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  1. Challenges Faced During the Ventilation of a Child With Bronchobiliary Fistula: A Case Report
    Zainal Abidin H, Mohd Lutfi N, Phang YY, Zarina FMI, Hamidah I, Saedah A, et al.
    A A Pract, 2020 Jul;14(9):e01281.
    PMID: 32909720 DOI: 10.1213/XAA.0000000000001281
    Hepatoblastoma is the most frequently occurring malignant tumor of the liver in children (ages ≤5 years). The formation of bronchobiliary fistula is a rare complication. We present a case report that describes the associated anesthetic challenges that we encountered for the treatment of this pathology.
    Matched MeSH terms: Liver Neoplasms
  2. Fulltext Xanthomatous Hypophysitis Presenting in an Adolescent Girl: A Long-Term Follow-Up of a Rare Case and Review of the Literature
    Wong JSL, Nasruddin AB, Selveindran NM, Latif KA, Kassim F, Nair SB, et al.
    AACE Clin Case Rep, 2021 02 01;7(3):220-225.
    PMID: 34095493 DOI: 10.1016/j.aace.2021.01.008
    Objective: Primary hypophysitis refers to the isolated inflammation of the pituitary gland not associated with other secondary causes. Among its histopathologic subtypes, xanthomatous is the rarest.

    Methods: We describe a 22-year-old woman with xanthomatous hypophysitis (XH), its clinical progression over 8 years as well as the treatment effects of prednisolone and azathioprine. Our patient was first referred for severe short stature and delayed puberty at the age of 14 years.

    Results: Investigations revealed multiple pituitary deficiencies. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a pituitary mass whereby a partial resection was performed. A full resection was not feasible due to the location of the mass. The histopathologic analysis of the tissue was consistent with XH. The results of secondary workout for neoplasm, infection, autoimmune, and inflammatory disorders were negative. After surgery, a progressive enlargement of the mass was observed. Two courses of prednisolone were administered with a significant reduction in the mass size. Azathioprine was added due to the unsustained effects of prednisolone when tapered off and the concern of steroid toxicity with continued use. No further increase in the mass size was noted after 6 months on azathioprine.

    Conclusion: Glucocorticoid and immunotherapy are treatment options for XH; however, more cases are needed to better understand its pathogenesis and clinical progression.

    Matched MeSH terms: Neoplasms
  3. Fulltext Pectin matrix as oral drug delivery vehicle for colon cancer treatment
    Wong TW, Colombo G, Sonvico F
    AAPS PharmSciTech, 2011 Mar;12(1):201-14.
    PMID: 21194013 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-010-9564-z
    Colon cancer is the fourth most common cancer globally with 639,000 deaths reported annually. Typical chemotherapy is provided by injection route to reduce tumor growth and metastasis. Recent research investigates the oral delivery profiles of chemotherapeutic agents. In comparison to injection, oral administration of drugs in the form of a colon-specific delivery system is expected to increase drug bioavailability at target site, reduce drug dose and systemic adverse effects. Pectin is suitable for use as colon-specific drug delivery vehicle as it is selectively digested by colonic microflora to release drug with minimal degradation in upper gastrointestinal tract. The present review examines the physicochemical attributes of formulation needed to retard drug release of pectin matrix prior to its arrival at colon, and evaluate the therapeutic value of pectin matrix in association with colon cancer. The review suggests that multi-particulate calcium pectinate matrix is an ideal carrier to orally deliver drugs for site-specific treatment of colon cancer as (1) crosslinking of pectin by calcium ions in a matrix negates drug release in upper gastrointestinal tract, (2) multi-particulate carrier has a slower transit and a higher contact time for drug action in colon than single-unit dosage form, and (3) both pectin and calcium have an indication to reduce the severity of colon cancer from the implication of diet and molecular biology studies. Pectin matrix demonstrates dual advantages as drug carrier and therapeutic for use in treatment of colon cancer.
    Matched MeSH terms: Colonic Neoplasms/drug therapy*
  4. Mucoadhesive Chitosan-Pectinate Nanoparticles for the Delivery of Curcumin to the Colon
    Alkhader E, Billa N, Roberts CJ
    AAPS PharmSciTech, 2017 May;18(4):1009-1018.
    PMID: 27582072 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0623-y
    In the present study, we report the properties of a mucoadhesive chitosan-pectinate nanoparticulate formulation able to retain its integrity in the milieu of the upper gastrointestinal tract and subsequently, mucoadhere and release curcumin in colon conditions. Using this system, we aimed to deliver curcumin to the colon for the possible management of colorectal cancer. The delivery system comprised of a chitosan-pectinate composite nanopolymeric with a z-average of 206.0 nm (±6.6 nm) and zeta potential of +32.8 mV (±0.5 mV) and encapsulation efficiency of 64%. The nanoparticles mucoadhesiveness was higher at alkaline pH compared to acidic pH. Furthermore, more than 80% release of curcumin was achieved in pectinase-enriched medium (pH 6.4) as opposed to negligible release in acidic and enzyme-restricted media at pH 6.8. SEM images of the nanoparticles after exposure to the various media indicate a retained matrix in acid media as opposed to a distorted/fragmented matrix in pectinase-enriched medium. The data strongly indicates that the system has the potential to be applied as a colon-targeted mucoadhesive curcumin delivery system for the possible treatment of colon cancer.
    Matched MeSH terms: Colorectal Neoplasms/drug therapy*
  5. Fulltext Perianal Mucinous Adenocarcinoma Diagnosed by Histological Study of Anorectal Abscess with Fistula
    Jee SL, Amin-Tai H, Fathi NQ, Jabar MF
    ACG Case Rep J, 2018;5:e21.
    PMID: 29577055 DOI: 10.14309/crj.2018.21
    Perianal mucinous adenocarcinoma (PMA) is an oncologic rarity that poses a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma for treating clinicians because there are few reported cases and an absence of definitive guidelines. We report a patient who had been treated with local surgery for recurrent perianal abscess with fistula for 3 years. Biopsy of the indurated tissue overlying his surgical scars revealed PMA. Neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by abdominoperineal resection was planned to address the locally advanced disease and ongoing sepsis. Our case is unique in that the fistula preceded carcinoma by only 3 years instead of the typical 10 years.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rectal Neoplasms
  6. Evidence for Delivery of Abraxane via a Denatured-Albumin Transport System
    Hama M, Ishima Y, Chuang VTG, Ando H, Shimizu T, Ishida T
    ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2021 May 05;13(17):19736-19744.
    PMID: 33881292 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03065
    Abraxane, an albumin-bound paclitaxel nanoparticle formulation, is superior to conventional paclitaxel preparations because it has better efficacy against unresectable pancreatic cancer. Previous reports suggest that this better efficacy of Abraxane than conventional paclitaxel preparation is probably due to its transport through Gp60, an albumin receptor on the surface of vascular endothelial cells. The increased tumor accumulation of Abraxane is also caused by the secreted protein acid and rich in cysteine in the tumor stroma. However, the uptake mechanism of Abraxane remains poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that the delivery of Abraxane occurred via different receptor pathways from that of endogenous albumin. Our results showed that the uptake of endogenous albumin was inhibited by a Gp60 pathway inhibitor in the process of endocytosis through endothelial cells or tumor cells. In contrast, the uptake of Abraxane-derived HSA was less affected by the Gp60 pathway inhibitor but significantly reduced by denatured albumin receptor inhibitors. In conclusion, these data indicate that Abraxane-derived HSA was taken up into endothelial cells or tumor cells by a mechanism different from normal endogenous albumin. These new data on distinct cellular transport pathways of denatured albumin via gp family proteins different from those of innate albumin shed light on the mechanisms of tumor delivery and antitumor activity of Abraxane and provide new scientific rationale for the development of a novel albumin drug delivery strategy via a denatured albumin receptor.
    Matched MeSH terms: Neoplasms/metabolism; Neoplasms/pathology
  7. Fulltext Affimer Tagged Cubosomes: Targeting of Carcinoembryonic Antigen Expressing Colorectal Cancer Cells Using In Vitro and In Vivo Models
    Pramanik A, Xu Z, Shamsuddin SH, Khaled YS, Ingram N, Maisey T, et al.
    ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2022 Mar 09;14(9):11078-11091.
    PMID: 35196008 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21655
    Nanomedicines, while having been approved for cancer therapy, present many challenges such as low stability, rapid clearance, and nonspecificity leading to off-target toxicity. Cubosomes are porous lyotropic liquid crystalline nanoparticles that have shown great premise as drug delivery vehicles; however, their behavior in vivo is largely underexplored, hindering clinical translation. Here, we have engineered cubosomes based on the space group Im3m that are loaded with copper acetylacetonate as a model drug, and their surfaces are functionalized for the first time with Affimer proteins via copper-free click chemistry to actively target overexpressed carcinoembryonic antigens on LS174T colorectal cancer cells. Unlike nontargeted cubosomes, Affimer tagged cubosomes showed preferential accumulation in cancer cells compared to normal cells not only in vitro (2D monolayer cell culture and 3D spheroid models) but also in vivo in colorectal cancer mouse xenografts, while exhibiting low nonspecific absorption and toxicity in other vital organs. Cancerous spheroids had maximum cell death compared to noncancerous cells upon targeted delivery. Xenografts subjected to targeted drug-loaded cubosomes showed a 5-7-fold higher drug accumulation in the tumor tissue compared to the liver, kidneys, and other vital organs, a significant decrease in tumor growth, and an increased survival rate compared to the nontargeted group. This work encompasses the first thorough preclinical investigation of Affimer targeted cubosomes as a cancer therapeutic.
    Matched MeSH terms: Colorectal Neoplasms/drug therapy*
  8. Current Perspectives on Therapies, Including Drug Delivery Systems, for Managing Glioblastoma Multiforme
    Bhaskaran M, Devegowda VG, Gupta VK, Shivachar A, Bhosale RR, Arunachalam M, et al.
    ACS Chem Neurosci, 2020 10 07;11(19):2962-2977.
    PMID: 32945654 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00555
    Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a standout among the most dangerous class of central nervous system (CNS) cancer, is most common and is an aggressive malignant brain tumor in adults. In spite of developments in modality therapy, it remains mostly incurable. Consequently, the need for novel systems, strategies, or therapeutic approaches for enhancing the assortment of active agents meant for GBM becomes an important criterion. Currently, cancer research focuses mainly on improving the treatment of GBM via diverse novel drug delivery systems. The treatment options at diagnosis are multimodal and include radiation therapy. Moreover, significant advances in understanding the molecular pathology of GBM and associated cell signaling pathways have opened opportunities for new therapies. Innovative treatment such as immunotherapy also gives hope for enhanced survival. The objective of this work was to collect and report the recent research findings to manage GBM. The present review includes existing novel drug delivery systems and therapies intended for managing GBM. Reported novel drug delivery systems and diverse therapies seem to be precise, secure, and relatively effective, which could lead to a new track for the obliteration of GBM.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brain Neoplasms; Central Nervous System Neoplasms
  9. Nanomaterials for Nanotheranostics: Tuning Their Properties According to Disease Needs
    Wong XY, Sena-Torralba A, Álvarez-Diduk R, Muthoosamy K, Merkoçi A
    ACS Nano, 2020 03 24;14(3):2585-2627.
    PMID: 32031781 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b08133
    Nanotheranostics is one of the biggest scientific breakthroughs in nanomedicine. Most of the currently available diagnosis and therapies are invasive, time-consuming, and associated with severe toxic side effects. Nanotheranostics, on the other hand, has the potential to bridge this gap by harnessing the capabilities of nanotechnology and nanomaterials for combined therapeutics and diagnostics with markedly enhanced efficacy. However, nanomaterial applications in nanotheranostics are still in its infancy. This is due to the fact that each disease has a particular microenvironment with well-defined characteristics, which promotes deeper selection criteria of nanomaterials to meet the disease needs. In this review, we have outlined how nanomaterials are designed and tailored for nanotheranostics of cancer and other diseases such as neurodegenerative, autoimmune (particularly on rheumatoid arthritis), and cardiovascular diseases. The penetrability and retention of a nanomaterial in the biological system, the therapeutic strategy used, and the imaging mode selected are some of the aspects discussed for each disease. The specific properties of the nanomaterials in terms of feasibility, physicochemical challenges, progress in clinical trials, its toxicity, and their future application on translational medicine are addressed. Our review meticulously and critically examines the applications of nanotheranostics with various nanomaterials, including graphene, across several diseases, offering a broader perspective of this emerging field.
    Matched MeSH terms: Neoplasms/drug therapy*
  10. Molecular Modeling-Based Delivery System Enhances Everolimus-Induced Apoptosis in Caco-2 Cells
    Maki MAA, Kumar PV, Cheah SC, Siew Wei Y, Al-Nema M, Bayazeid O, et al.
    ACS Omega, 2019 May 31;4(5):8767-8777.
    PMID: 31459966 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00109
    Several studies have shown that the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor; everolimus (EV) improves patient survival in several types of cancer. However, the meaningful efficacy of EV as a single agent for the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) has failed to be proven in multiple clinical trials. Combination therapy is one of the options that could increase the efficacy and decrease the toxicity of the anticancer therapy. This study revealed that the β-cyclodextrin (β-CD):FGF7 complex has the potential to improve the antiproliferative effect of EV by preventing FGF receptor activation and by enhancing EV cellular uptake and intracellular retention. Molecular docking techniques were used to investigate the possible interaction between EV, β-CD, and FGF7. Molecular docking insights revealed that β-CD and EV are capable to form a stable inclusion complex with FGF at the molecular level. The aqueous solubility of the inclusion complex was increased (3.1 ± 0.23 μM) when compared to the aqueous solubility of pure EV (1.7 ± 0.16 μM). In addition, the in vitro cytotoxic activity of a FGF7:β-CD:EV complex on Caco-2 cell line was investigated using real-time xCELLigence technology. The FGF7:β-CD:EV complex has induced apoptosis of Caco-2 cells and shown higher cytotoxic activity than the parent drug EV. With the multitargets effect of β-CD:FGF7 and EV, the antiproliferative effect of EV was remarkably improved as the IC50 value of EV was reduced from 9.65 ± 1.42 to 1.87 ± 0.33 μM when compared to FGF7:β-CD:EV complex activity. In conclusion, the findings advance the understanding of the biological combinational effects of the β-CD:FGF7 complex and EV as an effective treatment to combat CRC.
    Matched MeSH terms: Colonic Neoplasms; Colorectal Neoplasms
  11. Fulltext Ultrasonic Assisted Synthesis of Size-Controlled Cu-Metal-Organic Framework Decorated Graphene Oxide Composite: Sustainable Electrocatalyst for the Trace-Level Determination of Nitrite in Environmental Water Samples
    Arul P, Gowthaman NSK, John SA, Lim HN
    ACS Omega, 2020 Jun 23;5(24):14242-14253.
    PMID: 32596560 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03829
    Excess levels of nitrite ion in drinking water interact with amine functionalized compounds to form carcinogenic nitrosamines, which cause stomach cancer. Thus, it is indispensable to develop a simple protocol to detect nitrite. In this paper, a Cu-metal-organic framework (Cu-MOF) with graphene oxide (GO) composite was synthesized by ultrasonication followed by solvothermal method and then fabricated on a glassy carbon (GC) electrode for the sensitive and selective determination of nitrite contamination. The SEM image of the synthesized Cu-MOF showed colloidosome-like structure with an average size of 8 μm. Interestingly, the Cu-MOF-GO composite synthesized by ultrasonic irradiation followed by solvothermal process produce controlled size of 3 μm colloidosome-like structure. This was attributed to the formation of an exfoliated sheet-like structure of GO by ultrasonication in addition to the obvious influence of GO providing the oxygen functional groups as a nucleation node for size-controlled growth. On the other hand, the composite prepared without ultrasonication exhibited 6.6 μm size agglomerated colloidosome-like structures, indicating the crucial role of ultrasonication for the formation of size-controlled composites. XPS results confirmed the presence of Cu(II) in the as-synthesized Cu-MOF-GO based on the binding energies at 935.5 eV for Cu 2p3/2 and 955.4 eV for Cu 2p1/2. The electrochemical impedance studies in [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- redox couple at the composite fabricated electrode exhibited more facile electron transfer than that with Cu-MOF and GO modified electrodes, which helped to utilize Cu-MOF-GO for trace level determination of nitrite in environmental effluent samples. The Cu-MOF-GO fabricated electrode offered a superior sensitive platform for nitrite determination than the Cu-MOF and GO modified electrodes demonstrating oxidation at less positive potential with enhanced oxidation current. The present sensor detects nitrite in the concentration range of 1 × 10-8 to 1 × 10-4 M with the lowest limit of detection (LOD) of 1.47 nM (S/N = 3). Finally, the present Cu-MOF-GO electrode was successfully exploited for nitrite ion determination in lake and dye contaminated water samples.
    Matched MeSH terms: Stomach Neoplasms
  12. Fulltext Synthesis and Anti-Pancreatic Cancer Activity Studies of Novel 3-Amino-2-hydroxybenzofused 2-Phospha-γ-lactones
    Balam SK, Soora Harinath J, Krishnammagari SK, Gajjala RR, Polireddy K, Baki VB, et al.
    ACS Omega, 2021 May 04;6(17):11375-11388.
    PMID: 34056293 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00360
    A series of 3-amino-2-hydroxybenzofused 2-phosphalactones (4a-l) has been synthesized from the Kabachnik-Fields reaction via a facile route from a one-pot three-component reaction of diphenylphosphite with various 2-hydroxybenzaldehyes and heterocyclic amines in a new way of expansion. The in vitro anti-cell proliferation studies by MTT assay have revealed them as potential Panc-1, Miapaca-2, and BxPC-3 pancreatic cell growth inhibitors, and the same is supported by molecular docking, QSAR, and ADMET studies. The MTT assay of their SAHA derivatives against the same cell lines evidenced them as potential HDAC inhibitors and identified 4a, 4b, and 4k substituted with 1,3-thiazol, 1,3,4-thiadiazol, and 5-sulfanyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol moieties on phenyl and diethylamino phenyl rings as potential ones. Additionally, the flow cytometric analyses of 4a, 4b, and 4k against BxPC-3 cells revealed compound 4k as a lead compound that arrests the S phase cell cycle growth at low micromolar concentrations. The ADMET properties have ascertained their inherent pharmacokinetic potentiality, and the wholesome results prompted us to report it as the first study on anti-pancreatic cancer activity of cyclic α-aminophosphonates. Ultimately, this study serves as a good contribution to update the existing knowledge on the anticancer organophosphorus heterocyclic compounds and elevates the scope for generation of new anticancer drugs. Further, the studies like QSAR, drug properties, toxicity risks, and bioactivity scores predicted for them have ascertained the synthesized compounds as newer and potential drug candidates. Hence, this study had augmented the array of α-aminophosphonates by adding a new collection of 3-amino-2-hydroxybenzofused 2-phosphalactones, a class of cyclic α-aminophosphonates, to it, which proved them as potential anti-pancreatic cancer agents.
    Matched MeSH terms: Neoplasms
  13. Fulltext Doxorubicin Loading on Functional Graphene as a Promising Nanocarrier Using Ternary Deep Eutectic Solvent Systems
    Zainal-Abidin MH, Hayyan M, Ngoh GC, Wong WF
    ACS Omega, 2020 Jan 28;5(3):1656-1668.
    PMID: 32010840 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03709
    The application of graphene in the field of drug delivery has attracted massive interest among researchers. However, the high toxicity of graphene has been a drawback for its use in drug delivery. Therefore, to enhance the biocompatibility of graphene, a new route was developed using ternary natural deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as functionalizing agents, which have the capability to incorporate various functional groups and surface modifications. Physicochemical characterization analyses, including field emission scanning electron microscope, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, X-ray diffraction, and energy dispersive X-ray, were used to verify the surface modifications introduced by the functionalization process. Doxorubicin was loaded onto the DES-functionalized graphene. The results exhibited significantly improved drug entrapment efficiency (EE) and drug loading capacity (DLC) compared with pristine graphene and oxidized graphene. Compared with unfunctionalized graphene, functionalization with DES choline chloride (ChCl):sucrose:water (4:1:4) resulted in the highest drug loading capacity (EE of 51.84% and DLC of 25.92%) followed by DES ChCl:glycerol:water (1:2:1) (EE of 51.04% and DLC of 25.52%). Following doxorubicin loading, graphene damaged human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) through the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (>95%) and cell cycle disruption by increase in the cell population at S phase and G2/M phase. Thus, DESs represent promising green functionalizing agents for nanodrug carriers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that DES-functionalized graphene has been used as a nanocarrier for doxorubicin, illustrating the potential application of DESs as functionalizing agents in drug delivery systems.
    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms
  14. Fulltext Molecular Hybrids Integrated with Benzimidazole and Pyrazole Structural Motifs: Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Docking Studies
    Sivaramakarthikeyan R, Iniyaval S, Saravanan V, Lim WM, Mai CW, Ramalingan C
    ACS Omega, 2020 May 05;5(17):10089-10098.
    PMID: 32391496 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00630
    Synthesis of a series of benzimidazole-ornamented pyrazoles, 6a-6j has been obtained from arylhydrazine and aralkyl ketones via a multistep synthetic strategy. Among them, a hybrid-possessing para-nitrophenyl moiety connected to a pyrazole scaffold (6a) exerted the highest anti-inflammatory activity, which is superior to the standard, diclofenac sodium. While executing the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity, a hybrid-possessing para-bromophenyl unit integrated at the pyrazole structural motif (6i) exhibited the highest activity among the hybrids examined. Besides, evaluation of anticancer potency of the synthesized hybrids revealed that the one containing a para-fluorophenyl unit tethered at the pyrazole nucleus (6h) showed the highest activity against both the pancreatic cancer cells (SW1990 and AsPCl) investigated. Considerable binding affinity between B-cell lymphoma and the hybrid, 6h has been reflected while performing molecular docking studies (-8.65 kcal/mol). The outcomes of the investigation expose that these hybrids could be used as effective intermediates to construct more potent biological agents.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pancreatic Neoplasms
  15. The Risk and Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Immunosuppressed Patients: Cancer, HIV, and Solid Organ Transplant Recipients
    Mohammed AH, Blebil A, Dujaili J, Rasool-Hassan BA
    AIDS Rev, 2020;22(3):151-157.
    PMID: 33118527 DOI: 10.24875/AIDSRev.20000052
    Toward the end of the year 2019, there was the eruption of an acute respiratory syndrome, which is widely referred as coronavirus disease (COVID-19) from Wuhan, Hubei Province. The disease causes a range of respiratory illnesses, which are fatal. The COVID-19 disease has spread globally and has significantly impacted the health delivery systems, travel regulations, and economic activities and has posed and upsurge of responsibilities for the frontline healthcare workers. Due to the nature of the COVID-19 disease, it has typically caused complications which include pneumonia, multiple organ dysfunction together with renal failure, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. As of date, there is no approved vaccine or treatment for COVID-19 though there are ongoing research studies to formulate a treatment. COVID-19 is highly contagious, and the risk of infection is higher for patients with immunesuppressed patients than regular patients. The immunesuppressed conditions include cancer, HIV, and patients with solid organ transplants (SOT). This paper aims to review the risk and impact of COVID-19 on immunesuppressed patients, with a focus on cancer, HIV, and patients with SOT and the essence of special parameters for their care and management. Despite the fatal effects of this global pandemic, the findings of this study indicate the high risk which immunosuppressed patients have to contract the disease; thus, the governments and health delivery systems have to offer them extra support and treatment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Neoplasms/complications*
  16. Fulltext Pellet diameter of Ganoderma lucidum in a repeated-batch fermentation for the trio total production of biomass-exopolysaccharide-endopolysaccharide and its anti-oral cancer beta-glucan response
    Abdullah NR, Sharif F, Azizan NH, Hafidz IFM, Supramani S, Usuldin SRA, et al.
    AIMS Microbiol, 2020;6(4):379-400.
    PMID: 33364534 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2020023
    The pellet morphology and diameter range (DR) of Ganoderma lucidum were observed in a repeated-batch fermentation (RBF) for the trio total production of biomass, exopolysaccharide (EPS) and endopolysaccharide (ENS). Two factors were involved in RBF; broth replacement ratio (BRR: 60%, 75% and 90%) and broth replacement time point (BRTP: log, transition and stationary phase) in days. In RBF, 34.31 g/L of biomass favoured small-compact pellets with DR of 20.67 µm< d < 24.00 µm (75% BRR, day 11 of BRTP). EPS production of 4.34 g/L was prone to ovoid-starburst pellets with DR of 34.33 µm< d <35.67 µm (75% BRR, day 13 of BRTP). Meanwhile, the highest 2.43 g/L of ENS production favoured large-hollow pellets with DR of 34.00 µm< d < 38.67 µm (90% BRR, day 13 of BRTP). In addition, RBF successfully shortened the biomass-EPS-ENS fermentation period (31, 33 and 35 days) from batch to 5 days, in seven consecutive cycles of RBF. In a FTIR detection, β-glucan (BG) from EPS and ENS extracts were associated with β-glycosidic linkages (2925 cm-1, 1635 cm-1, 1077 cm-1, 920 cm-1 and 800 cm-1 wavelengths) with similar 1H NMR spectral behaviour (4.58, 3.87 and 3.81 ppm). Meanwhile, 4 mg/L of BG gave negative cytotoxic effects on normal gingival cell line (hGF) but induced antiproliferation (IC50 = 0.23 mg/mL) against cancerous oral Asian cellosaurus cell line (ORL-48). Together, this study proved that G. lucidum mycelial pellets could withstand seven cycles of long fermentation condition and possessed anti-oral cancer beta-glucan, which suits large-scale natural drug fermentation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Mouth Neoplasms
  17. Fulltext The relationship of socio-demographic characteristics and knowledge of breast cancer on stage of behavioral adoption of breast self-examination
    Moey SF, Mutalib AMA, Mohamed NC, Saidin N
    AIMS Public Health, 2020;7(3):620-633.
    PMID: 32968682 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2020049
    Background/aim: In Malaysia, breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. As such, early diagnosis and screening practices are important to increase the survival rate. Breast self-examination (BSE) is one of the main screening methods for breast cancer. Socio-demographic characteristics and knowledge of breast cancer are amongst the crucial roles in determining women's behavioral adoption in performing BSE. This study aims to assess the relationship of socio-demographic factors and knowledge of breast cancer on the stage of behavioral adoption of BSE among Malaysian women in Kuantan, Pahang.

    Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 520 women from three different government health clinics in Kuantan and IIUM Family Health Clinic from February to April 2018. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire on socio-demographic factors and knowledge of breast cancer and its effect on the behavioral adoption of BSE.

    Results: Significant difference was found between socio-demographic characteristics and behavioral adoption of BSE. However, only breast screening and the best time for screening were found to be significant with the behavioral adoption of BSE and knowledge of breast cancer.

    Conclusion: It is found that most women in Kuantan, Pahang perform BSE but were still unaware of the importance of performing BSE for early breast cancer detection. This study was expected to enhance women's awareness of the benefits of performing BSE.

    Matched MeSH terms: Breast Neoplasms
  18. Fulltext Postoperative intraspinal subdural collections after pediatric posterior fossa tumor resection: incidence, imaging, and clinical features
    Harreld JH, Mohammed N, Goldsberry G, Li X, Li Y, Boop F, et al.
    AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 2015 May;36(5):993-9.
    PMID: 25614472 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A4221
    Postoperative intraspinal subdural collections in children after posterior fossa tumor resection may temporarily hinder metastasis detection by MR imaging or CSF analysis, potentially impacting therapy. We investigated the incidence, imaging and clinical features, predisposing factors, and time course of these collections after posterior fossa tumor resection.
    Matched MeSH terms: Infratentorial Neoplasms/surgery*
  19. Fulltext Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma mimicking thyroid abscess
    Loh TL, Zulkiflee AB
    AME Case Rep, 2018;2:20.
    PMID: 30264016 DOI: 10.21037/acr.2018.04.05
    Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a particularly fearsome form of thyroid cancer due to its extreme aggressiveness and dismal prognosis. Patients with ATC typically present with a rapidly enlarging neck mass with compressive symptoms. We report a case of ATC, mimicking a thyroid abscess; in a 52-year-old Chinese male with one month history of enlarging neck mass. Ultrasound of the neck was suggestive of a thyroid cyst and fine needle aspiration cytology was negative for malignancy. He presented again 2 weeks later with increased swelling and pain suggestive of right neck abscess. An incision and drainage was performed and histopathology result of a proximal isolated enlarged lymph node biopsied revealed metastatic carcinoma. Subsequent right thyroid wedge biopsy finding 1 month later were confirmatory of ATC.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thyroid Neoplasms
  20. Fulltext Malignant melanoma of parotid gland in a child-our unique experience
    Apparau D, Apparau H, Mohamad I, Bhavaraju VMK
    AME Case Rep, 2018;2:4.
    PMID: 30264000 DOI: 10.21037/acr.2018.01.06
    Malignant melanoma (MM) of parotid gland is a rare condition. This pathology is often a result of secondary metastasis from primary lesions in the head and neck skin. A MM arising de novo in parotid gland is very rare. This malignant tumour is more prevalent in adults rather than children and it tends to have several distinct features. Treatment options are limited especially for an advanced lesion. Despite best treatments this condition carries a poor prognosis. This case details our experience in treating a child with MM of parotid gland without other primary cutaneous lesions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Skin Neoplasms
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