Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 224 in total

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  1. Khoo LW, Audrey Kow S, Lee MT, Tan CP, Shaari K, Tham CL, et al.
    PMID: 30105077 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9276260
    Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.f.) Lindau (Acanthaceae), commonly known as Sabah snake grass, is a vegetable and a well-known herb that is considered an alternative medicine for insect bites, skin rashes, herpes infection, inflammation, and cancer and for health benefits. Current review aims to provide a well-tabulated repository of the phytochemical screening, identification and quantification, and the pharmacological information of C. nutans according to the experimental design and the plant preparation methods which make it outstanding compared to existing reviews. This review has documented valuable data obtained from all accessible library databases and electronic searches. For the first time we analyzed the presence of flavonoids, triterpenoids, steroids, phytosterols, and glycosides in C. nutans based on the results from phytochemical screening which are then further confirmed by conventional phytochemical isolation methods and advanced spectroscopic techniques. Phytochemical quantification further illustrated that C. nutans is a good source of phenolics and flavonoids. Pharmacological studies on C. nutans revealed that its polar extract could be a promising anti-inflammation, antiviral, anticancer, immune and neuromodulating, and plasmid DNA protective agent; that its semipolar extract could be a promising antiviral, anticancer, and wound healing agent; and that its nonpolar extract could be an excellent anticancer agent.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmids
  2. Liew PS, Tan TH, Wong YC, Sim EUH, Lee CW, Narayanan K
    ACS Synth Biol, 2020 04 17;9(4):804-813.
    PMID: 32196315 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00478
    TelN and tos are a unique DNA linearization unit isolated from bacteriophage N15. While being transferable, the TelN cleaving-rejoining activities remained stable to function on tos in both bacterial and mammalian environments. However, TelN contribution in linear plasmid replication in mammalian cells remains unknown. Herein, we investigated the association of TelN in linear tos-containing DNA (tos-DNA) replication in mammalian cells. Additionally, the mammalian origin of replication (ori) that is well-known to initiate the replication event of plasmid vectors was also studied. In doing so, we identified that both TelN and mammalian initiation sites were essential for the replication of linear tos-DNA, determined by using methylation sensitive DpnI/MboI digestion and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification approaches. Furthermore, we engineered the linear tos-DNA to be able to retain in mammalian cells using S/MAR technology. The resulting S/MAR containing tos-DNA was robust for at least 15 days, with (1) continuous tos-DNA replication, (2) correct splicing of gene transcripts, and (3) stable exogenous gene expression that was statistically comparable to the endogenous gene expression level. Understanding the activities of TelN and tos in mammalian cells can potentially provide insights for adapting this simple DNA linearization unit in developing novel genetic engineering tools, especially to the eukaryotic telomere/telomerase study.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmids/genetics
  3. Ooi JD, Jiang JH, Eggenhuizen PJ, Chua LL, van Timmeren M, Loh KL, et al.
    Nat Commun, 2019 07 29;10(1):3392.
    PMID: 31358739 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11255-0
    Autoreactivity to myeloperoxidase (MPO) causes anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV), with rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. Here, we show that a Staphylococcus aureus peptide, homologous to an immunodominant MPO T-cell epitope (MPO409-428), can induce anti-MPO autoimmunity. The peptide (6PGD391-410) is part of a plasmid-encoded 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase found in some S. aureus strains. It induces anti-MPO T-cell autoimmunity and MPO-ANCA in mice, whereas related sequences do not. Mice immunized with 6PGD391-410, or with S. aureus containing a plasmid expressing 6PGD391-410, develop glomerulonephritis when MPO is deposited in glomeruli. The peptide induces anti-MPO autoreactivity in the context of three MHC class II allomorphs. Furthermore, we show that 6PGD391-410 is immunogenic in humans, as healthy human and AAV patient sera contain anti-6PGD and anti-6PGD391-410 antibodies. Therefore, our results support the idea that bacterial plasmids might have a function in autoimmune disease.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmids/genetics
  4. Ksiazek TG, Rota PA, Rollin PE
    Virus Res, 2011 Dec;162(1-2):173-83.
    PMID: 21963678 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.09.026
    The emergence of Hendra and Nipah viruses in the 1990s has been followed by the further emergence of these viruses in the tropical Old World. The history and current knowledge of the disease, the viruses and their epidemiology is reviewed in this article. A historical aside summarizes the role that Dr. Brian W.J. Mahy played at critical junctures in the early stories of these viruses.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmids/genetics
  5. Omidvar V, Siti Nor Akmar A, Marziah M, Maheran AA
    Plant Cell Rep, 2008 Sep;27(9):1451-9.
    PMID: 18563415 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-008-0565-2
    The promoter of the oil palm metallothionein-like gene (MT3-A) demonstrated mesocarp-specific activity in functional analysis using transient expression assay of reporter gene in bombarded oil palm tissue slices. In order to investigate the tissue-specific expression of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) biosynthetic pathway genes, a multi-gene construct carrying PHB genes fused to the oil palm MT3-A promoter was co-transferred with a construct carrying GFP reporter gene using microprojectile bombardment targeting the mesocarp and leaf tissues of the oil palm. Transcriptional analysis using RT-PCR revealed successful transcription of all the three phbA, phbB, and phbC genes in transiently transformed mesocarp but not in transiently transformed leaf tissues. Furthermore, all the three expected sizes of PHB-encoded protein products were only detected in transiently transformed mesocarp tissues on a silver stained polyacrylamide gel. Western blot analysis using polyclonal antibody specific for phbB product confirmed successful translation of phbB mRNA transcript into protein product. This study provided valuable information, supporting the future engineering of PHB-producing transgenic palms.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmids
  6. Mohamed R, Lavin MF
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 1989 Feb 15;158(3):749-54.
    PMID: 2537634
    Anomalies in DNA replication, repair and recombination in ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) point to a defect in structure or function of chromatin. In this study we have compared DNA-protein binding in nuclear extracts from control and A-T cells using two assay systems, filter-binding and DNA-accessibility. Interestingly, the extent of DNA protein binding over a range of protein concentration was significantly lower in A-T extracts. In addition the accessibility of the restriction enzyme Eco R1 to protein-bound plasmid was greater when A-T extracts were used. This is in keeping with the reduced binding observed in the filter-binding assay.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmids
  7. Seleena P, Lee HL
    PMID: 7855665
    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmids/analysis; Plasmids/isolation & purification*
  8. Moraes Barros RR, Thawnashom K, Gibson TJ, Armistead JS, Caleon RL, Kaneko M, et al.
    Malar J, 2021 Jun 05;20(1):247.
    PMID: 34090438 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03773-4
    BACKGROUND: Plasmodium knowlesi is now the major cause of human malaria in Malaysia, complicating malaria control efforts that must attend to the elimination of multiple Plasmodium species. Recent advances in the cultivation of P. knowlesi erythrocytic-stage parasites in vitro, transformation with exogenous DNA, and infection of mosquitoes with gametocytes from culture have opened up studies of this pathogen without the need for resource-intensive and costly non-human primate (NHP) models. For further understanding and development of methods for parasite transformation in malaria research, this study examined the activity of various trans-species transcriptional control sequences and the influence of Plasmodium vivax centromeric (pvcen) repeats in plasmid-transfected P. knowlesi parasites.

    METHODS: In vitro cultivated P. knowlesi parasites were transfected with plasmid constructs that incorporated Plasmodium vivax or Plasmodium falciparum 5' UTRs driving the expression of bioluminescence markers (firefly luciferase or Nanoluc). Promoter activities were assessed by bioluminescence, and parasites transformed with human resistant allele dihydrofolate reductase-expressing plasmids were selected using antifolates. The stability of transformants carrying pvcen-stabilized episomes was assessed by bioluminescence over a complete parasite life cycle through a rhesus macaque monkey, mosquitoes, and a second rhesus monkey.

    RESULTS: Luciferase expression assessments show that certain P. vivax promoter regions, not functional in the more evolutionarily-distant P. falciparum, can drive transgene expression in P. knowlesi. Further, pvcen repeats may improve the stability of episomal plasmids in P. knowlesi and support detection of NanoLuc-expressing elements over the full parasite life cycle from rhesus macaque monkeys to Anopheles dirus mosquitoes and back again to monkeys. In assays of drug responses to chloroquine, G418 and WR9910, anti-malarial half-inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of blood stages measured by NanoLuc activity proved comparable to IC50 values measured by the standard SYBR Green method.

    CONCLUSION: All three P. vivax promoters tested in this study functioned in P. knowlesi, whereas two of the three were inactive in P. falciparum. NanoLuc-expressing, centromere-stabilized plasmids may support high-throughput screenings of P. knowlesi for new anti-malarial agents, including compounds that can block the development of mosquito- and/or liver-stage parasites.

    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmids/genetics; Plasmids/physiology*
  9. Lai MI, Wendy-Yeo WY, Ramasamy R, Nordin N, Rosli R, Veerakumarasivam A, et al.
    J Assist Reprod Genet, 2011 Apr;28(4):291-301.
    PMID: 21384252 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-011-9552-6
    Direct reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has emerged as an invaluable method for generating patient-specific stem cells of any lineage without the use of embryonic materials. Following the first reported generation of iPS cells from murine fibroblasts using retroviral transduction of a defined set of transcription factors, various new strategies have been developed to improve and refine the reprogramming technology. Recent developments provide optimism that the generation of safe iPS cells without any genomic modification could be derived in the near future for the use in clinical settings. This review summarizes current and evolving strategies in the generation of iPS cells, including types of somatic cells for reprogramming, variations of reprogramming genes, reprogramming methods, and how the advancement iPS cells technology can lead to the future success of reproductive medicine.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmids
  10. Puah SM, Puthucheary SD, Liew FY, Chua KH
    Int J Antimicrob Agents, 2013 Mar;41(3):281-4.
    PMID: 23312608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.11.012
    The objective of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial resistance patterns of 47 clinical isolates of Aeromonas aquariorum and to identify the presence of plasmids and the relevant antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Antibiotic susceptibilities were determined by the standard disc diffusion method. The presence of plasmids and ARGs was detected by gel electrophoresis and monoplex PCR. Resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (98%), amoxicillin (91%), gentamicin (13%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (11%) and kanamycin (6%) was observed, whilst no ciprofloxacin- or amikacin-resistant strains were detected. All isolates harboured plasmids with sizes ranging from ca. 2 kb to 10 kb. PCR revealed that A. aquariorum carried three β-lactam resistance genes (bla(TEM), bla(MOX) and bla(PSE)) and two sulphonamide resistance genes (sul1 and sul2). This study provides further understanding of the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of multiresistant A. aquariorum clinical isolates.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmids/analysis*
  11. Thekkeparambil Chandrabose S, Sriram S, Subramanian S, Cheng S, Ong WK, Rozen S, et al.
    Stem Cell Res Ther, 2018 03 20;9(1):68.
    PMID: 29559008 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0796-2
    BACKGROUND: While a shift towards non-viral and animal component-free methods of generating induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells is preferred for safer clinical applications, there is still a shortage of reliable cell sources and protocols for efficient reprogramming.

    METHODS: Here, we show a robust episomal and xeno-free reprogramming strategy for human iPS generation from dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) which renders good efficiency (0.19%) over a short time frame (13-18 days).

    RESULTS: The robustness of DPSCs as starting cells for iPS induction is found due to their exceptional inherent stemness properties, developmental origin from neural crest cells, specification for tissue commitment, and differentiation capability. To investigate the epigenetic basis for the high reprogramming efficiency of DPSCs, we performed genome-wide DNA methylation analysis and found that the epigenetic signature of DPSCs associated with pluripotent, developmental, and ecto-mesenchymal genes is relatively close to that of iPS and embryonic stem (ES) cells. Among these genes, it is found that overexpression of PAX9 and knockdown of HERV-FRD improved the efficiencies of iPS generation.

    CONCLUSION: In conclusion, our study provides underlying epigenetic mechanisms that establish a robust platform for efficient generation of iPS cells from DPSCs, facilitating industrial and clinical use of iPS technology for therapeutic needs.

    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmids/genetics*
  12. Low KO, Mahadi NM, Rahim RA, Rabu A, Abu Bakar FD, Murad AM, et al.
    J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol, 2011 Sep;38(9):1587-97.
    PMID: 21336875 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-011-0949-0
    Direct transport of recombinant protein from cytosol to extracellular medium offers great advantages, such as high specific activity and a simple purification step. This work presents an investigation on the potential of an ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporter system, the hemolysin transport system, for efficient protein secretion in Escherichia coli (E. coli). A higher secretory production of recombinant cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) was achieved by a new plasmid design and subsequently by optimization of culture conditions via central composite design. An improvement of at least fourfold extracellular recombinant CGTase was obtained using the new plasmid design. The optimization process consisted of 20 experiments involving six star points and six replicates at the central point. The predicted optimum culture conditions for maximum recombinant CGTase secretion were found to be 25.76 μM IPTG, 1.0% (w/v) arabinose and 34.7°C post-induction temperature, with a predicted extracellular CGTase activity of 68.76 U/ml. Validation of the model gave an extracellular CGTase activity of 69.15 ± 0.71 U/ml, resulting in a 3.45-fold increase compared to the initial conditions. This corresponded to an extracellular CGTase yield of about 0.58 mg/l. We showed that a synergistic balance of transported protein and secretory pathway is important for efficient protein transport. In addition, we also demonstrated the first successful removal of the C-terminal secretion signal from the transported fusion protein by thrombin proteolytic cleavage.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmids/genetics
  13. Haddadi F, Aziz MA, Abdullah SN, Tan SG, Kamaladini H
    Molecules, 2015 Feb 23;20(3):3647-66.
    PMID: 25711423 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20033647
    An Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method was applied to introduce the luciferase reporter gene under the control of the CaMV35S promoter in the pGreen0049 binary vector into strawberry cv. Camarosa. The in vitro regeneration system of strawberry leaves to be used in the transformation was optimized using different TDZ concentrations in MS medium. TDZ at 16 µM showed the highest percentage (100%) of shoot formation and the highest mean number of shoots (24) produced per explant. Studies on the effects of different antibiotics, namely timentin, cefotaxime, carbenicillin and ampicillin, on shoot regeneration of strawberry leaf explants showed the best shoot regeneration in the presence of 300 mg/L timentin and 150 mg/L cefotaxime. Assessment of the different factors affecting Agrobacterium mediated-transformation of strawberry with the luciferase gene showed the highest efficiency of putative transformant production (86%) in the treatment with no preculture, bacterial OD600 of 0.6 and the addition of 150 mg/L cefotaxime in the pre-selection and selection media. The presence of the luciferase gene in the plant genome was verified by the luciferase reporter gene assay, nested PCR amplification and dot blot of genomic DNA isolated from the young leaves of each putatively transformed plantlet.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmids/genetics*
  14. Alanin KWS, Jørgensen TS, Browne PD, Petersen B, Riber L, Kot W, et al.
    Plasmid, 2021 05;115:102576.
    PMID: 33872684 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2021.102576
    Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) are instrumental in natural prokaryotic genome editing, permitting genome plasticity and allowing microbes to accumulate genetic diversity. MGEs serve as a vast communal gene pool and include DNA elements such as plasmids and bacteriophages (phages) among others. These mobile DNA elements represent a human health risk as they can introduce new traits, such as antibiotic resistance or virulence, to a bacterial strain. Sequencing libraries targeting environmental circular MGEs, referred to as metamobilomes, may broaden our current understanding of the mechanisms behind the mobility, prevalence and content of these elements. However, metamobilomics is affected by a severe bias towards small circular elements, introduced by multiple displacement amplification (MDA). MDA is typically used to overcome limiting DNA quantities after the removal of non-circular DNA during library preparations. By examining the relationship between sequencing coverage and the size of circular MGEs in paired metamobilome datasets with and without MDA, we show that larger circular elements are lost when using MDA. This study is the first to systematically demonstrate that MDA is detrimental to detecting larger-sized plasmids if small plasmids are present. It is also the first to show that MDA can be omitted when using enzyme-based DNA fragmentation and PCR in library preparation kits such as Nextera XT® from Illumina.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmids/genetics
  15. Letchumanan V, Chan KG, Lee LH
    Front Microbiol, 2015;6:735.
    PMID: 26347714 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00735
    As the causative agent of foodborne related illness, Vibrio species causes a huge impact on the public health and management. Vibrio species is often associated with seafood as the latter plays a role as a vehicle to transmit bacterial infections. Hence, antibiotics are used not to promote growth but rather to prevent and treat bacterial infections. The extensive use of antibiotics in the aquaculture industry and environment has led to the emerging of antibiotic resistant strains. This phenomenon has triggered an alarming public health concern due to the increase number of pathogenic Vibrio strains that are resistant to clinically used antibiotics and is found in the environment. Antibiotic resistance and the genes location in the strains can be detected through plasmid curing assay. The results derived from plasmid curing assay is fast, cost effective, sufficient in providing insights, and influence the antibiotic management policies in the aquaculture industry. This presentation aims in discussing and providing insights on various curing agents in Vibrio species. To our best of knowledge, this is a first review written discussing on plasmid curing in Vibrio species.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmids
  16. Goh YX, Wang M, Hou XP, He Y, Ou HY
    Interdiscip Sci, 2023 Sep;15(3):349-359.
    PMID: 36849628 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-023-00555-1
    The CRISPR‒Cas system acts as a bacterial defense mechanism by conferring adaptive immunity and limiting genetic reshuffling. However, under adverse environmental hazards, bacteria can employ their CRISPR‒Cas system to exchange genes that are vital for adaptation and survival. Levilactobacillus brevis is a lactic acid bacterium with great potential for commercial purposes because it can be genetically manipulated to enhance its functionality and nutritional value. Nevertheless, the CRISPR‒Cas system might interfere with the genetic modification process. Additionally, little is known about the CRISPR‒Cas system in this industrially important microorganism. Here, we investigate the prevalence, diversity, and targets of CRISPR‒Cas systems in the genus Levilactobacillus, further focusing on complete genomes of L. brevis. Using the CRISPRCasFinder webserver, we identified 801 putative CRISPR-Cas systems in the genus Levilactobacillus. Further investigation focusing on the complete genomes of L. brevis revealed 54 putative CRISPR-Cas systems. Of these, 46 were orphan CRISPRs, and eight were CRISPR‒Cas systems. The type II-A CRISPR‒Cas system is the most common in Levilactobacillus and L. brevis complete genomes. Analysis of the spacer's target showed that the CRISPR‒Cas systems of L. brevis mainly target the enterococcal plasmids. Comparative analysis of putative CRISPR-Cas loci in Levilactobacillus brevis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmids/genetics
  17. Mirza S, Kariuki S, Mamun KZ, Beeching NJ, Hart CA
    J Clin Microbiol, 2000 Apr;38(4):1449-52.
    PMID: 10747124
    Molecular analysis of chromosomal DNA from 193 multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolates from 1990 to 1995 from Pakistan, Kuwait, Malaysia, Bangladesh, and India produced a total of five major different pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns. Even within a particular country MDR S. enterica serovar Typhi DNA was found to be in different PFGE groups. Similar self-transferable 98-MDa plasmids belonging to either incompatibility group incHI1 or incHI1/FIIA were implicated in the MDR phenotype in S. enterica serovar Typhi isolates from all the locations except Quetta, Pakistan, where the majority were of incFIA. A total of five different PFGE genotypes with six different plasmids, based on incompatibility and restriction endonuclease analysis groups, were found among these MDR S. enterica serovar Typhi isolates.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmids/genetics*
  18. Yap PS, Krishnan T, Chan KG, Lim SH
    J Microbiol Biotechnol, 2015 Aug;25(8):1299-306.
    PMID: 25381741 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1407.07054
    This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of action of the cinnamon bark essential oil (CB), when used singly and also in combination with piperacillin, for its antimicrobial and synergistic activity against beta-lactamase TEM-1 plasmid-conferred Escherichia coli J53 R1. Viable count of this combination showed a complete killing profile at 20 h and further confirmed its synergistic effect by reducing the bacteria cell numbers. Analysis on the stability of treated cultures for cell membrane permeability by CB when tested against sodium dodecyl sulfate revealed that the bacterial cell membrane was disrupted by the essential oils. Scanning electron microscopy observation and bacterial surface charge measurement also revealed that CB causes irreversible membrane damage and reduces the bacterial surface charge. In addition, bioluminescence expression of Escherichia coli [pSB1075] and E. coli [pSB401] by CB showed reduction, indicating the possibility of the presence of quorum sensing (QS) inhibitors. Gas-chromatography and mass spectrometry of the essential oil of Cinnamomum verum showed that trans-cinnamaldehyde (72.81%), benzyl alcohol (12.5%), and eugenol (6.57%) were the major components in the essential oil. From this study, CB has the potential to reverse E. coli J53 R1 resistance to piperacillin through two pathways; modification in the permeability of the outer membrane or bacterial QS inhibition.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmids
  19. Adzitey F., Ali, G.R.R., Huda, N., Ting, S.L.
    MyJurnal
    Fifty five (n=55) isolates of Escherichia coli isolated from ducks in Penang, Malaysia were examined for their susceptibility to eleven different antibiotics and assayed for the presence of plasmid DNAs. All the 55 Escherichia coli isolates were resistant (100%) to vancomycin. Higher resistance (= 60) occurred for tetracycline 51 (92.7%), ampicillin 40 (72.7%), streptomycin 37 (67.3%), and sulfamethoxazole-trimethophrim 37 (67.3%). No and low resistance was observed for nitrofurantoin (0%) and gentamicin (1.8%), respectively. The isolates also showed some intermediate resistances to all antibiotics examined except for vancomycin. The 55 Escherichia coli isolates exhibited 23 different antibiotic resistant patterns with MAR index ranging from 0.09-0.82. Majority of the Escherichia coli isolates exhibited resistant pattern of VA-C-OFX-SXT-TE-AMP-NA-KF and VA-S-C-OFX-SXT-TE-AMP-NA-KF with MAR index of 0.73 and 0.82, respectively. The smallest plasmid DNA size was 1.2 kb and the largest plasmid DNA size was 81.5 kb. 51 (93%) of the duck Escherichia coli isolates harbored plasmids. The was no direct correlation between plasmid DNA sizes and antibiotic resistant among the duck Escherichia coli isolates. Thus, the antibiotic resistant of the Escherichia coli isolates could mostly be mediated by chromosomes instead of plasmids. This study also suggests that the use of antibiotics in duck farming in Penang, Malaysia needs to be controlled to prevent the spread of multiple antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli isolates.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmids
  20. MyJurnal
    A total of sixty V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from local cockles (Anadara granosa) were investigated by their antibiotic resistance patterns and plasmid profiles. The isolates showed multiple resistances towards most of the antibiotics tested. All strains of V. parahaemolyticus isolated harbored 1-3 plasmids, with sizes ranging from 2.7 to 54 kb. All V. parahaemolyticus strains showed high multiple antibiotics in frequencies of 0.58 – 0.94 indicating that the strains were derived from high-risk sources. In addition, no particular plasmid profile was predictive of a particular pattern of antibiotic susceptibility. These findings are essential because of the suggested involvement of seafood especially shellfish and environment in transmission of this pathogen to human. Thus, indicating that seafood may be a source of food- acquired antibiotic resistant bacteria to consumer.
    Matched MeSH terms: Plasmids
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