Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 68 in total

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  1. Antibiosis interaction of black soldier flies (Hermetia illucens) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) with house fly (Musca domestica) (Diptera: Muscidae)
    Tangkawanit U, Ardburai W
    Trop Biomed, 2023 Jun 01;40(2):253-258.
    PMID: 37650414 DOI: 10.47665/tb.40.2.018
    Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus, 1758)) larvae inhibit oviposition of house fly (Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758) by releasing a semiochemical, although in some situations, inhibition is only partial. We hypothesized that there is a certain period in the life cycle of black soldier fly when it can cause antibiosis of the house fly. Choice and non-choice tests were used to separately examine the effectiveness of each developmental stage of black soldier fly (egg, larval (phase I, II, and III), prepupal and pupal stages) and crude extract of larvae on house fly oviposition. Tests using each developmental stage were compared with controls lacking black soldier fly. The effects of black soldier fly on the number of newly hatched house fly larvae were evaluated and there was a significant difference between the test and control in the number of eggs laid by house fly for all phases of the black soldier fly larval stage. Strong inhibition was found in some black soldier fly larval phases. Significant differences in the numbers of house fly eggs oviposited in food containers treated with crude extract were found when compared with a control, confirming that chemicals from black soldier fly larvae resulted in inhibition of oviposition of house fly. The results from experiment also indicated that chemicals from black soldier larvae influenced the number of house fly larvae newly hatched from eggs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oviposition
  2. Lactic acid bacteria waste infusion as a source of attraction and oviposition stimulation of gravid female Aedes albopictus mosquitoes
    Suria MM, Yap PC, Lov VL, AbuBakar S, Lee HY
    Trop Biomed, 2022 Dec 01;39(4):499-503.
    PMID: 36602207 DOI: 10.47665/tb.39.4.004
    Aedes albopictus poses a public health risk in tropical countries and temperate countries in recent decades due to its capability to transmit various human arboviruses including dengue, yellow fever, and chikungunya. Vector control is the key for preventing transmission of these pathogenic viruses. Improving the effectiveness of currently utilized collection methods, such as ovitraps, is important for best species abundance monitoring, assessment of the threat of arbovirus transmission, and optimizing control activities. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the potential use of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) waste as an infusion-baited ovitrap for Aedes collection. The performance of overnight tap water, grass hay infusion and LAB waste infusion were compared for their ability in attracting gravid female Ae. albopictus. In this study, the LAB waste infusion was substantially more alluring to Ae. albopictus mosquitoes than the two controls grass hay infusion and tap water.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oviposition/physiology
  3. Improved Aedes/dengue field surveillance using Gravid Oviposition Sticky trap and dengue NS1 tests: Epidemiological, entomological outcomes and community acceptance
    Liew JWK, Selvarajoo S, Phang WK, Mah Hassan M, Redzuan MS, Selva Kumar S, et al.
    Acta Trop, 2021 Apr;216:105829.
    PMID: 33465350 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105829
    The aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility and outcomes of using Gravid Oviposition Sticky (GOS) trap and dengue NS1 antigen tests for indoor and outdoor dengue/Aedes surveillance in the field. A one-year community-based study was carried out at Sungai Buloh Hospital Quarters, Selangor, Malaysia. GOS traps were first placed outdoors in three apartment blocks (Anggerik, Bunga Raya and Mawar). Beginning 29th week of the study, indoor traps were set in two apartment units on every floor in Anggerik. All female Aedes mosquitoes caught were tested for the presence of dengue NS1 antigen. Dengue seroprevalence and knowledge, attitude and practices on dengue prevention of the community and their reception to the surveillance approach were also assessed. Dengue-positive mosquitoes were detected at least 1 week before a dengue onset. More mosquitoes were caught indoors than outdoors in block Anggerik, but the total number of mosquitoes caught in all 3 blocks were similar. There was a significant difference in distribution of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus between the 3 blocks. 66.1% and 3.4% of the community were positive for dengue IgG and IgM, respectively. Most respondents think that this surveillance method is Good (89%) and support its use nationwide. Dengue case ratio in the study apartment blocks decreased from year 2018 to 2019. This study demonstrated the practicality of performing proactive dengue/Aedes surveillance inside apartment units using the GOS traps. This surveillance method can be performed with immediate result output in the field.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oviposition*
  4. Impact of mycolactone produced by Mycobacterium ulcerans on life-history traits of Aedes aegypti (L.) and resulting habitat selection for oviposition
    Mashlawi AM, Jordan HR, Crippen LT, Tomberlin JK
    Trop Biomed, 2020 Dec 01;37(4):973-985.
    PMID: 33612750 DOI: 10.47665/tb.37.4.973
    Buruli ulcer (BU) is a globally recognized, yet largely neglected tropical disease whose etiologic agent is Mycobacterium ulcerans. Although the exact mode of transmission is unclear, epidemiological evidence links BU incidence with slow-moving or stagnant, aquatic habitats, and laboratory-based experiments have shown disease manifestation in animals with dermal punctures. Therefore, hypotheses for transmission include contact with slowmoving aquatic habitats and associated biting aquatic insects, such as mosquitoes. Recent research demonstrated the toxin produced by M. ulcerans, mycolactone, is an attractant for adult mosquitoes seeking a blood-meal as well as oviposition sites. In the study presented here, we examined the impact of mycolactone at different concentrations on immature lifehistory traits of Aedes aegypti, which commonly occurs in the same environment as M. ulcerans. We determined percent egg hatch was not significantly different across treatments. However, concentration impacted the survivorship of larval mosquitoes to the adult stage (p < 0.001). Resulting adults also showed a slight preference, but not significant (p > 0.05), for oviposition in habitats contaminated with mycolactone suggesting a legacy effect.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oviposition*
  5. Fulltext Charaterization of mosquito larval habitats in Qatar
    Alkhayat FA, Ahmad AH, Rahim J, Dieng H, Ismail BA, Imran M, et al.
    Saudi J Biol Sci, 2020 Sep;27(9):2358-2365.
    PMID: 32884417 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.07.006
    Mosquito borne diseases have remained a grave threat to human health and are posing a significant burden on health authorities around the globe. The understanding and insight of mosquito breeding habitats features is crucial for their effective management. Comprehensive larval surveys were carried out at 14 sites in Qatar. A total of 443 aquatic habitats were examined, among these 130 were found positive with Culex pipiens, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. mattinglyi, Ochlerotatus dorsalis, Oc. caspius and Anopheles stephensi. The majority of positive breeding habitats were recorded in urban areas (67.6%), followed by livestock (13.8%), and least were in agriculture (10.7%). An. stephensi larvae were positively correlated with Cx. pipien, Cx. quinquefasciatus, and negatively with water salinity. Large and shaded habitats were the most preferred by An. stephensi. In addition, Cx. pipiens was positively associated with the turbidity and pH, and was negatively associated with vegetation and habitat size. A negative association of Cx. quinquefasciatus with dissolved oxygen, water temperature, and salinity, while positive with habitat surface area was observed. Oc. dorsalis was negatively correlated with pH, water temperature, depth, and habitat surface area, whereas salinity water was more preferable site for females to lay their eggs. These results demonstrate that environmental factors play a significant role in preference of both anopheline and culicine for oviposition, while their effective management must be developed as the most viable tool to minimize mosquito borne diseases.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oviposition
  6. Development patterns of necrophagous flies infesting rabbit carcasses decomposing in Mount Kapur Cave and its surrounding primary forest in Kuching, Sarawak
    Nordin NH, Ahmad UK, Abdul Rahim NA, Kamaluddin MR, Ismail D, Muda NW, et al.
    Trop Biomed, 2020 Jun 01;37(2):333-356.
    PMID: 33612803
    In addition to the scarcity of forensic entomology baseline data on oviposition of necrophagous insects and completion of their life cycles in the Borneo region, similar data derived from caves remain unreported. Since entomological baseline data can differ from one biogeoclimatic region to another, the lack of such data would limit the practical values of applying entomological evidence in estimating minimum postmortem interval (mPMI). Therefore, this present research that investigated oviposition and completion of life cycles of necrophagous flies infesting rabbit carcasses decomposing in Mount Kapur Cave and its surrounding forest habitat in Kuching, Sarawak merits forensic consideration. In general, 13 taxa of necrophagous flies were identified viz. Hypopygiopsis violacea, Hypopygiopsis fumipennis, Hemipyrellia ligurriens, Hemipyrellia tagaliana, Chrysomya megacephala, Chrysomya villeneuvi, Chrysomya rufifacies, Chrysomya chani, Chrysomya pinguis, Chrysomya nigripes, Ophyra spinigera and Ophyra chalcogaster, as well as unidentified Sarcophagidae. In addition, Hyp. violacea and Hyp. fumipennis were the two earlier necrophagous flies that oviposited in all rabbit carcasses decomposing in both habitats. While all these necrophagous flies were observed infesting carcasses in Mount Kapur Cave, Hem. ligurriens and Hem. tagaliana were not found infesting carcasses in the surrounding forest habitat. Complete life cycles for six and five different necrophagous fly species were successfully observed in Mount Kapur Cave and its surrounding forest habitat, respectively. Significant delay in oviposition, as well as longer durations for completing the life cycles in several necrophagous fly species were observed in Mount Kapur Cave when compared with those of surrounding forest habitat (p < 0.05). These findings deserve consideration as the first ever forensic empirical baseline data on oviposition and completion of life cycles for necrophagous flies in Sarawak as well as in a cave habitat, in view of its practical values for estimating mPMI for forensic practical caseworks.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oviposition
  7. Fulltext Gravid oviposition sticky trap and dengue non-structural 1 antigen test for early surveillance of dengue in multi-storey dwellings: study protocol of a cluster randomized controlled trial
    Liew JWK, Selvarajoo S, Tan W, Ahmad Zaki R, Vythilingam I
    Infect Dis Poverty, 2019 Sep 03;8(1):71.
    PMID: 31477185 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-019-0584-y
    BACKGROUND: Dengue is a global disease, transmitted by the Aedes vectors. In 2018, there were 80 615 dengue cases with 147 deaths in Malaysia. Currently, the nationwide surveillance programs are dependent on Aedes larval surveys and notifications of lab-confirmed human infections. The existing, reactive programs appear to lack sensitivity and proactivity. More efficient dengue vector surveillance/control methods are needed.

    METHODS: A parallel, cluster, randomized controlled, interventional trial is being conducted for 18 months in Damansara Damai, Selangor, Malaysia, to determine the efficacy of using gravid oviposition sticky (GOS) trap and dengue non-structural 1 (NS1) antigen test for early surveillance of dengue among Aedes mosquitoes to reduce dengue outbreaks. Eight residential apartments were randomly assigned into intervention and control arms. GOS traps are set at the apartments to collect Aedes weekly, following which dengue NS1 antigen is detected in these mosquitoes. When a dengue-positive mosquito is detected, the community will be advised to execute vector search-and-destroy and protective measures. The primary outcome concerns the the percentage change in the (i) number of dengue cases and (ii) durations of dengue outbreaks. Whereas other outcome measures include the change in density threshold of Aedes and changes in dengue-related knowledge, attitude and practice among cluster inhabitants.

    DISCUSSION: This is a proactive and early dengue surveillance in the mosquito vector that does not rely on notification of dengue cases. Surveillance using the GOS traps should be able to efficiently provide sufficient coverage for multistorey dwellings where population per unit area is likely to be higher. Furthermore, trapping dengue-infected mosquitoes using the GOS trap, helps to halt the dengue transmission carried by the mosquito. It is envisaged that the results of this randomized controlled trial will provide a new proactive, cheap and targeted surveillance tool for the prevention and control of dengue outbreaks.

    TRIAL REGISTRATION: This is a parallel-cluster, randomized controlled, interventional trial, registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (ID: NCT03799237), on 8th January 2019 (retrospectively registered).

    Matched MeSH terms: Oviposition*
  8. Occurrence of sweet refuse at disposal sites: rainwater retention capacity and potential breeding opportunities for Aedes aegypti
    Dieng H, Satho T, Meli NKKB, Abang F, Nolasco-Hipolito C, Hakim H, et al.
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2018 May;25(14):13833-13843.
    PMID: 29512008 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-1078-8
    Nectar is the staple diet of adult mosquitoes in the wild, but its availability is inconsistent and can be affected by rainfall. In urban centers, Aedes vectors commonly use man-made containers as their major habitat; however, they can colonize any items replenished by rainfall. Garbage output has increased significantly in recent years, at a time when collection frequency is reducing. Such garbage usually includes organic components, some of which are sweet and can be fed upon by other animals or become can containers for rainwater. Despite evidence that Aedes larvae can thrive in containers comprised of organic waste material, which can be produced by rodents gnawing on fruits or vegetables, and that adults can survive on sweet waste fluids, the capacity of organic waste materials to accumulate rainwater and act as egg deposition sites has not been examined. It is also unknown for how long sweet extracts can sustain the life of adult vectors. Here, we investigated the abundance of sweet leftovers at garbage sites and the rainwater retention capacity of some organic materials through a field survey and laboratory bioassays. We also examined whether sweet waste fluids impact egg hatching success and longevity of Aedes aegypti. The results of this study indicated that sweet products with leftovers are highly prevalent in garbage. When exposed to rain, food items (BAFrc, banana fruit resembling container; and BSPrc, boiled sweet potato resembling container) and the packaging of sweet foods (SMIc, sweetened condensed milk can) retained water. When provided an opportunity to oviposit in cups containing BAF extract (BAFex), BSP extract (BSPex), and SMI extract (SMIex), eggs were deposited in all media. Egg maturation in the BAFex environment resulted in similar larval eclosion success to that resulting from embryo development in a water milieu. Adults maintained on sweet waste extracts had long lifespans, although shorter than that of their sugar solution (SUS)-fed counterparts. Taken together, these results indicated that sweet waste materials are useful to dengue mosquitoes, acting both as oviposition sites and energy sources.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oviposition*
  9. Fulltext Ovitrap surveillance of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in dengue endemic areas in Keramat and Shah Alam, Selangor in 2016
    Noor Afizah A., Mohd Arif A.K., Nazni W.A., Lee, H.L.
    International Medical Journal Malaysia, 2018;17(3):59-64.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Entomological surveillance is crucial to determine the abundance of dengue vector and to evaluate breeding areas of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. The objective of this study is to determine the distribution and breeding preference for both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in dengue endemic areas. Materials and Methods: Ovitraps surveillance was conducted in two dengue endemic areas; AU2, Keramat and Seksyen 7, Shah Alam, Selangor. A minimum number of 100 ovitraps were deployed for 5 days in the study sites. Samples collected were brought back to the lab and all larvae recovered were identified to species level. Results: The ovitap index (OI) in both localities exceeded the transmission threshold of 10% with the OI recorded ranged from 42.3-79.8% in AU2, Keramat and 16.7-42.9% in Seksyen 7, Shah Alam. Ae. albopictus was the dominant species in AU2 Keramat with the highest ratio Ae. aegypti to Ae. albopictus recorded was 1.00:22.79. Nonetheless, in Seksyen 7, Shah Alam the difference in Ae. aegypti to Ae. albopictus ratio is not really prominent with 1.00:3.61 for ovitraps deployed outdoor and 3.40:1.00 for ovitraps set indoor. It was determined that single infestation of either Ae. aegypti or Ae. albopictus is more frequent for ovitraps deployed indoor and/or outdoor, respectively. It was also determined that mixed infestations were found in this study indicating that both species can oviposit in the same container. Conclusion: This study indicates that OI is still above transmission threshold in both study sites. While Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus remain as a dominant indoor and outdoor breeder, respectively, mixed breeding of Aedes species in a same container was also observed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oviposition
  10. Cockroach Oothecal Parasitoid, Evania appendigaster (Hymenoptera: Evaniidae) Exhibits Oviposition Preference Towards Oothecal Age Most Vulnerable to Host Cannibalism
    Tee HS, Lee CY
    J Econ Entomol, 2017 12 05;110(6):2504-2511.
    PMID: 29029091 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox241
    Many female parasitoid wasps optimize host selection to balance the benefits of high-quality hosts and the costs of predator- or hyperparasitoid-induced mortality risks to maximize their fitness. Cannibalism exists in many insect species and affects survival of parasitoid larvae developing in or on parasitized hosts. However, little is known about how parasitoid wasps resolve the fitness consequence of host cannibalism-induced mortality risk during host selection. We examined the effect of oothecal age on cannibalism in the American cockroach Periplaneta americana (L.) (Dictyoptera: Blattidae) and its effect on host age selection and fitness of its oothecal parasitoid Evania appendigaster (L.) (Hymenoptera: Evaniidae). P. americana differentially cannibalized 1-d-old (30‒60%) versus 10- to 40-d-old oothecae (<9%). However, parasitoid females did not avoid but still preferred to parasitize 1-d-old (45%) over 10- to 40-d-old oothecae (1.6‒20%). The parasitism rate was greater and the handling time was shorter on 1-d-old compared to older oothecae. For parasitoid progeny emerging from different-aged oothecae, regression analysis showed that development time increased and body size (measured as hind tibia length) and longevity decreased with oothecal age. These results demonstrate that reduced parasitoid progeny survival due to host cannibalism did not change the parasitoid's oviposition preference for newly laid oothecae, and that E. appendigaster females traded progeny survival for fitness gains for themselves and their progeny.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oviposition*
  11. Presence of a predator image in potential breeding sites and oviposition responses of a dengue vector
    Dieng H, Satho T, Suradi NFB, Hakim H, Abang F, Aliasan NE, et al.
    Acta Trop, 2017 Dec;176:446-454.
    PMID: 28865898 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.08.033
    In dengue vector control, attempts to minimize or replace the use of pesticides have mostly involved use of predators, but success has been severely impeded by difficulties associated with financial and environmental costs, predator mass production, and persistence in target habitats. Visual deterrents have been used successfully to control animal pests, in some cases in an effort to replace pesticide use. Despite evidence that visual signals are crucial in site choice for egg deposition by dengue vectors, and that female mosquitoes respond to artificial predation, the role of predator intimidation as it affects the oviposition behavior of dengue vectors remains largely unexplored. Here, we examined the oviposition responses of Aedes aegypti exposed to various mosquito predator pictures. Gravid females were presented with equal opportunities to oviposit in two cups with predator images [Toxorhynchites splendens-TXI, Goldfish (Carassius auratus)-small (SFI) and large (LFI) and Tx. splendens+Goldfish-TXFI] and two others without pictures. Differences in egg deposition were examined between sites with and without these images. When given a chance to oviposit in cups with and without TXI, Ae. aegypti females were similarly attracted to both sites. When provided an opportunity to oviposit in cups displaying pictures of fish (SFI or LFI) and blank cups, egg deposition rates were much lower in the fish picture sites. Females showed a preference for blank cups over TXFI for egg deposition. They also equally avoided cups with pictures of fish, regardless of the size of the picture. Our results indicate that the presence of images of goldfish and their association with Tx. larvae significantly reduced egg deposition by Ae. aegypti, and this was not the case with the predatory larvae alone. The observations that the images of natural predators can repel gravid females of a dengue vector provide novel possibilities to develop effective and inexpensive alternative tools to harmful insecticides.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oviposition*
  12. Anti-oviposition activities of used sock media against a dengue vector: prospects of eco-friendly control and solutions to pollution
    Dieng H, Satho T, Abang F, Miake F, Ghani IA, Latip NA, et al.
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2017 Sep;24(26):21375-21385.
    PMID: 28744676 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9624-y
    Yearly, huge amounts of sock refuse are discarded into the environment. Socks contain many molecules, and worn ones, which are rich in smell-causing bacteria, have a strong influence on animals' behaviors. But the impacts of sock odor on the oviposition behavior of dengue vectors are unknown. We assessed whether Aedes albopictus changes its oviposition activity in response to the presence of used socks extract (USEx) in potential breeding grounds, using choice and no-choice bioassays (NCB). When furnished even chances to oviposit in two sites holding USEx and two others containing water (control), Ae. albopictus deposited significantly less eggs in USEx than in water sites. A similar pattern of oviposition preference was also observed when there were more oviposition options in water. When there were greater oviposition opportunities in USEx sites, Ae. albopictus oviposited preferentially in water. Females laid significantly more eggs during the NCB involving water than USEx. Also, significantly more mature eggs were retained by females in the NCB with USEx than in that with water. These observations strongly suggest the presence of molecules with either repellent or deterrent activities against Ae. albopictus females and provide an impetus to advocate the integration of used socks in dengue control programs. Such applications could be a realistic end-of-life recourse to reroute this waste from landfills.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oviposition/drug effects*
  13. A New Human-Biting Black Fly Species of Simulium (Simulium) (Diptera: Simuliidae) From Thailand
    Takaoka H, Srisuka W, Saeung A
    J Med Entomol, 2017 Jul 01;54(4):945-948.
    PMID: 28399286 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx064
    Simulium (Simulium) umphangense, a new human-biting species of black fly, is described based on females captured while attacking humans in western and central Thailand. The female of this new species is similar to those of S. (S.) indicum Becher, S. (S.) nigrogilvum Summers, and S. (S.) vanellum Huang et al. in the Simulium griseifrons species-group of the subgenus Simulium Latreille in having the frons densely covered with golden-yellow short hairs, a character rarely found in the subgenus Simulium. This new species is readily distinguished from the three related species by having a darkened fore tibia, a bare subcosta (or rarely with a few hairs), and an ovipositor valve not protruded posteriorly. Additional diagnostic characters of this new species are noted. This is the seventh human-biting species of black fly in Thailand.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oviposition
  14. Fulltext A new paradigm for Aedes spp. surveillance using gravid ovipositing sticky trap and NS1 antigen test kit
    Lau SM, Chua TH, Sulaiman WY, Joanne S, Lim YA, Sekaran SD, et al.
    Parasit Vectors, 2017 Mar 21;10(1):151.
    PMID: 28327173 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2091-y
    BACKGROUND: Dengue remains a serious public health problem in Southeast Asia and has increased 37-fold in Malaysia compared to decades ago. New strategies are urgently needed for early detection and control of dengue epidemics.

    METHODS: We conducted a two year study in a high human density dengue-endemic urban area in Selangor, where Gravid Ovipositing Sticky (GOS) traps were set up to capture adult Aedes spp. mosquitoes. All Aedes mosquitoes were tested using the NS1 dengue antigen test kit. All dengue cases from the study site notified to the State Health Department were recorded. Weekly microclimatic temperature, relative humidity (RH) and rainfall were monitored.

    RESULTS: Aedes aegypti was the predominant mosquito (95.6%) caught in GOS traps and 23% (43/187 pools of 5 mosquitoes each) were found to be positive for dengue using the NS1 antigen kit. Confirmed cases of dengue were observed with a lag of one week after positive Ae. aegypti were detected. Aedes aegypti density as analysed by distributed lag non-linear models, will increase lag of 2-3 weeks for temperature increase from 28 to 30 °C; and lag of three weeks for increased rainfall.

    CONCLUSION: Proactive strategy is needed for dengue vector surveillance programme. One method would be to use the GOS trap which is simple to setup, cost effective (below USD 1 per trap) and environmental friendly (i.e. use recyclable plastic materials) to capture Ae. aegypti followed by a rapid method of detecting of dengue virus using the NS1 dengue antigen kit. Control measures should be initiated when positive mosquitoes are detected.

    Matched MeSH terms: Oviposition
  15. Fulltext Pneumonia and concurrent eggs retention in a river terrapin (Batagur baska)
    Inirah, C.I., Donny, Y., Azlan, C.A., Teoh, H.X., Jesse, F.F.A.
    Jurnal Veterinar Malaysia, 2017;29(1):13-17.
    MyJurnal
    A case report of pneumonia and egg retention in a river terrapin was presented in this paper. A 20 year-old river terrapin (Batagur baska) was presented with complaint of coughing with blood discharge, wheezing breathing and inappetance. Plain radiograph showed both right and left lung lobes were consolidated due to pneumonia 90% and 70%, respectively. Tentative diagnosis of pneumonia due to opportunistic bacterial infection of Chromobacterium sp. and Plesiomonas shigelloides was made in this case based on bacterial isolation and response to antibiotic and antiinflammatory drugs. Enrofloxacin and flunixin meglumine were administered from Day-1 to -5. Enrofloxacin was then changed to gentamicin since it showed resistance in those bacteria. No clinical changes were observed. Gentamicin was given at rate 2.5 mg/kg once a week intramuscularly and prednisolone 2 mg/kg once on Day-6 given intramuscularly, showed a response on Day-10 of hospitalisation with the evidence of reduction in lung consolidation by almost 90% clear of lung lobes from pneumonia. Sixteen thin-shelled eggs were also observed in the coelomic cavity on radiographic images. Active laying season, prolonged laying period and the history of laying only two eggs a week before presenting to hospital gives a highly suggestive diagnosis of egg retention syndrome. To encourage laying, the terrapin was given a daily parenteral calcium supplement, oxytocin 5 IU/kg intramuscularly (Day-10 hospitalisation) and was released for sunbath and to sand twice daily. The eggs were completely laid on Day-11 and the overall terrapin condition was greatly improved 2 weeks post-hospitalisation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oviposition
  16. Fulltext Colour Cues: Effects of Ipomoea Plant Extract on Culex quinquefasciatus Say Gravid Females in Choosing Oviposition Site
    Zuharah WF, Thiagaletchumi M, Fadzly N
    Trop Life Sci Res, 2016 Aug;27(2):91-102.
    PMID: 27688853 MyJurnal DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2016.27.2.7
    The interaction between plants and insects is dynamic, and may favour either the plant or the insect. Plant chemicals are deeply implicated in this relationship and influence insect behaviour. Here, we investigated the oviposition behaviour response of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes based on the colour cues produced by Ipomoea cairica leaves extract. In this study, two sets of oviposition choice experiments were conducted: (1) single solution in a cage; and (2) multiple concentration solutions in a cage. In the single solution experiment, only 1 available oviposition site was offered to 5 gravid females and in the multiple concentration tests, 4 available oviposition sites were offered to 20 gravid females. The tested concentrations were set up at 100 mL of: (1) control (distilled water only); (2) 50 ppm; (3) 150 ppm; and (4) 300 ppm of I. cairica plant extracts. The highest concentration of 300 ppm appeared to show the highest intensity with the darkest colour followed by 150 ppm and 50 ppm concentrations. More gravid females were found drowned in the highest concentration, 300 ppm of acethonilic leaves extract, compared to 150 ppm and 50 ppm of the tested extract. No eggs were found in all tested solutions. The studied extract was found to effectively attract gravid Cx. quinquefasciatus females and subsequently cause mortality and inhibit egg deposition. The interference caused by the acethonilic extract of I. cairica on the oviposition activity of Cx. quinquefasciatus can result in better control of the vector insect.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oviposition
  17. Exposure of a Dengue Vector to Tea and Its Waste: Survival, Developmental Consequences, and Significance for Pest Management
    Dieng H, Tan Yusop NS, Kamal NN, Ahmad AH, Ghani IA, Abang F, et al.
    J Agric Food Chem, 2016 May 11;64(18):3485-91.
    PMID: 27115536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01157
    Dengue mosquitoes are evolving into a broader global public health menace, with relentless outbreaks and the rise in number of Zika virus disease cases as reminders of the continued hazard associated with Aedes vectors. The use of chemical insecticides-the principal strategy against mosquito vectors-has been greatly impeded due to the development of insecticide resistance and the shrinking spectrum of effective agents. Therefore, there is a pressing need for new chemistries for vector control. Tea contains hundreds of chemicals, and its waste, which has become a growing global environmental problem, is almost as rich in toxicants as green leaves. This paper presents the toxic and sublethal effects of different crude extracts of tea on Aedes albopictus. The survival rates of larvae exposed to tea extracts, especially fresh tea extract (FTE), were markedly lower than those in the control treatment group. In addition to this immediate toxicity against different developmental stages, the extracts tested caused a broad range of sublethal effects. The developmental time was clearly longer in containers with tea, especially in those with young larvae (YL) and FTE. Among the survivors, pupation success was reduced in containers with tea, which also produced low adult emergence rates with increasing tea concentration. The production of eggs tended to be reduced in females derived from the tea treatment groups. These indirect effects of tea extracts on Ae. albopictus exhibited different patterns according to the exposed larval stage. Taken together, these findings indicate that tea and its waste affect most key components of Ae. albopictus vectorial capacity and may be useful for dengue control. Reusing tea waste in vector control could also be a practical solution to the problems associated with its pollution.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oviposition/drug effects
  18. Patterns of oviposition and development of Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) on burned rabbit carcasses
    Mahat NA, Zainol-Abidin NL, Nordin NH, Abdul-Wahab R, Jayaprakash PT
    Forensic Sci Int, 2016 Mar;260:9-13.
    PMID: 26779962 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.12.047
    Considering that crimes against animals such as illegal killing and cruelty have been alarmingly increasing and since burning is one of the common ways for disposing cadavers, ability to estimate minimum postmortem interval (PMI) using entomological data merits consideration. Chrysomya megacephala and Chrysomya rufifacies are common necrophagous species recovered from cadavers in many countries including Malaysia. Specific studies focusing on the oviposition and developmental patterns of both species on cadavers manifesting different levels of burn as described by the Crow-Glassman Scale (CGS) remain scarce. In four replicates, rabbit carcasses were burned to CGS levels #1, #2 and #3 by varying the amount of petrol used and duration of burning. Oviposition by C. megacephala and C. rufifacies was delayed by one day in the case of carcasses burned to the CGS level #3 (p<0.05) when compared with that of controls. Such delay in oviposition was not observed in the CGS level #1 and #2 carcasses. No significant differences (p>0.05) in the duration of development were found between control and burned carcasses. These findings deserve consideration while estimating minimum PMI since burning as a mean for disposing animal and human cadavers is gaining popularity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oviposition
  19. Nepenthes ampullaria (Nepenthaceae) Pitchers Are Unattractive to Gravid Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae)
    Chou LY, Dykes GA, Wilson RF, Clarke CM
    Environ Entomol, 2016 Feb;45(1):201-6.
    PMID: 26518035 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvv164
    Nepenthes pitcher plants are colonized by a variety of specialized arthropods. As Aedes mosquitoes are container breeders, Nepenthes pitchers are a potential candidate oviposition site for vector species, such as Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse). However, Aedes spp. are not commonly encountered in Nepenthes pitchers, and the environment inside the pitchers of some species is lethal to them. One exception is Nepenthes ampullaria Jack, whose pitchers are known to be colonized by Ae. albopictus on very rare occasions. Given that Ae. albopictus larvae can survive in N. ampullaria pitcher fluids, we sought to determine why pitcher colonization is rare, testing the hypothesis that gravid Aedes mosquitoes are deterred from ovipositing into container habitats that have similar characteristics to N. ampullaria pitchers. Using plastic ovitraps of different sizes, colors, and with different types of fluids (based on the characteristics of N. ampullaria pitchers), we compared oviposition rates by Aedes mosquitoes in urban and rural areas within the geographical range of N. ampullaria near Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Ovitraps that were black and large (>250-ml capacity) accumulated significantly more eggs than ovitraps that were smaller, or green in color. In terms of size and color, small, green ovitraps are analogous to N. ampullaria pitchers, indicating that these pitchers are not particularly attractive to gravid Ae. albopictus. Although Aedes spp. are capable of colonizing N. ampullaria pitchers, the pitchers are relatively unattractive to gravid females and do not represent a significant habitat for larvae of dengue vectors at present.
    Matched MeSH terms: Oviposition
  20. Fulltext Oviposition habitat selection of dengue vectors, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in response to fish predator
    Wan Fatma Zuharah, Nik Fadzly, Ong, Wilson Kang Wei, Zarul Hazrin Hashim
    Trop Life Sci Res, 2016;27(11):117-122.
    MyJurnal
    To understand the effects of fish predator’s kairomones on Aedes mosquitoes’
    oviposition, we established an experiment using gravid Aedes females. Kairomones
    concentrations were established using Hampala macrolepidota. One individual fish was
    placed inside containers with varying water levels (1 L, 5 L, and 10 L of water). The fish
    were kept in the containers for 24 hours and were removed immediately at the start of
    each trial in order to have the kairomones remnants. Twenty gravid adult females of
    Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus were allowed to lay eggs on oviposition site with
    various treatments: (1) control without any kairomones; (2) kairomone remnant in 1 L of
    water; (3) kairomone remnant in 5 L of water; and (4) kairomone remnant in 10 L of water.
    There are significant differences between the numbers of eggs laid by both Aedes species
    for each different treatment (F = 9.131, df = 16, p
    Matched MeSH terms: Oviposition
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