Material and Methods: Drilling processes using three brands of drills attached to a robotic arm were compared in terms of thrust force, vibration, noise level, speed deviation, and temperature. A standardised experimental setup was constructed, and measurement data were analysed statistically. Identical artificial bones were drilled 10 times with each drill.
Results: Thrust force measurements, which varied through the cortex and medulla, showed expressive differences for each drill for maximum and mean values (p<0.001). Meaningful differences were obtained for mean vibration values and noise level (p<0.001). Speed variation measurements in drilling showed conspicuous differences with confident statistics (p<0.001). Induced temperature values were measured statistically for Drill 1, Drill 2, and Drill 3 as 78.38±11.49°C, 78.11±7.79°C, and 89.77±7.79°C, respectively.
Conclusion: Thrust force and drill bit temperature were strongly correlated for each drill. Vibration values and noise level, which also had an influential relationship, were in the acceptable range for all experiments. Both thrust force and speed deviation information could be used to detect the drill bit status in the bone while drilling.
Results: A significant difference (p < 0.001) of mean debonding force was found between different types of teeth in vivo. Clinically, ARI scores were not significantly different (p = 0.921) between different groups, but overall higher scores were predominant.
Conclusion: Bracket debonding force should be measured on the same tooth from the same arch as the significant difference of mean debonding force exists between similar teeth of the upper and lower arches. The insignificant bracket failure pattern with higher ARI scores confirms less enamel damage irrespective of tooth types.
RESULTS: Higher calcium concentrations (1.5 and 2% w/v) increased calcium concentration in the peel and pulp tissues, maintained firmness, and reduced anthracnose incidence and severity. While leakage of calcium-treated fruit was lower for 1.5 and 2% calcium treatments compared to the control, microscopic results confirmed that pulp cell wall thickness was higher after 6 days in storage, for the 2% calcium treatment compared to the control. Calcium-treated fruit also had higher total antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds during storage.
CONCLUSION: Calcium chloride, especially at higher concentrations, is effective in maintaining papaya fruit quality during ambient storage. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.