Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 30 in total

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  1. Ng ES, Ting JR, Foo SL, Akram SA, Fadzlina AA, Alywiah JS, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 2006 Dec;61 Suppl B:23-6.
    PMID: 17600989
    The conventional upper arm tourniquet used for hand and wrist operations may cause significant discomfort to patient when the procedure is performed under local anaesthesia. Forearm tourniquet causes less muscle ischeamia and pain. The discomfort experienced while using a forearm and upper arm tourniquet was assessed in 96 healthy subjects. Tourniquet placed on both sides was inflated sequentially to 250mmhg for five minutes on different hand. The discomfort level was assessed using a small visual analogue scale and complications were recorded. In the upper arm tourniquet, 24.9% had mild, 60.5% had moderate and 14.6% had severe pain whereas with forearm tourniquet, 99% had mild pain and only 1% had moderate pain. Seventy-nine percent of the subjects tested with forearm tourniquet had no discomfort at all. The average discomfort level for upper arm and forearm tourniquet was 4.72 and 0.39 respectively, which is statistically significant. Complications that were observed only in upper arm tourniquet included prolonged tingling, burning sensation and discomfort and stiffness of the upper limb. We concluded that forearm tourniquet was safe and well tolerated and should be used more often when indicated.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pain/physiopathology
  2. Zainal AA, Oommen G, Chew LG, Yusha AW
    Med J Malaysia, 2000 Mar;55(1):29-32.
    PMID: 11072487 MyJurnal
    A prospective study of patients with acute aortic occlusion (AAO) admitted to the Vascular Unit, Hospital Kuala Lumpur was carried out over a 12 month period. There were a total of 11 patients admitted with a clinical diagnosis of AAO. There was a male preponderance with 10 patients. The median age was 58 years (40-70 years). Hypertension was the commonest underlying medical illness (n = 7). All patients had painful lower limb paraparesis or paraplegia with bilateral absent limb pulses from the groin downwards on admission to the vascular unit. The majority of patients (10 patients) were referred from other hospitals, of which 6 patients came from outside the Klang Valley. Only eight (8) patients underwent an operative procedure with seven (7) having an initial bilateral balloon catheter thromboembolectomy. There was one (1) aorta-bifemoral bypass after failed embolectomy. An aneurysectomy with inlay-graft was done as the initial procedure in one (1) patient. Mortality was 82% (9/11). The two survivors were in the group that had vascular reconstructive surgery. Acute aortic occlusion is an uncommon but catastrophic event with a high mortality. Clinicians must have a high index of suspicion in patients who present with painful paresis or paraplegia. Clinical examination of peripheral pulses in these patients is mandatory. Early diagnosis and treatment is important to improve the outcome of this disease.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pain/physiopathology
  3. Singh G
    Med J Malaysia, 1977 Dec;32(2):152-6.
    PMID: 614483
    Matched MeSH terms: Pain/physiopathology*
  4. Thong PL, How KN, Bakrin IH
    Med J Malaysia, 2020 07;75(4):436-438.
    PMID: 32724011
    Henoch-Schonlein Purpura (HSP) or anaphylactoid purpura, currently named IgA vasculitis is the most common form of systemic vasculitis in children. In adults and young infants, HSP tends to have atypical presentations with higher rates of severe gastrointestinal problems and delayed renal complications. While hypertension is a known complication of HSP nephritis, it is rarely seen in individuals with normal renal function and urinary findings. We report a case of a 7-year-old boy with HSP, who presented with abdominal pain and severe hypertension without other features of glomerulonephritis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Abdominal Pain/physiopathology*
  5. Chua YP, Tan WJ, Yahya TS, Saw A
    Singapore Med J, 2013 Nov;54(11):630-3.
    PMID: 24276099
    INTRODUCTION: Foot pain is a common problem, especially in women, and studies have shown that it is related to footwear. This study was conducted to establish the prevalence of nontraumatic foot pain and its contributing factors in young working Malaysian women in an urban setting.

    METHODS: The survey was conducted on a group of working women (age range 21-40 years) selected using convenience sampling. Data on foot problems was collected through an investigator-directed questionnaire and during clinical inspection of the foot.

    RESULTS: A total of 400 women, with a mean age of 29.4 years, were recruited. Half (n = 200) of the women had experienced recurrent nontraumatic foot pain in the past one year. Subjective assessments of foot pain using the Numeric Intensity Scale gave an average score of 4.89 ± 1.78 (range 2-10), with most episodes occurring at the heel. There was no statistically significant association between foot pain and age, ethnicity or body mass index. However, there was a higher incidence of foot pain in women wearing high-heeled footwear than those wearing non-high-heeled footwear (p = 0.027, odds ratio 1.591).

    CONCLUSION: Nontraumatic foot pain is common among young working women in our society. More than half (68.4%) of the women with foot pain in our study attributed the pain to footwear. Wearing high-heeled shoes to work was a significant contributing factor. Increased public awareness on the importance of proper footwear may help to reduce the prevalence of nontraumatic foot pain in working women.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pain/physiopathology
  6. Quek KF, Loh CS, Low WY, Razack AH, Chua CB
    Singapore Med J, 2002 Aug;43(8):391-8.
    PMID: 12507023
    This study examined the effects of treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) on the health-related quality of life (physical/functional, mental, social and global aspect), pain and prostatic symptoms.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pain/physiopathology
  7. Harun MH, Yaacob I, Mohd Kassim Z
    Singapore Med J, 1993 Apr;34(2):150-2.
    PMID: 8266158
    Twenty-nine patients (16 males, 13 females) with spontaneous pneumothorax admitted into Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, from September 1984 to September 1990 were reviewed. Their ages ranged from newborn to 75 years. The commonest chief presenting symptom was dyspnoea (69%), followed by chest pain (35%). Four patients had chronic obstructive airway disease, 7 had pneumonia, 2 had pulmonary tuberculosis, one patient had emphysema while 4 patients had multiple underlying lung disorders. The left and right lungs were involved with equal frequency. Bilateral pneumothorax occurred in one patient. Most patients had a single episode of pneumothorax but recurrent pneumothoraces occurred in 3 patients (10%). Six patients were observed conservatively, 20 patients required chest tube insertion alone and 3 patients also required pleurodesis. Death occurred in 8 patients (28%) mainly due to coexisting infection and respiratory failure.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chest Pain/physiopathology
  8. Bhardwaj A, Nagandla K
    Postgrad Med J, 2014 Aug;90(1066):450-60.
    PMID: 24904047 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2013-132377
    Low back pain is a common musculoskeletal symptom in pregnancy that can present as lumbar pain or pelvic girdle pain, with significant physical and psychosocial implications. Pelvic girdle pain is more prevalent and results in greater disability than lumbar pain. It is possible to distinguish between these two conditions from a detailed history based on the site of the pain, its intensity, disability and pain provocation tests. Management of low back pain in pregnancy is conservative, with physical exercise for lumbar pain and minimising activities that exacerbate pain, analgesics and bed rest for pelvic girdle pain, as well as avoiding abduction beyond the pain-free zone in labour. There is evidence that stabilising exercises in patients with pelvic girdle pain postpartum have a beneficial effect. Other treatment modalities that have been shown to be safe and effective include pelvic belts, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, spinal manipulative therapy, acupuncture and complementary therapy with yoga. Other orthopaedic complications in pregnancy such as carpal tunnel syndrome, pubic symphysis rupture, transient osteoporosis and osteonecrosis are usually self-limiting with a satisfactory outcome. However, a lack of awareness and failure to recognise these complications can result in long-term morbidity. Knowledge of the preoperative diagnostic investigations, surgical approaches and intraoperative positioning of the mother to avoid gravid uterus compression is vital in orthopaedic emergencies such as lumbar disc herniation, cauda equina syndrome, fractures and acute compartment syndrome of the lower limb to ensure a safe maternal and fetal outcome and to prevent serious disability. Pregnancy is not contraindicated in women with pre-existing orthopaedic complications such as kyphoscoliosis and total hip arthroplasty as there is no evidence to suggest increased maternal or fetal risks.
    Matched MeSH terms: Low Back Pain/physiopathology; Pelvic Girdle Pain/physiopathology
  9. Koh D, Abdullah AM, Wang P, Lin N, Luo N
    PLoS One, 2016;11(11):e0165555.
    PMID: 27835652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165555
    BACKGROUND: The Malay spoken in Brunei a South East Asian country where Malay is the national language is distinctive and different from Malay spoken in Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia. This study aimed to develop a Brunei Malay version of the 5-level EQ-5D questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L) and to assess its psychometric properties among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

    METHODS: The Brunei Malay EQ-5D-5L was developed by culturally adapting two existing Malay versions. A total of 154 Bruneians with T2DM completed the questionnaire in two different points of time with one week apart. Known-groups validity of the utility-based EQ-5D-5L index and visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS) was evaluated by comparing subgroups of patients known to differ in health status. Test-retest reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) or Cohen's kappa.

    RESULTS: As hypothesized, patients known to have 'better' health had higher EQ-5D-5L index scores than those having 'worse' health in all 7 known-groups comparisons. The hypothesized difference in the EQ-VAS scores was observed in only 4 of the 7 known-groups comparisons. Kappa values ranged from 0.206 to 0.446 for the EQ-5D-5L items; the ICC value for the EQ-5D-5L index and EQ-VAS was 0.626 and 0.521, respectively.

    CONCLUSIONS: The utility-based EQ-5D-5L index appears to be valid and reliable for measuring the health of Brunei patients with T2DM. The validity of the EQ-VAS in Brunei requires further investigation.

    Matched MeSH terms: Pain/physiopathology
  10. Chua CS, Bai CH, Shiao CY, Hsu CY, Cheng CW, Yang KC, et al.
    PLoS One, 2017;12(8):e0183960.
    PMID: 28859146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183960
    BACKGROUND & AIMS: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) manifests as chronic abdominal pain. One pathophysiological theory states that the brain-gut axis is responsible for pain control in the intestine. Although several studies have discussed the structural changes in the brain of IBS patients, most of these studies have been conducted in Western populations. Different cultures and sexes experience different pain sensations and have different pain responses. Accordingly, we aimed to identify the specific changes in the cortical thickness of Asian women with IBS and to compare these data to those of non-Asian women with IBS.

    METHODS: Thirty Asian female IBS patients (IBS group) and 39 healthy individuals (control group) were included in this study. Brain structural magnetic resonance imaging was performed. We used FreeSurfer to analyze the differences in the cortical thickness and their correlations with patient characteristics.

    RESULTS: The left cuneus, left rostral middle frontal cortex, left supramarginal cortex, right caudal anterior cingulate cortex, and bilateral insula exhibited cortical thinning in the IBS group compared with those in the controls. Furthermore, the brain cortical thickness correlated negatively the severity as well as duration of abdominal pain.

    CONCLUSIONS: Some of our findings differ from those of Western studies. In our study, all of the significant brain regions in the IBS group exhibited cortical thinning compared with those in the controls. The differences in cortical thickness between the IBS patients and controls may provide useful information to facilitate regulating abdominal pain in IBS patients. These findings offer insights into the association of different cultures and sexes with differences in cortical thinning in patients with IBS.

    Matched MeSH terms: Abdominal Pain/physiopathology*
  11. Gunduz OH, Sencan S, Ercalik T, Suhaimi A
    Pain Med, 2017 08 01;18(8):1594-1597.
    PMID: 28087843 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnw303
    Matched MeSH terms: Back Pain/physiopathology
  12. Ampomah K, Amano S, Wages NP, Volz L, Clift R, Ludin AFM, et al.
    Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2019 09;51(9):1817-1827.
    PMID: 30913160 DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001984
    PURPOSE: The goal of this trial was to determine whether low-load blood flow-restricted (BFR) exercise of appendicular muscles induces a cross-transfer of effect to the trunk extensor (TE) muscles, such that low-load TE exercise would enhance TE size and function to a greater extent than standard low-load exercise in people with recurrent low back pain (LBP). We also investigated the direct effects of BFR exercise in the appendicular muscles.

    METHODS: Thirty-two adults with recurrent, nonspecific LBP were randomized into two groups: Appendicular BFR exercise (BFR exercise) or control exercise (CON exercise). All participants trained (two times per week) for 10 wk, with a 12-wk follow-up. Participants performed three sets of leg extension (LE), plantar flexion (PF), and elbow flexion (EF) exercises followed by low-load TE exercise without BFR. Outcome measures included magnetic resonance imaging-derived muscle size (quadriceps and TE), strength (LE, PF, EF, and TE), and endurance (LE and TE).

    RESULTS: There was no evidence for a cross-transfer of effect to the TE. There was also no statistically significant enhancement of limb skeletal muscle size or function of BFR relative to CON exercise at any time point; though, moderate effect sizes for BFR exercise were observed for enhanced muscle size and strength in the leg extensors.

    CONCLUSIONS: Low-load BFR exercise of the appendicular muscles did not result in a cross-transfer of effect to the TE musculature. There was also no significant benefit of low-load BFR exercise on the appendicular muscle size and function, suggesting no benefit from low-load BFR exercise in adults with recurrent, nonspecific LBP.

    Matched MeSH terms: Low Back Pain/physiopathology
  13. Dhillon HK, Singh HJ, Ghaffar NA
    Maturitas, 2005 Nov-Dec;52(3-4):256-63.
    PMID: 15894440 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2005.03.014
    The aim of the study was to document sexual function in Kelantanese postmenopausal women.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pain/physiopathology
  14. Leonard JH, Kok KS, Ayiesha R, Das S, Roslizawati N, Vikram M, et al.
    Clin Ter, 2010;161(1):29-33.
    PMID: 20393675
    Work related musculoskeletal disorders represent a serious public health problem as it is a leading cause for disability and absenteeism in workers. The main purpose of the present quasi-experimental study was to compare the muscle activity of the upper trapezius in subjects with neck pain and compare it to those of normal subjects.

    Study site: Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (PPUKM)
    Matched MeSH terms: Neck Pain/physiopathology
  15. Boey CC, Omar A, Arul Phillips J
    J Paediatr Child Health, 2003 Jul;39(5):352-7.
    PMID: 12887665
    OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to investigate the extent to which recurrent abdominal pain and other factors were associated with academic achievement among Year-6 (12 years of age) schoolchildren.

    METHODS: The present study was a cross-sectional survey conducted from September to November 2001. Schoolchildren were recruited from primary schools that were selected randomly from a list of all primary schools in Petaling Jaya, Malaysia, using random sampling numbers. Information concerning recurrent abdominal pain, socio-economic status, life events, demographic and other details was obtained using a combination of questionnaires and interviews. Academic achievement was assessed using a score based on the Malaysian Primary School Achievement Examination. An overall score at or above the mean was taken to indicate high academic achievement while a score below the mean indicated poor academic achievement.

    RESULTS: A total of 1971 children were studied (958 boys and 1013 girls: 1047 Malays, 513 Chinese and 411 Indians). Of these children, 456 (23.1%) fulfilled the criteria for recurrent abdominal pain. Using the method of binary logistic regression analysis, the following factors were found to be independently associated with poor academic performance: a low socio-economic status (odds ratio (OR) 1.30; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25-1.35); male sex (OR 1.61; 95% CI 1.26-2.05); the death of a close relative (OR 2.22; 95% CI 1.73-2.85); the divorce or separation of parents (OR 3.05; 95% CI 1.73-5.40); the commencement of work by the mother (OR 1.34; 95% CI 1.02-1.76); hospitalization of the child in the 12 months prior to the study (OR 1.83; 95% CI 1.12-3.01); lack of health-care consultation (OR 1.80; 95% CI 1.36-2.36); missing breakfast (OR 1.47; 95% CI 1.07-2.02); and lack of kindergarten education (OR 1.35; 95% CI 1.04-1.75).

    CONCLUSIONS: Many factors, such as socio-economic status and recent life events, were associated with poor academic performance. Recurrent abdominal pain did not correlate directly to academic performance. Stress may be a means by which various factors cause children to struggle academically.

    Matched MeSH terms: Abdominal Pain/physiopathology
  16. Wan SA, Teh CL, Jobli AT, Cheong YK, Chin WV, Tan BB
    J Med Case Rep, 2019 Jan 08;13(1):8.
    PMID: 30626451 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-018-1940-4
    BACKGROUND: Gout is a monosodium urate deposition disease which is prevalent worldwide. The usual manifestations are crystal arthropathy and tophi deposition in the soft tissues. Spinal tophi may also occur and are rarely reported, resulting in various clinical manifestations such as back pain, spinal cord compression, radiculopathy, and even mimicking epidural abscess and spondylodiscitis.

    CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of a 42-year-old Chinese man with underlying gout who presented with back pain and radiculopathy. The diagnosis of spinal tophi was unsuspected and he was initially treated for epidural abscess and spondylodiscitis. He underwent a laminectomy and posterolateral fusion during which tophus material was discovered. He recovered and medications for gout were started.

    CONCLUSION: Spinal tophi are rare. The diagnosis is difficult and spinal tophi may be mistaken for epidural abscess, spondylodiscitis, or neoplasm.
    Matched MeSH terms: Back Pain/physiopathology
  17. Khalid MH, Akhtar MN, Mohamad AS, Perimal EK, Akira A, Israf DA, et al.
    J Ethnopharmacol, 2011 Sep 01;137(1):345-51.
    PMID: 21664960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.05.043
    ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith, a wild edible ginger species or locally known as "lempoyang", commonly used in the Malays traditional medicine as an appetizer or to treat stomachache, toothache, muscle sprain and as a cure for swelling sores and cuts.

    AIM: The present study was conducted to investigate the possible mechanism of actions underlying the systemic antinociception activity of the essential oil of Zingiber zerumbet (EOZZ) in chemical-induced nociception tests in mice.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: Acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction, capsaicin-, glutamate- and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced paw licking tests in mice were employed in the study. In all experiments, EOZZ was administered systemically at the doses of 50, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg.

    RESULTS: It was shown that EOZZ given to mice via intraperitoneal and oral routes at 50, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg produced significant dose dependent antinociception when assessed using acetic acid-induced abdominal writing test with calculated mean ID(50) values of 88.84 mg/kg (80.88-97.57 mg/kg) and 118.8 mg/kg (102.5-137.8 mg/kg), respectively. Likewise, intraperitoneal administration of EOZZ at similar doses produced significant dose dependent inhibition of neurogenic pain induced by intraplantar injection of capsaicin (1.6 μg/paw), glutamate (10 μmol/paw) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (1.6μg/paw) with calculated mean ID(50) of 128.8 mg/kg (118.6-139.9 mg/kg), 124.8 mg/kg (111.4-139.7 mg/kg) and 40.29 (35.39-45.86) mg/kg, respectively. It was also demonstrated that pretreatment with l-arginine (100mg/kg, i.p.), a nitric oxide precursor significantly reversed antinociception produced by EOZZ suggesting the involvement of l-arginine/nitric oxide pathway. In addition, methylene blue (20mg/kg, i.p.) significantly enhanced antinociception produced by EOZZ. Administration of glibenclamide (10mg/kg, i.p.), an ATP-sensitive K(+) channel antagonist significantly reversed antinociceptive activity induced by EOZZ.

    CONCLUSION: Together, the present results suggested that EOZZ-induced antinociceptive activity was possibly related to its ability to inhibit glutamatergic system, TRPV1 receptors as well as through activation of l-arginine/nitric oxide/cGMP/protein kinase C/ATP-sensitive K(+) channel pathway.

    Matched MeSH terms: Pain/physiopathology
  18. Adnan R, Van Oosterwijck J, Danneels L, Willems T, Meeus M, Crombez G, et al.
    J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil, 2020;33(6):919-930.
    PMID: 33016899 DOI: 10.3233/BMR-191548
    BACKGROUND: Differences in pain processing, muscle structure and function have been reported in patients with low back pain (LBP) with different grades of pain chronicity.

    OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to examine differences in psychological factors, disability and subjective fatigue between subgroups of LBP based on their chronification grade.

    METHODS: Twenty-one healthy controls (HC) and 54 LBP patients (categorized based on the grades of chronicity into recurrent LBP (RLBP), non-continuous chronic LBP (CLBP), or continuous (CLBP)) filled out a set of self-reporting questionnaires.

    RESULTS: The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI) scores indicated that anxiety, pain severity, pain interference and affective distress were lower in HC and RLBP compared to non-continuous CLBP. Anxiety scores were higher in non-continuous CLBP compared to RLBP, continuous CLBP and HC. The Pain Catastrophizing Scale for Helplessness (PSCH) was higher in non-continuous CLBP compared to HC. The Survey of Pain Attitudes (SOPA) showed no differences in adaptive and maladaptive behaviors across the groups. The Pain Disability Index (PDI) measured a higher disability in both CLBP groups compared to HC. Moreover, the Rolland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) showed higher levels of disability in continuous CLBP compared to non-continuous CLBP, RLBP and HC. The Checklist Individual Strength (CIS) revealed that patients with non-continuous CLBP were affected to a higher extent by severe fatigue compared to continuous CLBP, RLBP and HC (subjective fatigue, concentration and physical activity). For all tests, a significance level of 0.05 was used.

    CONCLUSIONS: RLBP patients are more disabled than HC, but have a tendency towards a general positive psychological state of mind. Non-continuous CLBP patients would most likely present a negative psychological mindset, become more disabled and have prolonged fatigue complaints. Finally, the continuous CLBP patients are characterized by more negative attitudes and believes on pain, enhanced disability and interference of pain in their daily lives.

    Matched MeSH terms: Low Back Pain/physiopathology; Chronic Pain/physiopathology
  19. Yam MF, Ang LF, Ameer OZ, Salman IM, Aziz HA, Asmawi MZ
    J Acupunct Meridian Stud, 2009 Dec;2(4):280-7.
    PMID: 20633503 DOI: 10.1016/S2005-2901(09)60069-8
    Elephantopus tomentosus is widely used in Asia, especially in Malaysia, for the treatment of pain and inflammation. In the present study, the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of a 95% ethanol extract of E. tomentosus were investigated in different experimental models. In the anti-inflammation study, 1000 mg/kg of extract significantly reduced carrageenan-induced hind paw edema (p < 0.05) and inhibited abdominal permeability compared with control (p < 0.01). The analgesic activity was assayed in several experimental models in mice: (1) hot plate, (2) tail flick, (3) writhing test; and rats: carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia pain threshold test. However, at the doses tested, no significant activity was found in the hot plate test and the tail flick test. E. tomentosus ethanol extract at 1000 mg/kg significantly (p < 0.05) increased hyperalgesia pain threshold and inhibited writhing activity. The results suggest that E. tomentosus ethanol extract at 1000 mg/kg dose is effective in anti-inflammatory and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug type anti-nociception activities.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pain/physiopathology
  20. Tang SY, Sivakumar M, Ng AM, Shridharan P
    Int J Pharm, 2012 Jul 1;430(1-2):299-306.
    PMID: 22503988 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.03.055
    The present study investigated the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of novel aspirin oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsion and water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) nano multiple emulsion formulations generated using ultrasound cavitation techniques. The anti-inflammatory activities of nanoemulsion and nano multiple emulsion were determined using the λ-carrageenan-induced paw edema model. The analgesic activities of both nanoformulations were determined using acetic acid-induced writhing response and hot plate assay. For comparison, the effect of pretreatment with blank nanoemulsion and reference aspirin suspension were also studied for their anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities. The results showed that oral administration of nanoemulsion and nano multiple emulsion containing aspirin (60 mg/kg) significantly reduced paw edema induced by λ-carrageenan injection. Both nanoformulations decreased the number of abdominal constriction in acetic acid-induced writhing model. Pretreatment with nanoformulations led to a significant increase in reaction time in hot plate assay. Nanoemulsion demonstrated an enhanced anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects compared to reference suspension while nano multiple emulsion exhibited a mild inhibitory effects in the three experimental animal model tests. The results obtained for nano multiple emulsion were relatively lower than reference. However, administration of blank nanoemulsion did not alter the nociceptive response significantly though it showed slight anti-inflammatory effect. These experimental studies suggest that nanoemulsion and nano multiple emulsion produced a pronounced anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in rats and may be candidates as new nanocarriers for pharmacological NSAIDs in the treatment of inflammatory disorders and alleviating pains.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pain/physiopathology
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