Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 90 in total

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  1. Wong LP, Awang H, Jani R
    Women Health, 2012;52(8):804-19.
    PMID: 23127220 DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2012.729557
    In the present study, researchers explored attitudes toward midlife crises, experience with midlife crises, help-seeking, and needs among multi-ethnic Malaysian women. A total of 14 focus group discussions were conducted with 89 Malaysian women of different ages and socioeconomic backgrounds. Women expressed concern over physical aging and decline in their physical functional health. Having a midlife crisis was frequently reported. Issues that were frequently reported to trigger a midlife crisis, such as empty nest syndrome, impact of aging on sexual and reproductive function, extended parenthood, caring for aging or ill parents, and career challenges were noted by the study participants (listed here in order of most to least frequently reporting of these themes across the group discussions). Overall, these issues were associated with attitudes about aging. A comparatively less open attitude toward sexual attitudes and help-seeking for sexual problems were found among the Malay and Indian women. This may imply that intervention to increase positive attitudes concerning both sexuality and help-seeking intentions should be culturally specific. The use of religious coping for comfort and consolation was frequently reported; therefore, those providing midlife crisis prevention and intervention programs should consider involving faith-based interventions in the Malaysian setting.
    Matched MeSH terms: Menopause/psychology
  2. Ishak IH, Low WY, Othman S
    J Sex Med, 2010 Sep;7(9):3080-7.
    PMID: 20584130 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01848.x
    INTRODUCTION: Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) is a highly prevalent sexual health problem but poorly investigated at the primary care level.
    AIM: This article examines the prevalence of sexual dysfunction and its possible risk factors associated with women at high risk of FSD in a hospital-based primary practice.
    METHODS: A validated Malay version of the Female Sexual Function Index (MVFSFI) was utilized to determine FSD in a cross-sectional study design, involving 163 married women, aged 18-65 years, in a tertiary hospital-based primary care clinic in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Sociodemographic, marital profile, health, and lifestyle for women at high risk of FSD and those who were not at high risk were compared and their risk factors were determined.
    MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of FSD in Malaysian women based on the MVFSFI, and its risk factors for developing FSD.
    RESULTS: Some 42 (25.8%) out of 163 women had sexual dysfunction. Prevalence of sexual dysfunction increased significantly with age. Sexual dysfunctions were detected as desire problem (39.3%), arousal problem (25.8%), lubrication problem (21.5%), orgasm problem (16.6%), satisfaction problem (21.5%) and pain problems (16.6%). Women at high risk of FSD were significantly associated with age (OR 4.1, 95% CI 1.9 to 9.0), husband's age (OR 4.3 95% C.I 1.9 to 9.3), duration of marriage (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.6 to 6.8), medical problems (OR 8.5, 95% CI 3.3 to 21.7), menopausal status (OR 6.6, 95% CI 3.1 to 14.3), and frequency of sexual intercourse (OR 10.7, 95% CI 3.6 to 31.7). Multivariate analysis showed that medical problem (adjusted OR 4.6, 95% CI 1.6 to 14.0) and frequency of sexual intercourse (adjusted OR 7.2, 95% CI 2.1 to 24.0) were associated with increased risk of having FSD. Those who practiced contraception were less likely to have FSD.
    CONCLUSION: Sexual health problems are prevalent in women attending primary care clinic where one in four women were at high risk of FSD. Thus, primary care physician should be trained and prepared to address this issue.
    Study site: Primary Care Clinic, University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Menopause
  3. Raman S, Damodaran P
    Med J Malaysia, 1996 Dec;51(4):407-8.
    PMID: 10968025
    Matched MeSH terms: Menopause*
  4. Pillay B, Yap SK, Lim GL
    Med J Malaysia, 1992 Mar;47(1):38-43.
    PMID: 1387448
    Cytohormonal evaluation was done on the vaginal smears of 480 normal, asymptomatic, post-menopausal women whose ages ranged from 36 to 74 years. About 50% showed atrophic smears consistent with total oestrogen lack. 41% had mild to moderately proliferative smears compatible with sub-optimal oestrogen stimulus. 9% showed a highly proliferative pattern typical of unopposed oestrogen effect and in this group two women had atypical endometrial cells in their smears, which subsequently were found to come from an atypical endometrial hyperplasia and an endometrial adenocarcinoma-in-situ. The clinical relevance of cytohormonal studies in post-menopausal women is briefly discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Menopause*
  5. Rajikin MH, Satgunasingam N
    Med J Malaysia, 1984 Jun;39(2):135-8.
    PMID: 6513852
    A double-antibody radioimmunoassay technique has been used to investigate the serum prolactin (hPRL) level in Malay females from premenarche to the postmenopause. The results showed that the hPRL level (mena ± SEM) in the premenarchal, postmenarchal and late pubertal/reproductive subjects were 23.6 ± 2.3, 19.1 ± 2.0 and 22.7 ± 1.9 ng/ml respectively. In premenopausal women, hPRL level (11.8 ± 2.4 ng/ml) was significantly reduced (p < 0.01) compared to that of late pubertal group; the level declined even further after menopause (9.5 ± 1.7 ng/ml). Although the difference in the mean prolactin levels between premenopause and postmenopause were not significant, 73% of the postmenopausal women had serum prolactin concentrations below 10 ng/ml compared to 44% of the premenopausal and 10% in late pubertal group.
    Matched MeSH terms: Menopause*
  6. Khoo KE
    Med J Malaysia, 1978 Dec;33(2):156-7.
    PMID: 755169
    Matched MeSH terms: Menopause*
  7. Abdullah B, Moize B, Ismail BA, Zamri M, Mohd Nasir NF
    Med J Malaysia, 2017 04;72(2):94-99.
    PMID: 28473671
    INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of menopausal symptoms, its effect to the quality of life and their treatment seeking behaviour in a multiracial community in Malaysia.

    METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study involving postmenopausal women in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Data was obtained by face-to-face interview using standardised questionnaires on sociodemographic data, Menopause Rating Scale questionnaire, effect to quality of life and treatment sought.

    RESULTS: A total of 258 women, including Malays (82%), Indians (14.1%) and Chinese (3.9%) were recruited. The median age was 58 (range 45-86) years old. Joint and muscular discomfort (73.3%) and fatigue (59.3%) were the most prevalent symptoms. Significant association with ethnicity were demonstrated with Malays was found to have 3.1 times higher incidence of sexual problems than Indians, (Odds Ratio (OR) 3.103; 95%CI 1.209, 7.967) and Indian had 2.6 times higher incidence of irritability compared to Malays (OR 2.598; 95%CI 1.126, 5.992). Fifty-two percent of women felt that menopausal symptoms affected their quality of life but there were only 2.7% who were severely affected. There were 24.8% of women who sought treatment and only 20.3% of those who took hormone replacement therapy. There was no significant association found between their treatment seeking behaviour in association with ethnicity, age, parity, marital and occupational status.

    CONCLUSION: Menopausal symptoms were prevalent among menopausal women, although only a small group of women who were severely affected. There was a lack of tendency in seeking treatment for menopausal symptoms among the women.
    Matched MeSH terms: Menopause*
  8. Ong HC
    Med J Malaysia, 1975 Sep;30(1):48-51.
    PMID: 1207532
    Matched MeSH terms: Menopause
  9. Abdul Karim AK, Abd Aziz NH, Md Zin RR, Mohd Mokhtar N, Shafiee MN
    Malays J Med Sci, 2020 Dec;27(6):7-14.
    PMID: 33447130 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2020.27.6.2
    Endometriosis is an inflammatory condition characterised by the presence of endometrial growth beyond the uterine cavity. It is a debilitating disease requiring multiple modalities of treatment. In considering surgery as the option of treatment, the benefits should outweigh the risk. Besides direct surgical risk, intervention may lead to a reduction of ovarian reserve, in addition to premature menopause and low fecundity. To date, there is an inconclusive evidence to support any specific parameters in monitoring disease progression following surgical intervention. Serum cancer antigen (CA)-125 is expressed by coelomic epithelium and has been extensively studied as a biomarker for endometriosis. Elevated expression of CA-125 has been shown in endometrial tissues and the marker increased indirectly from peritoneal irritation that accompanies an extensive form of endometriosis. Additionally, the visual analogue scale (VAS) scores have been used as an objective measurement for measuring pain, especially in a complex disease such as endometriosis. This review aims to consolidate a series of clinical trials that utilised CA-125 level and VAS score as tools for monitoring patients undergoing surgery for endometriosis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Menopause, Premature
  10. Earnest BS, Men LC, Sukvinder Kaur G, Alias RB, Sunita Devi H
    J Assoc Physicians India, 2010 Feb;58(2):118-20.
    PMID: 20653157
    The neurological manifestations of chronic hepatitis C is most often a peripheral sensory neuropathy characterised by numbness, burning and sensation of "pins and needles". Peripheral motor neuropathy, mononeuropathy, mononeuropathy multiplex and transverse myelitis also occur. Ischemic stroke and transient cerebral ischemia have also been reported. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy is seen, often following interferon therapy. We report an exceptional case of neuromyelitis optica in chronic hepatitis C infection in the absence of interferon therapy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Menopause
  11. Ahmad Saad FF, Zakaria MH, Appanna B
    J Int Med Res, 2018 Aug;46(8):3138-3148.
    PMID: 29781364 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518773019
    Objectives 18F-choline is a useful tracer for detecting tumours with high lipogenesis. Knowledge of its biodistribution pattern is essential to recognise physiological variants. The aim of this study was to describe the physiologic distribution of 18F-choline and pitfalls in patients with breast cancer. Methods Twenty-one consecutive patients with breast cancer (10 premenopausal and 11 postmenopausal women; mean age, 52.82 ± 10.71 years) underwent 18F-choline positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) for staging. Whole-body PET/CT was acquired after 40 minutes of 18F-choline uptake. Acquired PET images were measured semiquantitatively. Results All patients showed pitfalls unrelated to breast cancer. These findings were predominantly caused by physiological glandular uptake in the liver, spleen, pancreas, bowels, axial skeleton (85%-100%), inflammation and benign changes (4.76%), appendicular skeleton (4.76%-19.049%), and site contamination (61.9%). In <1%, a concomitant metastatic neoplasm was found. The breast showed higher physiological uptake in premenopausal compared with postmenopausal woman (18F-choline maximum standardised uptake values [g/dL] of the right breast = 2.04 ± 0.404 vs 1.59 ± 0.97 and left breast = 2.00 ± 0.56 vs 1.93 ± 1.28, respectively). Conclusion 18F-choline uptake was higher in premenopausal women. Physiological 18F-choline uptake was observed in many sites, representing possible pathologies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Menopause/physiology
  12. Xiong A, Luo B, Li M, Chong M, Wang J, Liao S
    Sleep Med, 2022 Dec;100:198-205.
    PMID: 36113232 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2022.08.025
    STUDY OBJECTIVES: Menopausal symptoms exist in most climacteric women, which can harm the quality and satisfaction of life for them. Moreover, a series of ineluctable negative life changes experienced in middle-age usually make the situation more complicated and stressful. We aimed to determine the trajectories and influential factors of sleep quality and menopausal symptoms and their longitudinal interrelationships among climacteric women.

    METHODS: A total of 1875 community-dwelling climacteric women were included in this study. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) were adopted to assess sleep quality and menopausal symptoms, respectively. Data were collected 4 times from March 2019 to December 2019, at a 3-month interval.

    RESULTS: The Cross-lagged analysis showed that worse sleep quality and more severe menopausal symptoms over time after controlling for specified covariates, and more severe menopausal symptoms were predicted by declined sleep quality. The Generalized estimation equation model showed that education level, marital status, chronic diseases, life events, income, and age were the influential factors of sleep quality, while menopausal symptoms were impacted by marital status and income.

    CONCLUSIONS: Increasing negative sleep quality and more severe menopausal symptoms over time contribute to the health burden of climacteric women. Menopausal symptoms could be alleviated by sleep quality improvement, which is influenced by education level, marital status, chronic diseases, life events, age, and economic factors.

    Matched MeSH terms: Menopause
  13. Damodaran P, Subramaniam R, Omar SZ, Nadkarni P, Paramsothy M
    Singapore Med J, 2000 Sep;41(9):431-5.
    PMID: 11193115
    The object of this study is to determine the status of an urban Malaysian woman in her menopause age group with reference to her menopausal symptoms, lipid profile, breast, pelvis and bone. One hundred and sixty four women attending the Menopause Clinic of University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur who had not previously been on hormone replacement therapy were studied. Forty nine women were perimenopausal, 74 women were in early menopause (within 5 years of menopause) and 41 women were in late menopause (after 5 years of menopause). The most common symptoms were hot flushes (56%) and generalised tiredness (49%). Eighty four percent (84%) of women had high cholesterol levels. Serum triglycerides were highest in the late menopause group. There were 2 cases of intraductal carcinoma diagnosed on routine mammography, with 8 cases of fibrocystic breast disease and 7 cases of suspicious breast lumps. Routine ultrasound (pelvic and abdominal) revealed two women with ovarian cysts, 6 women with an endometrial thickness of more than 5 mm and 8 women with uterine fibroids. Eighty five women (51.8%) had mild osteoporosis while four women had moderate osteoporosis on dual photon measurements for bone mineral density. Menopause clinics should aim at investigating a woman in her menopause as a whole. Vasomotor symptoms were common in the urban Malaysian menopausal woman. There was a high incidence of lipid abnormalities. Routine mammography, pelvic ultrasound examinations and bone mineral density tests detected significant pathology and abnormalities.
    Study site: Menopause Clinic, University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Menopause*
  14. Hatta Sidi, Marhani Midin, Malini Mat Napes, Mohd Zulkifli Mohd Kasim, Rahima Dahalan, Shuhaila Ahmad, et al.
    Sains Malaysiana, 2013;42(7):1011-1017.
    The complexity of physical, hormonal and psychocological changes in menopause may affect the sexual function in women. This study measured the prevalence of female sexual dysfunction (FSD) in Malaysian menopausal women. The associated factors were also examined in the study. A cross-sectional study involved 310 menopausal (defined as last menstrual period more than 12 months ago) who visited a menopausal clinic in a secondary referral hospital in the East Peninsular Malaysia. The prevalence and associated factors of female sexual dysfunction in the study subjects were determined. Sexual dysfunction was assessed using the Malay version of the female sexual function index (MVFSFI). Possible associated factors were collected in a pre-designed questionnaire. The prevalence of FSD for the menopausal women was 21.3%. Younger age was the only factor significantly associated with FSD in the study subjects (adjusted odds ratio=0.916, 95% CI=0.851-0.987). The prevalence of FSD was low in the Malaysian menopausal women and associated with younger age.
    Matched MeSH terms: Menopause
  15. Hermizi Hapidin, Hawa Mahmood, Sakinah Harith
    Sains Malaysiana, 2013;42:1191-1200.
    Menopause is the most prevalent cause of accelerated bone loss in women. Biochemical markers of bone resorption can be used clinically to predict future bone loss. This study aimed to determine the level of bone resorption markers in healthy pre and postmenopausal Malay women and determine their association with the risk. A total of 150 healthy women were recruited for this study (51 pre and 99 postmenopausal subjects). Data on socioeconomic, lifestyle habit and clinical were gained by personal interview. Fasting serum was collected to measure both C-telopeptide (CTx) and N-telopeptide (NTx) of type 1 collagen. Both markers were highly correlated with each other (r=0.568, p<0.001). Both intra- and inter-assay coefficient of variations (CV) of NTx were higher than those of CTx (8% and 12% vs 6% and 5%). The mean CTx values of pre and postmenopausal subjects were comparable with the expected values (0.2833 (0.1769) ng/mL and 0.4323 (1.851) ng/mL compared with 0.287 and 0.438 ng/mL, respectively). The NTx value for premenopausal subjects were higher than the expected values (15.2 (8.10) compared to 12.6 (3.20) nM BCE). The median was 19.929 nM BCE. The mean CTx and NTx levels of postmenopausal subjects were significantly lower than premenopausal subjects (p<0.05). The risk factors for bone resorption in this population were duration of menopause, marital status, body mass index (BMI), physical activity and education level. In conclusion, postmenopausal women showed a higher bone resorption, indicating higher bone loss. Increasing education and physical activity intervention might be effective to ensure better health in Malaysian older population.
    Matched MeSH terms: Menopause; Postmenopause
  16. Su Wei Poh M, Voon Chen Yong P, Viseswaran N, Chia YY
    PLoS One, 2015;10(3):e0121382.
    PMID: 25816349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121382
    Glabridin is an isoflavan from licorice root, which is a common component of herbal remedies used for treatment of menopausal symptoms. Past studies have shown that glabridin resulted in favorable outcome similar to 17β-estradiol (17β-E2), suggesting a possible role as an estrogen replacement therapy (ERT). This study aims to evaluate the estrogenic effect of glabridin in an in-vitro endometrial cell line -Ishikawa cells via alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay and ER-α-SRC-1-co-activator assay. Its effect on cell proliferation was also evaluated using Thiazoyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The results showed that glabridin activated the ER-α-SRC-1-co-activator complex and displayed a dose-dependent increase in estrogenic activity supporting its use as an ERT. However, glabridin also induced an increase in cell proliferation. When glabridin was treated together with 17β-E2, synergistic estrogenic effect was observed with a slight decrease in cell proliferation as compared to treatment by 17β-E2 alone. This suggest that the combination might be better suited for providing high estrogenic effects with lower incidences of endometrial cancer that is associated with 17β-E2.
    Matched MeSH terms: Menopause/drug effects*
  17. Yarmolinsky J, Relton CL, Lophatananon A, Muir K, Menon U, Gentry-Maharaj A, et al.
    PLoS Med, 2019 Aug;16(8):e1002893.
    PMID: 31390370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002893
    BACKGROUND: Various risk factors have been associated with epithelial ovarian cancer risk in observational epidemiological studies. However, the causal nature of the risk factors reported, and thus their suitability as effective intervention targets, is unclear given the susceptibility of conventional observational designs to residual confounding and reverse causation. Mendelian randomization (MR) uses genetic variants as proxies for risk factors to strengthen causal inference in observational studies. We used MR to evaluate the association of 12 previously reported risk factors (reproductive, anthropometric, clinical, lifestyle, and molecular factors) with risk of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer, invasive epithelial ovarian cancer histotypes, and low malignant potential tumours.

    METHODS AND FINDINGS: Genetic instruments to proxy 12 risk factors were constructed by identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were robustly (P < 5 × 10-8) and independently associated with each respective risk factor in previously reported genome-wide association studies. These risk factors included genetic liability to 3 factors (endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome, type 2 diabetes) scaled to reflect a 50% higher odds liability to disease. We obtained summary statistics for the association of these SNPs with risk of overall and histotype-specific invasive epithelial ovarian cancer (22,406 cases; 40,941 controls) and low malignant potential tumours (3,103 cases; 40,941 controls) from the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium (OCAC). The OCAC dataset comprises 63 genotyping project/case-control sets with participants of European ancestry recruited from 14 countries (US, Australia, Belarus, Germany, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Norway, Canada, Poland, UK, Spain, Netherlands, and Sweden). SNPs were combined into multi-allelic inverse-variance-weighted fixed or random effects models to generate effect estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Three complementary sensitivity analyses were performed to examine violations of MR assumptions: MR-Egger regression and weighted median and mode estimators. A Bonferroni-corrected P value threshold was used to establish strong evidence (P < 0.0042) and suggestive evidence (0.0042 < P < 0.05) for associations. In MR analyses, there was strong or suggestive evidence that 2 of the 12 risk factors were associated with invasive epithelial ovarian cancer and 8 of the 12 were associated with 1 or more invasive epithelial ovarian cancer histotypes. There was strong evidence that genetic liability to endometriosis was associated with an increased risk of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer (odds ratio [OR] per 50% higher odds liability: 1.10, 95% CI 1.06-1.15; P = 6.94 × 10-7) and suggestive evidence that lifetime smoking exposure was associated with an increased risk of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer (OR per unit increase in smoking score: 1.36, 95% CI 1.04-1.78; P = 0.02). In analyses examining histotypes and low malignant potential tumours, the strongest associations found were between height and clear cell carcinoma (OR per SD increase: 1.36, 95% CI 1.15-1.61; P = 0.0003); age at natural menopause and endometrioid carcinoma (OR per year later onset: 1.09, 95% CI 1.02-1.16; P = 0.007); and genetic liability to polycystic ovary syndrome and endometrioid carcinoma (OR per 50% higher odds liability: 0.89, 95% CI 0.82-0.96; P = 0.002). There was little evidence for an association of genetic liability to type 2 diabetes, parity, or circulating levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and sex hormone binding globulin with ovarian cancer or its subtypes. The primary limitations of this analysis include the modest statistical power for analyses of risk factors in relation to some less common ovarian cancer histotypes (low grade serous, mucinous, and clear cell carcinomas), the inability to directly examine the association of some ovarian cancer risk factors that did not have robust genetic variants available to serve as proxies (e.g., oral contraceptive use, hormone replacement therapy), and the assumption of linear relationships between risk factors and ovarian cancer risk.

    CONCLUSIONS: Our comprehensive examination of possible aetiological drivers of ovarian carcinogenesis using germline genetic variants to proxy risk factors supports a role for few of these factors in invasive epithelial ovarian cancer overall and suggests distinct aetiologies across histotypes. The identification of novel risk factors remains an important priority for the prevention of epithelial ovarian cancer.

    Matched MeSH terms: Menopause
  18. Hou Z, He P, Imam MU, Qi J, Tang S, Song C, et al.
    Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2017;2017:7205082.
    PMID: 29104731 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7205082
    Menopause causes cognitive and memory dysfunction due to impaired neuronal plasticity in the hippocampus. Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) downregulation in the hippocampus is implicated in the underlying molecular mechanism. Edible bird's nest (EBN) is traditionally used to improve general wellbeing, and in this study, we evaluated its effects on SIRT1 expression in the hippocampus and implications on ovariectomy-induced memory and cognitive decline in rats. Ovariectomized female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with normal pellet alone or normal pellet + EBN (6, 3, or 1.5%), compared with estrogen therapy (0.2 mg/kg/day). After 12 weeks of intervention, Morris water maze (four-day trial and one probe trial) was conducted, and serum estrogen levels, toxicity markers (alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, urea, and creatinine), and hippocampal SIRT1 immunohistochemistry were estimated after sacrifice. The results indicated that EBN and estrogen enhanced spatial learning and memory and increased serum estrogen and hippocampal SIRT1 expression. In addition, the EBN groups did not show as much toxicity to the liver as the estrogen group. The data suggested that EBN treatment for 12 weeks could improve cognition and memory in ovariectomized female rats and may be an effective alternative to estrogen therapy for menopause-induced aging-related memory loss.
    Matched MeSH terms: Menopause/drug effects*; Menopause/metabolism; Menopause/psychology
  19. Liong MT
    Nutr Rev, 2007 Jul;65(7):316-28.
    PMID: 17695372
    The conventional use of probiotics to modulate gastrointestinal health, such as in improving lactose intolerance, increasing natural resistance to infectious diseases in the gastrointestinal tract, suppressing traveler's diarrhea, and reducing bloating, has been well investigated and documented. Most of the mechanisms reported to date are mainly caused by the suppression of pathogenic bacteria. Currently, the potential applications of probiotics are being expanded beyond alleviating gastrointestinal disorders to include benefits involving antihypertension, immunomodulation, improving serum lipid profiles, and the alleviation of postmenopausal disorders. Although they seem promising, most of these postulated benefits are based on in vitro evaluations, and the lack of in vivo evidence and/or incompatible outcomes between in vitro experiments and in vivo trials has led to inconclusive claims. This present review highlights some of the previous roles of probiotics on gut health and addresses several potential roles currently being investigated.
    Matched MeSH terms: Menopause
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