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A review on carbon-based biowaste and organic polymer materials for sustainable treatment of sulfonamides from pharmaceutical wastewater

Zango ZU, Khoo KS, Garba A, Lawal MA, Abidin AZ, Wadi IA, et al.

Environ Geochem Health, 2024 Apr 03;46(4):145.
PMID: 38568460 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-01936-1

Frequent detection of sulfonamides (SAs) pharmaceuticals in wastewater has necessitated the discovery of suitable technology for their sustainable remediation. Adsorption has been widely investigated due to its effectiveness, simplicity, and availability of various adsorbent materials from natural and artificial sources. This review highlighted the potentials of carbon-based adsorbents derived from agricultural wastes such as lignocellulose, biochar, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes graphene materials as well as organic polymers such as chitosan, molecularly imprinted polymers, metal, and covalent frameworks for SAs removal from wastewater. The promising features of these materials including higher porosity, rich carbon-content, robustness, good stability as well as ease of modification have been emphasized. Thus, the materials have demonstrated excellent performance towards the SAs removal, attributed to their porous nature that provided sufficient active sites for the adsorption of SAs molecules. The modification of physico-chemical features of the materials have been discussed as efficient means for enhancing their adsorption and reusable performance. The article also proposed various interactive mechanisms for the SAs adsorption. Lastly, the prospects and challenges have been highlighted to expand the knowledge gap on the application of the materials for the sustainable removal of the SAs.

Matched MeSH terms: Nanotubes, Carbon*
The importance, benefits, and future of nanobiosensors for infectious diseases

Dhahi TS, Dafhalla AKY, Saad SA, Zayan DMI, Ahmed AET, Elobaid ME, et al.

Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 2024 Apr;71(2):429-445.
PMID: 38238920 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2550

Infectious diseases, caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi, are crucial for efficient disease management, reducing morbidity and mortality rates and controlling disease spread. Traditional laboratory-based diagnostic methods face challenges such as high costs, time consumption, and a lack of trained personnel in resource-poor settings. Diagnostic biosensors have gained momentum as a potential solution, offering advantages such as low cost, high sensitivity, ease of use, and portability. Nanobiosensors are a promising tool for detecting and diagnosing infectious diseases such as coronavirus disease, human immunodeficiency virus, and hepatitis. These sensors use nanostructured carbon nanotubes, graphene, and nanoparticles to detect specific biomarkers or pathogens. They operate through mechanisms like the lateral flow test platform, where a sample containing the biomarker or pathogen is applied to a test strip. If present, the sample binds to specific recognition probes on the strip, indicating a positive result. This binding event is visualized through a colored line. This review discusses the importance, benefits, and potential of nanobiosensors in detecting infectious diseases.

Matched MeSH terms: Nanotubes, Carbon*
Carbon-based adsorbents for the mitigation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon: a review of recent research

Shyamalagowri S, Bhavithra HA, Akila N, Jeyaraj SSG, Aravind J, Kamaraj M, et al.

Environ Geochem Health, 2024 Mar 07;46(3):108.
PMID: 38453774 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-01915-6

Accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) poses significant dangers to the environment and human health. The advancement of technology for cleaning up PAH-contaminated environments is receiving more attention. Adsorption is the preferred and most favorable approach for cleaning up sediments polluted with PAH. Due to their affordability and environmental friendliness, carbonaceous adsorbents (CAs) have been regarded as promising for adsorbing PAH. However, adsorbent qualities, environmental features, and factors may all significantly impact how well CAs remove PAH. According to growing data, CAs, most of which come from laboratory tests, may be utilized to decontaminate PAH in aquatic setups. However, their full potential has not yet been established, especially concerning field applications. This review aims to concisely summarize recent developments in CA, PAH stabilization processes, and essential field application-controlling variables. This review analysis emphasizes activated carbon, biochar, Graphene, carbon nanotubes, and carbon-nanomaterials composite since these CAs are most often utilized as adsorbents for PAH in aquatic systems.

Matched MeSH terms: Nanotubes, Carbon*
A novel approach to environmental pollution management/remediation techniques using derived advanced materials

Singh R, Samuel MS, Ravikumar M, Ethiraj S, Kirankumar VS, Kumar M, et al.

Chemosphere, 2023 Dec;344:140311.
PMID: 37769916 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140311

The carbon dioxide (CO2) crisis is one of the world's most urgent issues. Meeting the worldwide targets set for CO2 capture and storage (CCS) is crucial. Because it may significantly reduce energy consumption compared to traditional amine-based adsorption capture, adsorption dependant CO2 capture is regarded as one of the most hopeful techniques in this paradigm. The expansion of unique, critical edge adsorbent materials has received most of the research attention to date, with the main objective of improving adsorption capacity and lifespan while lowering the temperature of adsorption, thereby lowering the energy demand of sorbent revival. There are specific materials needed for each step of the carbon cycle, including capture, regeneration, and conversion. The potential and efficiency of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in overcoming this obstacle have recently been proven through research. In this study, we pinpoint MOFs' precise structural and chemical characteristics that have contributed to their high capture capacity, effective regeneration and separation processes, and efficient catalytic conversions. As prospective materials for the next generation of energy storage and conversion applications, carbon-based compounds like graphene, carbon nanotubes, and fullerenes are receiving a lot of interest. Their distinctive physicochemical characteristics make them suitable for these popular study topics, including structural stability and flexibility, high porosity, and customizable physicochemical traits. It is possible to precisely design the interior of MOFs to include coordinatively unsaturated metal sites, certain heteroatoms, covalent functionalization, various building unit interactions, and integrated nanoscale metal catalysts. This is essential for the creation of MOFs with improved performance. Utilizing the accuracy of MOF chemistry, more complicated materials must be built to handle selectivity, capacity, and conversion all at once to achieve a comprehensive solution. This review summarizes, the most recent developments in adsorption-based CO2 combustion capture, the CO2 adsorption capacities of various classes of solid sorbents, and the significance of advanced carbon nanomaterials for environmental remediation and energy conversion. This review also addresses the difficulties and potential of developing carbon-based electrodes for energy conversion and storage applications.

Matched MeSH terms: Nanotubes, Carbon*
Fulltext Development of blend PEG-PES/NMP-DMF mixed matrix membrane for CO2/N2 separation

Mahenthiran AV, Jawad ZA, Chin BLF

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2023 Dec;30(60):124654-124676.
PMID: 35655021 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20168-3

The carbon dioxide (CO2) separation technology has become a focus recently, and a developed example is the membrane technology. It is an alternative form of enhanced gas separation performance above the Robeson upper bound line resulting in the idea of mixed matrix membranes (MMMs). With attention given to membrane technologies, the MMMs were fabricated to have the most desirable gas separation performance. In this work, blend MMMs were synthesised by using two polymers, namely, poly(ether sulfone) (PES) and poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG). These polymers were dissolved in blend N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and dimethylformamide (DMF) solvents with the functionalised multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs-F) fillers by using the mixing solution method. The embedding of the pristine MWCNTs and MWCNTs-F within the new synthesised MMM was then studied towards CO2/N2 separation. In addition, the optimisation of the loading of MWCNTs-F for blend MMM for CO2/N2 separation was also studied. The experimental results showed that the functionalised MWCNTs (MWCNTs-F) were a better choice at enhancing gas separation compared to the pristine MWCNTs (MWCNTs-P). Additionally, the effects of MWCNTs-F at loadings 0.01 to 0.05% were studied along with the polymer compositions for PES:PEG of 10:20, 20:20 and 30:10. Both these parameters of study affect the manner of gas separation performance in the blend MMMs. Overall, the best performing membrane showed a selectivity value of 1.01 + 0.05 for a blend MMM (MMM-0.03F) fabricated with 20 wt% of PES, 20 wt% of PEG and 0.03 wt% of MWCNTs-F. The MMM-0.03F was able to withstand a pressure of 2 bar, illustrating its mechanical strength and ability to be used in the post combustion carbon capture application industries where the flue gas pressure is at 1.01 bar.

Matched MeSH terms: Nanotubes, Carbon*
Nano-drug delivery system: a promising approach against breast cancer

Malik JA, Ansari JA, Ahmed S, Khan A, Ahemad N, Anwar S

Ther Deliv, 2023 May;14(5):357-381.
PMID: 37431741 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2023-0020

Breast cancer (BC) is among the most frequent malignancies women face around the globe. Nanotherapeutics are constantly evolving to overcome the limitations of conventional diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Nanotechnology-based nanocarriers have a higher entrapment efficiency, low cytotoxicity, greater stability and improved half-life than conventional therapy. Nano-drug delivery systems have improved pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics parameters because of nanomeric size. Currently, various nano-formulations are in preclinical and clinical settings for breast cancer, like polymeric nanoparticles, micelles, nanobodies, magnetic nanoparticles, liposomes, niosomes, gold-nanoparticles, dendrimers and carbon-nanotubes. This review highlights the recent advancement in developing nano-drug delivery systems for BC treatment. This review will open the gateway to researchers to understand the current approaches to developing nano-formulation and improving problems associated with conventional therapy.

Matched MeSH terms: Nanotubes, Carbon*
Immuno-probed multiwalled carbon nanotube surface for abdominal aortic aneurysm biomarker analysis

Zhao X, Gopinath SCB, Zhao W

Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 2023 Apr;70(2):502-508.
PMID: 35661417 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2372

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), a medical complication, occurs when the aortic area becomes swollen and very large. It is mandatory to identify AAA to avoid the breakdown of aneurysms. C-reactive protein (CRP) has been recognized as one of the biomarkers for identifying AAA due to the possibility of CRP produced in vascular tissue, which contributes to the formation of an aneurysm, and it is elevated in patients with a ruptured AAA. This research work was designed to develop an immunosensor on a multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-modified surface to quantify the CRP level. Anti-CRP specificity was constructed on the MWCNT surface through a silane linker to interact with CRP. The detection limit of CRP was calculated as 100 pM with an R2 (determination coefficient) value of 0.9855 (y = 2.3446x - 1.9922) on a linear regression graph. The dose-dependent linear pattern was registered from 200 to 3000 pM and attained the saturation level during binding at 3000 pM. Furthermore, serum-spiked CRP showed a clear increase in the current response, proving the specific recognition of CRP in biological samples. This designed biosensor identifies CRP at a lower level and can help diagnose AAA.

Matched MeSH terms: Nanotubes, Carbon*
Importance of carbon structure for nitrogen and sulfur co-doping to promote superior ciprofloxacin removal via peroxymonosulfate activation

Gasim MF, Veksha A, Lisak G, Low SC, Hamidon TS, Hussin MH, et al.

J Colloid Interface Sci, 2023 Mar 15;634:586-600.
PMID: 36549207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.12.072

Herein, five N, S-co-doped carbocatalysts were prepared from different carbonaceous precursors, namely sawdust (SD), biochar (BC), carbon-nanotubes (CNTs), graphite (GP), and graphene oxide (GO) and compared. Generally, as the graphitization degree increased, the extent of N and S doping decreased, graphitic N configuration is preferred, and S configuration is unaltered. As peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activator for ciprofloxacin (CIP) removal, the catalytic performance was in order: NS-CNTs (0.037 min-1) > NS-BC (0.032 min-1) > NS-rGO (0.024 min-1) > NS-SD (0.010 min-1) > NS-GP (0.006 min-1), with the carbonaceous properties, rather than the heteroatoms content and textural properties, being the major factor affecting the catalytic performance. NS-CNTs was found to have the supreme catalytic activity due to its remarkable conductivity (3.38 S m-1) and defective sites (ID/IG = 1.28) with high anti-interference effect against organic and inorganic matter and varying water matrixes. The PMS activation pathway was dominated by singlet oxygen (1O2) generation and electron transfer regime between CIP and PMS activated complexes. The CIP degradation intermediates were identified, and a degradation pathway is proposed. Overall, this study provides a better understanding of the importance of selecting a suitable carbonaceous platform for heteroatoms doping to produce superior PMS activator for antibiotics decontamination.

Matched MeSH terms: Nanotubes, Carbon*
Potentiality of MWCNT on 3D-printed bio-inspired spherical-roof cubic core under quasi-static loading

Ma Q, Rejab MRM, Hassan SA, Hu H, Kumar AP

J Mech Behav Biomed Mater, 2022 Dec;136:105514.
PMID: 36215770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105514

Sandwich panel is increasingly used as lightweight energy absorbing components, which provides excellent crashworthiness performance with the three-dimensional periodic core. This paper investigates 3D-printed bio-inspired spherical-roof cubic cores with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and foam-filled cores under quasi-static loading. The proposed bio-inspired spherical-roof cubic cores with 1.5 mm wall thickness were manufactured using the fused filament fabrication process, which used 70% polylactic acid (PLA) and 30% carbon fiber filament. Moreover, four groups of 3D-printed bio-inspired spherical-roof cubic cores were compared and analyzed on compressive properties and failure behavior. Experimental results were shown that foam-filled double bio-inspired spherical-roof cubic core with MWCNT was the maximum Fpeak with 1.92 kN, which provided a much more stable plateau load and better energy-absorbing characteristics. In addition, it is conducted that a double bio-inspired spherical-roof cubic core with four notches core is considered as the potential energy-absorbing core.

Matched MeSH terms: Nanotubes, Carbon*
Multi-objective optimization of thermophysical properties of multiwalled carbon nanotubes based nanofluids

Maqsood K, Ali A, Ilyas SU, Garg S, Danish M, Abdulrahman A, et al.

Chemosphere, 2022 Jan;286(Pt 2):131690.
PMID: 34352553 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131690

The experimental determination of thermophysical properties of nanofluid (NF) is time-consuming and costly, leading to the use of soft computing methods such as response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) to estimate these properties. The present study involves modelling and optimization of thermal conductivity and viscosity of NF, which comprises multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and thermal oil. The modelling is performed to predict the thermal conductivity and viscosity of NF by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). Both models were tested and validated, which showed promising results. In addition, a detailed optimization study was conducted to investigate the optimum thermal conductivity and viscosity by varying temperature and NF weight per cent. Four case studies were explored using different objective functions based on NF application in various industries. The first case study aimed to maximize thermal conductivity (0.15985 W/m oC) while minimizing viscosity (0.03501 Pa s) obtained at 57.86 °C and 0.85 NF wt%. The goal of the second case study was to minimize thermal conductivity (0.13949 W/m °C) and viscosity (0.02526 Pa s) obtained at 55.88 °C and 0.15 NF wt%. The third case study targeted maximizing thermal conductivity (0.15797 W/m °C) and viscosity (0.07611 Pa s), and the optimum temperature and NF wt% were 30.64 °C and 0.0.85,' respectively. The last case study explored the minimum thermal conductivity (0.13735) and maximum viscosity (0.05263 Pa s) obtained at 30.64 °C and 0.15 NF wt%.

Matched MeSH terms: Nanotubes, Carbon*
Fulltext Design and Analysis of Soft Error Rate in FET/CNTFET Based Radiation Hardened SRAM Cell

Muthu BR, Pushpa EP, Dhandapani V, Jayaraman K, Vasanthakumar H, Oh WC, et al.

Sensors (Basel), 2021 Dec 22;22(1).
PMID: 35009576 DOI: 10.3390/s22010033

Aerospace equipages encounter potential radiation footprints through which soft errors occur in the memories onboard. Hence, robustness against radiation with reliability in memory cells is a crucial factor in aerospace electronic systems. This work proposes a novel Carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (CNTFET) in designing a robust memory cell to overcome these soft errors. Further, a petite driver circuit to test the SRAM cells which serve the purpose of precharge and sense amplifier, and has a reduction in threefold of transistor count is recommended. Additionally, analysis of robustness against radiation in varying memory cells is carried out using standard GPDK 90 nm, GPDK 45 nm, and 14 nm CNTFET. The reliability of memory cells depends on the critical charge of a device, and it is tested by striking an equivalent current charge of the cosmic ray's linear energy transfer (LET) level. Also, the robustness of the memory cell is tested against the variation in process, voltage and temperature. Though CNTFET surges with high power consumption, it exhibits better noise margin and depleted access time. GPDK 45 nm has an average of 40% increase in SNM and 93% reduction of power compared to the 14 nm CNTFET with 96% of surge in write access time. Thus, the conventional MOSFET's 45 nm node outperforms all the configurations in terms of static noise margin, power, and read delay which swaps with increased write access time.

Matched MeSH terms: Nanotubes, Carbon*
Fabrication and dialysis performance of functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes integrated cellulose acetate/poly(vinylpyrrolidone) membranes

Ashraf MA, Islam A, Butt MA, Hussain T, Khan RU, Bashir S, et al.

Int J Biol Macromol, 2021 Nov 30;191:872-880.
PMID: 34571131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.131

Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) of cellulose acetate/poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (CA/PVP) infused with acid functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNTs) were fabricated by an immersion phase separation technique for hemodialysis application. Membranes were characterized using FTIR, water uptake, contact angle, TGA, DMA and SEM analysis. The FTIR was used to confirm the bonding interaction between CA/PVP membrane matrix and f-MWCNTs. Upon addition of f-MWCNTs, TGA thermograms and glass transition temperature indicated improved thermal stability of MMMs. The surface morphological analysis demonstrated revealed uniform distribution of f-MWCNTs and asymmetric membrane structure. The water uptake and contact angle confirmed that hydrophilicity was increased after incorporation of f-MWCNTs. The membranes demonstrated enhancement in water permeate flux, bovine serum albumin (BSA) rejection with the infusion of f-MWCNTs; whereas BSA based anti-fouling analysis using flux recovery ratio test shown up to 8.4% improvement. The urea and creatinine clearance performance of MMMs were evaluated by dialysis experiment. It has been found that f-MWCNTs integrated membranes demonstrated the higher urea and creatinine clearance with increase of 12.6% and 10.5% in comparison to the neat CA/PVP membrane. Thus, the prepared CA/PVP membranes embedded with f-MWCNTs can be employed for wide range of dialysis applications.

Matched MeSH terms: Nanotubes, Carbon/chemistry*
Carbon nanomaterial properties help to enhance xylanase production from recombinant Kluyveromyces lactis through a cell immobilization method

Abdul Manaf SA, Mohamad Fuzi SFZ, Low KO, Hegde G, Abdul Manas NH, Md Illias R, et al.

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 2021 Nov;105(21-22):8531-8544.
PMID: 34611725 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11616-0

Carbon nanomaterials, due to their catalytic activity and high surface area, have potential as cell immobilization supports to increase the production of xylanase. Recombinant Kluyveromyces lactis used for xylanase production was integrated into a polymeric gel network with carbon nanomaterials. Carbon nanomaterials were pretreated before cell immobilization with hydrochloric acid (HCl) treatment and glutaraldehyde (GA) crosslinking, which contributes to cell immobilization performance. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene oxide (GO) were further screened using a Plackett-Burman experimental design. Cell loading and agar concentration were the most important factors in xylanase production with low cell leakage. Under optimized conditions, xylanase production was increased by more than 400% compared to free cells. Immobilized cell material containing such high cell densities may exhibit new and unexplored beneficial properties because the cells comprise a large fraction of the component. The use of carbon nanomaterials as a cell immobilization support along with the entrapment method successfully enhances the production of xylanase, providing a new route to improved bioprocessing, particularly for the production of enzymes. KEY POINTS: • Carbon nanomaterials (CNTs, GO) have potential as cell immobilization supports. • Entrapment in a polymeric gel network provides space for xylanase production. • Plackett-Burman design screen for the most important factor for cell immobilization.

Matched MeSH terms: Nanotubes, Carbon*
Fulltext Deciphering the role of nanoparticles for management of bacterial meningitis: an update on recent studies

Sharma N, Zahoor I, Sachdeva M, Subramaniyan V, Fuloria S, Fuloria NK, et al.

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2021 Nov;28(43):60459-60476.
PMID: 34545518 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16570-y

Meningitis is an inflammation of the protective membranes called meninges and fluid adjacent the brain and spinal cord. The inflammatory progression expands all through subarachnoid space of the brain and spinal cord and occupies the ventricles. The pathogens like bacteria, fungi, viruses, or parasites are main sources of infection causing meningitis. Bacterial meningitis is a life-threatening health problem that which needs instantaneous apprehension and treatment. Nesseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus flu are major widespread factors causing bacterial meningitis. The conventional drug delivery approaches encounter difficulty in crossing this blood-brain barrier (BBB) and therefore are insufficient to elicit the desired pharmacological effect as required for treatment of meningitis. Therefore, application of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems has become imperative for successful dealing with this deadly disease. The nanoparticles have ability to across BBB via four important transport mechanisms, i.e., paracellular transport, transcellular (transcytosis), endocytosis (adsorptive transcytosis), and receptor-mediated transcytosis. In this review, we reminisce distinctive symptoms of meningitis, and provide an overview of various types of bacterial meningitis, with a focus on its epidemiology, pathogenesis, and pathophysiology. This review describes conventional therapeutic approaches for treatment of meningitis and the problems encountered by them while transmitting across tight junctions of BBB. The nanotechnology approaches like functionalized polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carrier, nanoemulsion, liposomes, transferosomes, and carbon nanotubes which have been recently evaluated for treatment or detection of bacterial meningitis have been focused. This review has also briefly summarized the recent patents and clinical status of therapeutic modalities for meningitis.

Matched MeSH terms: Nanotubes, Carbon*
Cross-linked tannase-carbon nanotubes composite in elevating antioxidative potential of green tea extract

Ong CB, Annuar MSM

J Food Biochem, 2021 10;45(10):e13924.
PMID: 34490635 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13924

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT)-tannase composite was investigated as an immobilized biocatalyst on the basis of its facile preparation, low cost, and excellent aqueous dispersibility. Cross-linked tannase enzymes, obtained in the presence of glutaraldehyde, were composited with MWCNT via physical adsorption. Multiple techniques were applied to investigate, and corroborate the successful adsorption of cross-linked tannase onto the MWCNT structure. Green tea infusion extract post-treatment using the composite preparation showed elevated radical scavenging activities relative to the control. Green tea infusion extract exhibited a markedly reduced EC50 value on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals following its treatment with the enzyme composite, which represents 20%-34% enhancement in its free radical scavenging capacity. Stoichiometry and number of reduced DPPH were determined and compared. The antioxidative potential of a widely consumed, health-beneficial green tea is elevated by the treatment with MWCNT-tannase composite. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Cross-linked tannase enzymes were composited with pristine multi-walled carbon nanotubes via simple physical adsorption. The composite presents key advantages such as low specific volume compared to other well-known immobilization media, inert, facile enzyme composition, and ease of recovery for repeated use. The work demonstrated carbon nanotube prosthetic utility in the biotransformation of food-based health commodity sought after for its nutritional benefits. The approach is of both industrial- and agricultural importance, and is a promising and viable strategy to obtain a natural, functional food supplement for the multi-billion dollar well-being and health-related industries.

Matched MeSH terms: Nanotubes, Carbon*
Fulltext Investigating the effectiveness of nanotechnologies in environmental health with an emphasis on environmental health journals

Aghalari Z, Dahms HU, Sillanpää M

Life Sci Soc Policy, 2021 Sep 13;17(1):8.
PMID: 34511108 DOI: 10.1186/s40504-021-00116-8

OBJECTIVE: The use of nanotechnologies is important to reduce environmental health problems in Iran, so the present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of nanotechnologies in environmental health. This is a cross-sectional descriptive study for 11-year periods (2008-2018) on all articles published in three specialized journals of environmental health with emphasis on the use of nanotechnologies in various fields of environmental health (water, air, sewage, waste, food, radiation, etc).
RESULTS: In this study, 774 articles related to 114 issues of 3 specialized environmental health journals were reviewed. A review of 774 articles showed that 80 articles (10.3%) were published in the field of nanotechnologies. Out of 80 articles published in the field of nanotechnology, 66 articles (82.5%) were published on the subject of water, 9 articles (11.3%) on wastewater and 5 articles (6.2%) on air pollution. Subject review of articles showed that articles using carbon nanotubes to remove natural organic pollutants, surfactants, hydroxybenzenes, phenol, dimethyl phthalates, use of titanium dioxide nanoparticles, iron-magnesium nanoparticles for wastewater treatment, Silver nanoparticles were used to remove air pollution. The results showed that published articles on nanotechnology in the field of environmental health were few.

Matched MeSH terms: Nanotubes, Carbon*
Stimulation of Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells with Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide Affect Cancer Progression

Yunus MA, Ramli MM, Osman NH, Mohamed R

Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz), 2021 Jul 29;69(1):20.
PMID: 34327598 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-021-00625-6

Sole nanomaterials or nanomaterials bound to specific biomolecules have been proposed to regulate the immune system. These materials have now emerged as new tools for eliciting immune-based therapies to treat various cancers. Graphene, graphene oxide (GO) and reduced GO (rGO) are the latest nanomaterials among other carbon nanotubes that have attracted wide interest among medical industry players due to their extraordinary properties, inert-state, non-toxic and stable dispersion in a various solvent. Currently, GO and rGO are utilized in various biomedical application including cancer immunotherapy. This review will highlight studies that have been carried out in elucidating the stimulation of GO and rGO on selected innate and adaptive immune cells and their effect on cancer progression to shed some insights for researchers in the development of various GO- and rGO-based immune therapies against various cancers.

Matched MeSH terms: Nanotubes, Carbon*
Green carbonaceous material‒fibrous silica-titania composite photocatalysts for enhanced degradation of toxic 2-chlorophenol

Azami MS, Jalil AA, Hassan NS, Hussain I, Fauzi AA, Aziz MAA

J Hazard Mater, 2021 07 15;414:125524.
PMID: 33647620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125524

In this work, fibrous silica-titania (FST) was successfully prepared by the microemulsion method prior to the addition of three types of carbonaceous materials: graphitic-carbon nitride, g-C3N4 (CN), graphene nanoplatelets (GN), and multi-wall carbon nanotubes, MWCNT (CNT), via a solid-state microwave irradiation technique. The catalysts were characterized using XRD, FESEM, TEM, FTIR, UV-Vis DRS, N2 adsorption-desorption, XPS and ESR, while their photoactivity was examined on the degradation of toxic 2-chlorophenol (2-CP). The result demonstrated that the initial reaction rate was in the following order: CNFST (5.1 × 10-3 mM min-1) > GNFST (2.5 × 10-3 mM min-1) > CNTFST (2.3 × 10-3 mM min-1). The best performance was due to the polymeric structure of g-C3N4 with a good dispersion of C and N on the surface FST. This dispersion contributed towards an appropriate quantity of defect sites, as a consequence of the greater interaction between g-C3N4 and the FST support, that led to narrowed of band gap energy (2.98 eV to 2.10 eV). The effect of scavenger and ESR studies confirmed that the photodegradation over CNFST occurred via a Z-scheme mechanism. It is noteworthy that the addition of green carbonaceous materials on the FST markedly enhanced the photodegradation of toxic 2-CP.

Matched MeSH terms: Nanotubes, Carbon
A comprehensive review on magnetic carbon nanotubes and carbon nanotube-based buckypaper for removal of heavy metals and dyes

Khan FSA, Mubarak NM, Tan YH, Khalid M, Karri RR, Walvekar R, et al.

J Hazard Mater, 2021 07 05;413:125375.
PMID: 33930951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125375

Industrial effluents contain several organic and inorganic contaminants. Among others, dyes and heavy metals introduce a serious threat to drinking waterbodies. These pollutants can be noxious or carcinogenic in nature, and harmful to humans and different aquatic species. Therefore, it is of high importance to remove heavy metals and dyes to reduce their environmental toxicity. This has led to an extensive research for the development of novel materials and techniques for the removal of heavy metals and dyes. One route to the removal of these pollutants is the utilization of magnetic carbon nanotubes (CNT) as adsorbents. Magnetic carbon nanotubes hold remarkable properties such as surface-volume ratio, higher surface area, convenient separation methods, etc. The suitable characteristics of magnetic carbon nanotubes have led them to an extensive search for their utilization in water purification. Along with magnetic carbon nanotubes, the buckypaper (BP) membranes are also favorable due to their unique strength, high porosity, and adsorption capability. However, BP membranes are mostly used for salt removal from the aqueous phase and limited literature shows their applications for removal of heavy metals and dyes. This study focuses on the existence of heavy metal ions and dyes in the aquatic environment, and methods for their removal. Various fabrication approaches for the development of magnetic-CNTs and CNT-based BP membranes are also discussed. With the remarkable separation performance and ultra-high-water flux, magnetic-CNTs, and CNT-based BP membranes have a great potential to be the leading technologies for water treatment in future.

Matched MeSH terms: Nanotubes, Carbon
Fulltext Synthesis and characterizations iron oxide carbon nanotubes nanocomposite by laser ablation for anti-microbial applications

Al-Salih M, Samsudin S, Arshad SS

J Genet Eng Biotechnol, 2021 May 18;19(1):76.
PMID: 34003402 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00161-y

BACKGROUND: Environmental contamination by microbes is a major public health concern. A damp environment is one of the potential sources for microbe proliferation. Smart synthesis nanocatalytic coatings on surfaces, food, and material from different pathogen bacteria can inhibit using the Fe3O4/CNTs as anti-microbial growth can effectively curb this growing threat. In this present work, the anti-microbial efficacy of synthesis of a compound nanoparticle-containing iron oxide-multi-walled carbon nanotube was combined by laser ablation PLAL and explored the anti-bacterial action of colloidal solution of Fe3O4/CNTs NPs that was evaluated against bacteria which is classified as gram-negative (Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella pneumonia (K. pneumonia), and also that is identified as gram-positive (Streptococcus pyogenes (S .pyogenes) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) under visible light irradiation.
RESULTS: Doping of a minute fraction of iron(III) salt (0.5 mol%) in a volatile solvent (ethanol) was carried out via the sol-gel technique. Fe3O4 was further calcined at various temperatures (in the range of 500-700 °C) to evaluate the thermal stability of the Fe3O4 nanoporous oxidizer nanoparticles. The physicochemical properties of the samples were characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and UV-Visible spectroscopy techniques. XRD results revealed that the nanoparticles framework of Fe3O4 was maintained well up to 650 °C by the Fe dopant. UV-Vis results suggested that absorption property of combination Fe3O4/CNTs nanopowder by PLAL was enhanced and the band gap is reduced into 2.0 eV.
CONCLUSIONS: Density functional theory (DFT) studies emphasize the introduction of Fe+ and Fe2+ ions by replacing other ions in the CNT lattice, therefore creating oxygen vacancies. These further promoted anti-microbial efficiency. A significantly high bacterial inactivation that indicates results was evaluated and that the mean estimations of restraint were determined from triple assessment in every appraisal at 400 ml which represent the best anti-bacterial action against gram-positive and gram-negative microbes.

Matched MeSH terms: Nanotubes, Carbon

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