economic and cultural factors such as family gathering and chewing khat were associated with home fall injury among children under 5 years old in Yemen. Health promotion program should take place to reduce the occurrence of fall injury.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mastication
  17. Fulltext The use of collagen biomaterial in oral cancer: a systematic review
    Muhammad Lutfi Mohamed Halim, Nora Azirah Mohd Zayi, Mohd Yusof Mohamad, Mohd Hafiz Arzmi
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(108):33-33.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Oral cancer is the sixth most common malignancy in the world. It is a major concern in Southeast Asia primarily due to betel quid chewing, smoking, and alcohol consumption. In Malaysia, oral cancer related cases accounts for 1.55% of the cause of deaths. Despite recent advances in cancer diagnoses and therapies, the survival rate of oral cancer patients only reached 50% in the last few decades. Tissue engineering (TE) principles may pro-vide new technology platforms to study mechanisms of angiogenesis and tumour cell growth as well as potentially tumour cell spreading in cancer research. The use of biomaterial, appropriate cell source and proper signalling mol-ecules are vital components of TE. Collagen biomaterial are widely used scaffold or membrane in oral application. Nevertheless, no review has been performed on the its usage for the study of oral cancer. This study aimed to sys-tematically review the use of collagen scaffold in oral cancer application. Methods: Research articles were searched using Scopus, Pubmed and Web of Science (WOS) databases. The keywords were limited to “collagen membrane OR collagen scaffold” AND “oral cancer”. Results: Initial search yielded 61 papers (Scopus:37, Pubmed: 12, WOS: 12). Further scrutinization of the papers based on the inclusion criteria resulted total of 3 papers. Two of the papers used collagen membrane for regeneration of oral mucosal defect and increment of alveolar ridge height post-surgery. The remaining paper utilize collagen biomaterial as scaffold for the culture of adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) cells. All papers reported significant role of collagen biomaterial in terms of tissue formation, healing scaffold and cellular proliferation. Conclusion: Collagen utilization as biomaterial offers potential use for regeneration of oral related structures as well providing useful model for therapeutics anti-cancer research.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mastication
  18. Fulltext Comparative review of oral cancer and nasopharyngeal cancer: microbiological aspects, etiology and genetic risks
    Eng Zhuan Ban, Munn Sann Lye, Crystale Siew Ying Lim, Hejar Abdul Rahman, Pei Pei Chong
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(108):8-8.
    MyJurnal
    Cancers of the oral cavity are more common worldwide in men than in women, and the same is true for cancer of the nasopharynx region, whereby nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) incidence rate in men is 2.5 times that in women. Different risk factors, including environmental, lifestyle and genetic factors, come into play in terms of contributing towards the development of these cancers. The increased incidence of oral cancers in developed countries in recent years are attributable to rises in the consumption of tobacco and/or alcoholic beverages, in addition to the traditional practice of betel quid chewing in some communities. As for NPC, the risk factors include male sex, overconsump-tion of preserved salted fish and smoking. In terms of etiology due to microbial agents, the human papillomavirus (HPV) has been linked with oral cancers whereby HPV DNA was found in about 2 out of 3 oropharyngeal cancer cases. In contrast, the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been closely associated with most cases of NPC. Specifically, NPC is categorized by the WHO into two main histological types—keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (type I) and non-keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (types II and III), and it is the non-keratinizing type (types II and III) which has very high percentage of EBV DNA. The oncogenicity of these viruses had been studied extensively, and they are now recognized as crucial early triggers of NPC and oral cancers. Genetic factors can also predispose a person to the development of either oral cancer or NPC. Certain HLA class I alleles are associated with increased risks for NPC. Genetic polymorphisms in genes encoding the cytochrome P450 enzymes and glutathione S-transferase had been identified as potential risk factors for NPC. In our studies, we had shown that polymorphism in the XPD gene which encodes a DNA helicase enzyme involved in nucleotide excision repair was linked to risk for NPC in Malaysian population. We also found that the combination of CGC allele from hOGG1, ITGA2 and XPD polymorphisms was significantly associated with increased odds of NPC. In oral cancers, studies by other researchers revealed that gene polymorphisms in HOTAIR gene and the interaction with betel quid chewing are linked to oral cancer risk. Specific COX-2 gene polymorphisms were also found to be associated with increased risk for oral cancer development and progression. Taken together, these studies show a strong correlation between viral etiology combined with the indi-vidual’s genetic background coupled with certain risky lifestyle behaviours which together contribute towards the development of oral cancer and NPC.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mastication
  19. Fulltext Oral microbiome, nutrition and their role in oral carcinogenesis
    Mohd Hafiz Arzmi
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(108):10-10.
    MyJurnal
    A balanced oral microbiome is essential in maintaining a healthy oral cavity. Oral microbiome comprises of var-ious microorganisms that belong to different kingdoms, including bacteria (bacteriome) and fungal (mycobiome). Multiple factors have been shown in oral carcinogenesis including alcohol consumption, tobacco smoking, betel nut chewing and microbial infections. Since the oral cavity comprises of various microbial kingdoms, thus, in-ter-kingdom interactions are suggested in promoting oral carcinogenesis. Dysbiosis, which is defined as imbalance inter-kingdom microbiome, alone may not cause oral carcinogenesis; thus, it is suggested that nutritional factor may also play a vital role in this disease development. A recent study has shown that sucrose consumption can induce the production of glucosyltransferases (gtfs) by Streptococcus mutans which lead to the increasing attachment of Candida albicans in polymicrobial biofilms form. The yeast has been reported to be potentially involved in oral carcinogenesis, particularly in the immunocompromised patient. This is due to the inflammation that is caused by candidal infection, which increases pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and interleu-kin-10, that have been linked to oral carcinogenesis. However, further study is needed to conform to the claim. In addition, over-consumption of alcoholic beverages has also been related to carcinogenesis which the ethanol has been reported to be converted into acetaldehyde by C. albicans using acetaldehyde dehydrogenases enzymes. In Malaysia, oral cancer has also been related to the consumption of cured and salted fish, which mostly consumed by the Chinese ethnics. However, its relationship to oral microbiome remains unclear. In conclusion, oral microbiome and nutrition may have a role in oral carcinogenesis; however, further study is needed to elucidate the role of both factors in oral cancer development.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mastication
  20. Fulltext An investigation into the effect of denture adhesives in limiting the food impaction
    Marlynda Ahmad, Dayang Fadzlina Abang Ibrahim, Nur Hafizah Hazmi, Natasya Ahmad Tarib, Kamarul Hisham Kamarudin
    Malaysian Dental Journal, 2010;31(2):65-70.
    MyJurnal
    Aim of the study: To compare the weight of retrieved food accumulated under the dentures base with and without adhesive treatment.

    Materials and Method: Each subject was given 32 g of non-salted dry roasted peanuts to chew and swallow. After finishing all the peanuts, the subject was asked to brush their denture using toothbrush and toothpaste without removing the denture from the mouth and rinsed their mouth vigorously with water. The weight of the retrieved peanuts accumulated under the denture base collected, dried, and weighted. All procedures were repeated with denture adhesive.

    Results: On average, the mean weight of peanuts particles recovered beneath upper dentures without application of denture adhesive was 51.21 mg which is higher than the mean weight of upper denture with adhesive treatment (35.36 mg). The similar pattern was detected for the lower dentures but at higher mean weight.

    Conclusion: Application of denture adhesive significantly reduced the amount of retrieved peanut particles collected under the denture base compared to no-adhesive treatment (p< 0.005).
    Matched MeSH terms: Mastication
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