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  1. Yusuf I, Ahmad SA, Phang LY, Yasid NA, Shukor MY
    3 Biotech, 2019 Jan;9(1):32.
    PMID: 30622870 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1555-x
    The ability of gellan gum-immobilised cells of the heavy metal-tolerant bacterium Alcaligenes sp. AQ05-001 to utilise both heavy metal-free and heavy metal-polluted feathers (HMPFs) as substrates to produce keratinase enzyme was studied. Optimisation of the media pH, incubation temperature and immobilisation parameters (bead size, bead number, gellan gum concentration) was determined for the best possible production of keratinase using the one-factor-at-a-time technique. The results showed that the immobilised cells could tolerate a broader range of heavy metal concentrations and produced higher keratinase activity at a gellan gum concentration of 0.8% (w/v), a bead size of 3 mm, bead number of 250, pH of 8 and temperature of 30 °C. The entrapped bacterium was used repeatedly for ten cycles to produce keratinase using feathers polluted with 25 ppm of Co, Cu and Ag as substrates without the need for desorption. However, its inability to tolerate/utilise feathers polluted with Hg, Pb, and Zn above 5 ppm, and Ag and Cd above 10 ppm resulted in a considerable decrease in keratinase production. Furthermore, the immobilised cells could retain approximately 95% of their keratinase production capacity when 5 ppm of Co, Cu, and Ag, and 10 ppm of As and Cd were used to pollute feathers. When the feathers containing a mixture of Ag, Co, and Cu at 25 ppm each and Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn at 5 ppm each were used as substrates, the immobilised cells maintained their operational stability and biological activity (keratinase production) at the end of 3rd and 4th cycles, respectively. The study indicates that HMPF can be effectively utilised as a substrate by the immobilised-cell system of Alcaligenes sp. AQ05-001 for the semi-continuous production of keratinase enzyme.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polysaccharides, Bacterial
  2. Billa N, Yuen KH
    AAPS PharmSciTech, 2000;1(4):E30.
    PMID: 14727895
    The purpose of this research was to study processing variables at the laboratory and pilot scales that can affect hydration rates of xanthan gum matrices containing diclofenac sodium and the rate of drug release. Tablets from the laboratory scale and pilot scale proceedings were made by wet granulation. Swelling indices of xanthan gum formulations prepared with different amounts of water were measured in water under a magnifying lens. Granules were thermally treated in an oven at 60 degrees C, 70 degrees C, and 80 degrees C to study the effects of elevated temperatures on drug release from xanthan gum matrices. Granules from the pilot scale formulations were bulkier compared to their laboratory scale counterparts, resulting in more porous, softer tablets. Drug release was linear from xanthan gum matrices prepared at the laboratory scale and pilot scales; however, release was faster from the pilot scales. Thermal treatment of the granules did not affect the swelling index and rate of drug release from tablets in both the pilot and laboratory scale proceedings. On the other hand, the release from both proceedings was affected by the amount of water used for granulation and the speed of the impeller during granulation. The data suggest that processing variables that affect the degree of wetness during granulation, such as increase in impeller speed and increase in amount of water used for granulation, also may affect the swelling index of xanthan gum matrices and therefore the rate of drug release.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polysaccharides, Bacterial/metabolism*; Polysaccharides, Bacterial/chemistry
  3. Razali, M.H., Ismail, N.A., Osman, U.M., Amin, K.A.M.
    ASM Science Journal, 2018;11(101):158-165.
    MyJurnal
    The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of glycerol concentration on mechanical
    and physical properties of gellan gum (GG) biofilm. The biofilm was prepared using solvent
    casting method and the effective glycerol concentration was found to be within 30-50%
    w/w (based on GG weight). At 60 and 70 w/w% of glycerol, the films started to distort
    because the films was flexible and brittle. As glycerol concentration was increased the tensile
    strength (TS) and Youngs modulus (E) of films decreased. Somehow, elongation at break
    (EAB), water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) and swelling of films was increased. Glycerol
    plasticized GG biofilm was thermally stable and flexible, proposed its can be exploited as
    film-forming material and with optimized glycerol concentration it has good mechanical and
    physical properties for edible biofilm.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polysaccharides, Bacterial
  4. Lim FS, Koh MT, Tan KK, Chan PC, Chong CY, Shung Yehudi YW, et al.
    BMC Infect Dis, 2014;14:530.
    PMID: 25278086 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-530
    BACKGROUND: The immunogenicity, reactogenicity, and safety of the 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV) co-administered with routine childhood vaccines were evaluated among infants from Singapore and Malaysia, where PHiD-CV has been licensed.
    METHODS: In the primary vaccination phase, 298 infants from Singapore and 168 infants from Malaysia were randomised to receive the Phase III Clinical (Clin) or the Commercial (Com) lot of PHiD-CV at 2, 3, and 5 months of age. In the booster vaccination phase, 238 toddlers from Singapore received one dose of the PHiD-CV Commercial lot at 18-21 months of age. Immune responses to pneumococcal polysaccharides were measured using 22F-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and functional opsonophagocytic activity (OPA) assay and to protein D, using ELISA.
    RESULTS: Immune responses induced by primary vaccination with the PHiD-CV Commercial lot were non-inferior to the Phase III Clinical lot in terms of adjusted antibody geometric mean concentration (GMC) ratios for each vaccine pneumococcal serotype and protein D. For each vaccine pneumococcal serotype, ≥93.6% and ≥88.5% of infants from Malaysia and Singapore had post-primary vaccination antibody concentrations ≥0.2 μg/mL and OPA titres ≥8, in the Clin and Com groups, respectively. For each vaccine pneumococcal serotype, ≥60.8% and ≥98.2% of toddlers from Singapore had pre- and post-booster antibody concentrations ≥0.2 μg/mL, in the Clin and Com groups, respectively. All children, except one, had measurable anti-protein D antibodies and the primary and booster doses of the co-administered vaccines were immunogenic. The incidence of each grade 3 solicited symptom was ≤11.1% in both study phases. No serious adverse events considered causally related to vaccination were reported throughout the study.
    CONCLUSIONS: PHiD-CV given as three-dose primary vaccination to infants in Singapore and Malaysia and booster vaccination to toddlers in Singapore was shown to be immunogenic with a clinically acceptable-safety profile.This study has been registered at http://www.clinicaltrials.govNCT00808444 and NCT01119625.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polysaccharides, Bacterial/immunology
  5. Mohd Sauid S, Krishnan J, Huey Ling T, Veluri MV
    Biomed Res Int, 2013;2013:409675.
    PMID: 24350269 DOI: 10.1155/2013/409675
    Volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa) is an important parameter in bioreactors handling viscous fermentations such as xanthan gum production, as it affects the reactor performance and productivity. Published literatures showed that adding an organic phase such as hydrocarbons or vegetable oil could increase the kLa. The present study opted for palm oil as the organic phase as it is plentiful in Malaysia. Experiments were carried out to study the effect of viscosity, gas holdup, and kLa on the xanthan solution with different palm oil fractions by varying the agitation rate and aeration rate in a 5 L bench-top bioreactor fitted with twin Rushton turbines. Results showed that 10% (v/v) of palm oil raised the kLa of xanthan solution by 1.5 to 3 folds with the highest kLa value of 84.44 h(-1). It was also found that palm oil increased the gas holdup and viscosity of the xanthan solution. The kLa values obtained as a function of power input, superficial gas velocity, and palm oil fraction were validated by two different empirical equations. Similarly, the gas holdup obtained as a function of power input and superficial gas velocity was validated by another empirical equation. All correlations were found to fit well with higher determination coefficients.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polysaccharides, Bacterial/metabolism*
  6. Lai KC, Lee LY, Hiew BYZ, Thangalazhy-Gopakumar S, Gan S
    Bioresour Technol, 2020 Aug;309:123296.
    PMID: 32330800 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123296
    Xanthan integrated graphene oxide functionalized by titanium dioxide was successfully prepared through facile, eco-friendly and cost effective ice-templating technique. The three-dimensional (3D) graphene composite demonstrated relatively high temperature stability, chemical functionalities and porous sponge-like structure. The adsorption of lead was favored by high initial concentration and shaking speed at the operational solution pH. The process equilibrium and kinetic adhered to the Langmuir and pseudo-second-order correlations, respectively. The biomass integrated graphene composite showed maximum adsorption capacities ranging from 132.18 to 199.22 mg/g for 30-70 °C. Moreover, it was highly regenerable under mild conditions (0.1 M hydrochloric acid, 30 °C) and used repeatedly while retaining 84.78% of its initial adsorption capacity at the fifth adsorption-regeneration cycle. With comparatively high lead adsorption capacities, adequate recyclability and environmentally friendliness, the as-prepared 3D graphene composite has high application potential in heavy metal-wastewater separation for protection of the environment and human health.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polysaccharides, Bacterial
  7. Panchanathan V, Kumar S, Yeap W, Devi S, Ismail R, Sarijan S, et al.
    Bull World Health Organ, 2001;79(9):811-7.
    PMID: 11584728
    To carry out a comparative study of the safety and immunogenicity of Vi polysaccharide vaccine against whole-cell killed (WCK) typhoid vaccine.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polysaccharides, Bacterial/adverse effects; Polysaccharides, Bacterial/immunology*
  8. Abeer MM, Amin MC, Lazim AM, Pandey M, Martin C
    Carbohydr Polym, 2014 Sep 22;110:505-12.
    PMID: 24906785 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.052
    Acrylated abietic acid (acrylated AbA) and acrylated abietic acid-grafted bacterial cellulose pH sensitive hydrogel (acrylated AbA-g-BC) were prepared by a one-pot synthesis. The successful dimerization of acrylic acid (AA) and abietic acid (AbA) and grafting of the dimer onto bacterial cellulose (BC) was confirmed by 13C solid state NMR as well as FT-IR. X-ray diffraction analysis showed characteristic peaks for AbA and BC; further, there was no effect of increasing amorphous AA content on the overall crystallinity of the hydrogel. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed a glass transition temperature of 80°C. Gel fraction and swelling studies gave insight into the features of the hydrogel, suggesting that it was suitable for future applications such as drug delivery. Scanning electron microscopy observations showed an interesting interpenetrating network within the walls of hydrogel samples with the lowest levels of AA and gamma radiation doses. Cell viability test revealed that the synthesized hydrogel is safe for future use in biomedical applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polysaccharides, Bacterial/chemical synthesis; Polysaccharides, Bacterial/chemistry*
  9. Amin MC, Abadi AG, Katas H
    Carbohydr Polym, 2014 Jan;99:180-9.
    PMID: 24274495 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.08.041
    Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a biopolymer with significant potential for the development of novel materials. This work aimed to prepare and characterize BC powders from nata de coco, and assess the possible enhancement of the powder properties by spray drying. Therefore, BC powders prepared by acid treatment and mechanical processing were spray-dried, and characterized according to their morphology, flowability, thermal stability, water retention capacity, and compared with commercial microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). The powders redispersibility and suspensions rheology were also evaluated. SEM showed that spray-dried BC microparticles exhibited semispherical shape and had flow rate of 4.23 g s(-1) compared with 0.52 g s(-1) for MCC. Particle size analysis demonstrated that spray-dried BC microparticles could be redispersed. TGA showed that BC samples had higher thermal stability than MCC. Water retention capacities of BC samples were greater than MCC. These findings provide new insight on the potential applications of spray-dried BC as a promising pharmaceutical excipient.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polysaccharides, Bacterial/ultrastructure; Polysaccharides, Bacterial/chemistry*
  10. Rajinikanth PS, Mishra B
    Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 2009 Oct;57(10):1068-75.
    PMID: 19801860
    Gellan gum based floating beads containing clarithromycin (FBC) were prepared by iontotropic gelation method for stomach-specific drug delivery against Helicobacter pylori. The scanning electron microscope photograph indicated that prepared beads were spherical in shape with rough outer surface. Formulation variables such as concentrations of gellan, calcium carbonate and drug loading influenced the in vitro drug release characteristics of prepared beads. In vitro release rate of clarithromycin was corrected using first order degradation rate constant which is degraded significantly during the release study in simulated gastric fluid pH 2.0. Further, the absence of interactions between drug and polymer was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry analysis. Kinetic treatment of the in vitro drug release data with different kinetic equations revealed matrix diffusion mechanism. Prepared beads showed good anti-microbial activity against isolated H. pylori strain. The prepared beads have shown good in vivo floating efficiency in rabbit stomach. The stability studies of beads did not show any significant changes after storage of beads at 40 degrees C/75% relative humidity for 6 months. The preliminary results from this study suggest that floating beads of gellan can be used to incorporate antibiotics like clarithromycin and may be effective when administered locally in the stomach against H. pylori.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polysaccharides, Bacterial/pharmacology; Polysaccharides, Bacterial/chemistry
  11. Tang SS, Tan WS, Devi S, Wang LF, Pang T, Thong KL
    Clin Diagn Lab Immunol, 2003 Nov;10(6):1078-84.
    PMID: 14607870
    The capsular polysaccharide Vi antigen (ViCPS) is an essential virulence factor and also a protective antigen of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. A random 12-mer phage-displayed peptide library was used to identify mimotopes (epitope analogues) of this antigen by panning against a ViCPS-specific monoclonal antibody (MAb) ATVi. Approximately 75% of the phage clones selected in the fourth round carried the peptide sequence TSHHDSHGLHRV, and the rest of the clones harbored ENHSPVNIAHKL and other related sequences. These two sequences were also obtained in a similar panning process by using pooled sera from patients with a confirmed diagnosis of typhoid fever, suggesting they mimic immunodominant epitopes of ViCPS antigens. Binding of MAb ATVi to the mimotopes was specifically blocked by ViCPS, indicating that they interact with the same binding site (paratope) of the MAb. Data and reagents generated in this study have important implications for the development of peptide-base diagnostic tests and peptide vaccines and may also provide a better understanding of the pathogenesis of typhoid fever.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polysaccharides, Bacterial/immunology*
  12. Razali MH, Ismail NA, Amin KAM
    Data Brief, 2020 Jun;30:105478.
    PMID: 32346560 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.105478
    Gellan gum incorporating titanium dioxide nanoparticles biofilm was synthesized and characterized using UV, FTIR and XRD to study their physical and chemical properties. The mechanical properties were measured using universal mechanical testing. Meanwhile, the biological properties were investigated towards for antibacterial and cell proliferation. This comprehensive data are relevant with the research article entitled "Gellan gum incorporating titanium dioxide nanoparticles biofilm as wound dressing: Physicochemical, mechanical, antibacterial properties and wound healing studies" [1].
    Matched MeSH terms: Polysaccharides, Bacterial
  13. Razavi M, Karimian H, Yeong CH, Sarji SA, Chung LY, Nyamathulla S, et al.
    Drug Des Devel Ther, 2015;9:3125-39.
    PMID: 26124637 DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S82935
    The purpose of this study is to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo performance of gastro-retentive matrix tablets having Metformin HCl as model drug and combination of natural polymers. A total of 16 formulations were prepared by a wet granulation method using xanthan, tamarind seed powder, tamarind kernel powder and salep as the gel-forming agents and sodium bicarbonate as a gas-forming agent. All the formulations were evaluated for compendial and non-compendial tests and in vitro study was carried out on a USP-II dissolution apparatus at a paddle speed of 50 rpm. MOX2 formulation, composed of salep and xanthan in the ratio of 4:1 with 96.9% release, was considered as the optimum formulation with more than 90% release in 12 hours and short floating lag time. In vivo study was carried out using gamma scintigraphy in New Zealand White rabbits, optimized formulation was incorporated with 10 mg of (153)Sm for labeling MOX2 formulation. The radioactive samarium oxide was used as the marker to trace transit of the tablets in the gastrointestinal tract. The in vivo data also supported retention of MOX2 formulation in the gastric region for 12 hours and were different from the control formulation without a gas and gel forming agent. It was concluded that the prepared floating gastro-retentive matrix tablets had a sustained-release effect in vitro and in vivo, gamma scintigraphy played an important role in locating the oral transit and the drug-release pattern.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polysaccharides, Bacterial/chemistry
  14. Peh KK, Wong CF
    Drug Dev Ind Pharm, 2000 Jul;26(7):723-30.
    PMID: 10872090
    Controlled-release grade hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) or xanthan gum (XG) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) were employed to prepare controlled-release diltiazem hydrochloride tablets. The similarity factor f2 was used for dissolution profile comparison using Herbesser 90 SR as a reference product. Drug release could be sustained in a predictable manner by modifying the content of HPMC or XG. Moreover, the drug release profiles of tablets prepared using these matrix materials were not affected by pH and agitation rate. The f2 values showed that only one batch of tablets (of diltiazem HCl, HPMC or XG, and MCC in proportions of 3.0:3.0:4.0) was considered similar to that of the reference product, with values above 50. The unbiased similarity factor f2* values were not much different from the f2 values, ascribing to a small dissolution variance of the test and reference products. The amount of HPMC or XG incorporated to produce tablets with the desired dissolution profile could be determined from the curves of f2 versus polymer content. Hence, the f2 values can be applied as screening and optimization tools during development of controlled-release preparations.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polysaccharides, Bacterial/chemistry
  15. Ng SF, Jumaat N
    Eur J Pharm Sci, 2014 Jan 23;51:173-9.
    PMID: 24076463 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.09.015
    Lyophilised wafers have been shown to have potential as a modern dressing for mucosal wound healing. The wafer absorbs wound exudates and transforms into a gel, thus providing a moist environment which is essential for wound healing. The objective of this study was to develop a carboxymethyl cellulose wafer containing antimicrobials to promote wound healing and treat wound infection. The pre-formulation studies began with four polymers, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC), methylcellulose (MC), sodium alginate and xanthan gum, but only NaCMC and MC were chosen for further investigation. The wafers were characterised by physical assessments, solvent loss, microscopic examination, swelling and hydration properties, drug content uniformity, drug release and efficacy of antimicrobials. Three of the antimicrobials, neomycin trisulphate salt hydrate, sulphacetamide sodium and silver nitrate, were selected as model drugs. Among the formulations, NaCMC wafer containing neomycin trisulphate exhibited the most desirable wound dressing characteristics (i.e., flexibility, sponginess, uniform wafer texture, high content drug uniformity) with the highest in vitro drug release and the greatest inhibition against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. In conclusion, we successfully developed a NaCMC lyophilised wafer containing antimicrobials, and this formulation has potential for use in mucosal wounds infected with bacteria.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polysaccharides, Bacterial/chemistry
  16. Halim, N.R.A., Shukri, W.H.Z., Lani, M.N., Sarbon, N.M.
    MyJurnal
    The aim of this work is to study the effect of hydrocolloids; guar gum (GG), xanthan gum (XG) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) on the physicochemical properties, microbiological quality and sensory properties in order to investigate the potential of applying fermented cassava (tapai ubi) in ice cream. Fermented cassava ice cream (FCI) incorporated with the three types of hydrocolloid was prepared and the protein content, pH value, overrun, colour, hardness, microstructure, FTIR spectrum and sensory acceptance of all samples were determined. Fermented cassava ice cream incorporated with XG showed the highest protein content (14.88%), pH value (pH 6.07), and overrun value (4.27%) as compared to the fermented cassava ice cream incorporated with GG and CMC. Meanwhile, ice cream incorporated with GG possessed the highest L* (94.43) and hardness (3693.15 g) value as compared to XG and CMC. The microstructure study showed that the difference in uniformity at the interface obtained with different types of the hydrocolloids added demonstrated the effect of fat absorption at the air interfaces. The FTIR spectrum investigated indicated that the addition of the fermented cassava to FCI had increased the OH group in the ice cream as compared to the control. All samples were microbial safe as the total plate counts in all samples were below the standard as prescribed in Food Act 1983 with no presence of E. coli . In conclusion, fermented cassava ice cream with XG showed the good quality in terms of its pH value, overrun, total plate count and overall acceptability.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polysaccharides, Bacterial
  17. Syafiq, A., Amir, I.Z., Sharon, W.X.R.
    MyJurnal
    The impacts on both rheological parameters; Casson yield stress and Casson viscosity were determined. The interactions among blend’s components; xanthan gum (XG), corn starch (CS), glycerin (GL) and their relationship with both flow parameters were also investigated by using D-Optimal mixture design. Three levels of cocoa butter substitution assigned in chocolate production were at 5%, 10% and 15% level with random proportions of each component generated by Design Expert software. An appropriate mathematical model was applied to evaluate each response as a function of the proportions of the components enabling in prediction of future response by using any blend of components. As the incorporation of the blends (XG/CS/GL) in chocolate production was elevated from 5% to 15%, both parameters; viscosity and yield stress of chocolate were gradually increased, as in range 7.819 to 10.529 Pa, and 2.372 to 3.727 Pa.s, respectively. Neither binary nor ternary component-component interaction exhibited synergistic effect. Nevertheless, strongest antagonistic effect on both rheological parameters of substituted chocolate at 5% level and 10% level were respectively observed at ternary interaction region for the former, and at binary interaction area of CS:GL, closer to CS corner as for the latter. This study somehow provides ideas on how component-component interactions influence experimented response.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polysaccharides, Bacterial
  18. Shukri, W.H.Z., Hamzah, E.N.H., Halim, N.R.A., Isa, M.I.N., Sarbon, N.M.
    MyJurnal
    The aim of this work is to study the effect of hydrocolloids (guar gum, xanthan gum and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) on the physical properties and sensory evaluation of ice cream produced in order to investigate the potential of applying fermented glutinous rice (tapai pulut) as a value-added ingredient. The addition of 25% fermented glutinous rice was the most reliable amount to enhance the physical and sensory properties of ice cream when incorporating hydrocolloids. The addition of hydrocolloids significantly (p < 0.05) increased the pH, firmness, overrun, and melting rate of fermented glutinous rice ice cream. The addition of guar gum scored the highest firmness value (5403 g) followed by CMC (4630 g) and xanthan gum (3481g). Fermented glutinous rice ice cream with xanthan gum added, induced a noticeable change in overrun value (62%) while the addition of CMC decreased the melting rate compared to the control. The FTIR spectrum of fermented glutinous rice ice cream with different hydrocolloids containing carboxyl, amide and carbonyl group was appeared at 3362-3379 cm-1 , 1639-1640 cm-1 and 1026-1064 cm-1, respectively. In conclusion, the addition of xanthan gum presented great potential to improve the quality of fermented glutinous rice ice cream produced in terms of its firmness, overrun and melting rate.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polysaccharides, Bacterial
  19. Norizzah, A.R., Junaida, A.R., Maryam ‘Afifah, A.L.
    MyJurnal
    The aim of this study was to determine the effects of xanthan gum and carrageenan on the
    oil uptake and acceptability of banana (Musa acuminate) fritters during repeated deep fat
    frying. Banana namely ‘Pisang Awak’ at maturity stage 6 were peeled, cut and dipped into 3
    batter formulations containing 1% carrageenan, 1% xanthan gum and a control. The bananas
    were deep fried at 170±5°C for 3 minutes in 2.5L cooking oil without oil replenishment for
    3 consecutive days. The moisture, oil content, texture, colour and acceptability of the banana
    fritters were evaluated at first and every 10th frying cycles. Results indicated that the oil and
    moisture content of fried bananas were dependent on frying cycles. The oil content increased
    while the moisture decreased with increased in frying cycles. There was significant reduction
    (p0.05) in terms of overall acceptance between
    treated and untreated. Hence, 1% xanthan gum was effective in reducing oil absorption of
    banana fritters without affecting the overall sensory acceptability
    Matched MeSH terms: Polysaccharides, Bacterial
  20. Amir, I.Z., Sharon, W.X.R., Syafiq, A.
    MyJurnal
    Impacts and relationships on physicochemical properties in dark chocolate produced from different substitution for cocoa butter by Xanthan gum (XG) and Guar gum (GG) blends were determined using D-optimal mixture design. This study involved three levels of substitution which are 5%, 10% and 15% with constrained cocoa butter content and random blend of gums. Linear design models were applied to analyze parameters including texture (hardness) measurement and melting profile of fat crystal. Products experienced undesirable raises of hardness jointly with the increment of gums incorporation across the level of cocoa butter replacement from 5% to 15%. Similar trend was also agreed with the melting behavior of products as their melting point increased with the gradual diminution of cocoa butter. After all, the replacement of cocoa butter using hydrocolloids was deemed possible as there were products whose melting point and hardness fell in the acceptable range.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polysaccharides, Bacterial
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