Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 62 in total

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  1. Zhu C, Zhou W, Han M, Yang Y, Li Y, Jiang Q, et al.
    Sci Total Environ, 2023 Sep 15;891:164460.
    PMID: 37247739 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164460
    Microplastics and nanoplastics (MPs and NPs) are abundant, persistent, and widespread environmental pollutants that are of increasing concern as they pose a serious threat to ecosystems and aquatic species. Identifying the ecological effects of NPs pollution requires understanding the effects of changing nanoplastics concentrations in aquatic organisms. Monopterus albus were orally fed three different concentrations of 100 nm polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs): 0.05 %, 0.5 %, and 1 % of the feed for 28 days. Nanoplastics significantly activated the PPAR signaling pathway, Acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a (CPT1A), angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK) at the mRNA level, resulting in disturbed lipid metabolism. Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) activity, catalase (CAT) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly elevated in the high nanoplastics-feeding exposure group, leading to oxidative stress in the liver. Overexpression of the cytokines genes Interleukin 1 (IL1B) and Interleukin-8 (IL8), Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), activation of MAPK signaling pathway, and increased gene expression of c-Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNK) and p38 indicate that exposure to NPs may lead to hepatopancreas apoptosis through oxidative stress and inflammation. In summary, dietary PS-NPs exposure alters hepatic glycolipid metabolism, triggering inflammatory responses and apoptosis in M. albus. The results of this study provide valuable ecotoxicological data for a better understanding of the biological fate and effects of nanoplastics in M. albus.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polystyrenes/toxicity
  2. Zhu C, Liu G, Abdullah ALB, Han M, Jiang Q, Li Y
    Fish Shellfish Immunol, 2023 Dec;143:109207.
    PMID: 37923183 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109207
    Plastics are widely produced for industrial and domestic applications due to their unique properties, and studies on the toxic effects of nanoplastics (NPs) on aquatic animals are essential. In this study, we investigated the transcriptomic patterns of Litopenaeus vannamei after NPs exposure. We found that the lysosome pathway was activated when after NPs exposure, with up-regulated DEGs, including glucocerebrosidase (GBA), hexosaminidase A (HEXA), sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase-1 (SMPD1), and solute carrier family 17 member 5 (SLC17A5). In addition, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway was strongly affected by NPs, and the upstream genes of PI3K-Akt, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), integrin subunit beta 1 (ITGB1) and heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) were up-regulation. Other genes involved in lipogenesis, such as sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (SREBP-1c), fatty acid synthase (FASN) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD-1), were down-regulated. However, the contents of triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TCH) in L. vanname hepatopancreas were reduced, which indicated that the ingestion of NPs led to the disturbance of hepatic lipid metabolism. What more, NPs treatment of L. vannamei also caused oxidative stress. In addition, NPs can damage part of the tissue structure and affect the physiological function of shrimps. The results of this study provide valuable ecotoxicological data to improve the understanding of the biological fate and effects of nanoplastics in L. vannamei.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polystyrenes
  3. Zhou H, Saad JM, Li Q, Xu Y
    Waste Manag, 2020 Mar 01;104:42-50.
    PMID: 31962216 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.01.017
    Recovery of chemicals and fuels from unrecyclable waste plastics at high temperatures (>800 °C) has received much research attention. Thermodynamic equilibrium calculation suggests that it is possible to perform the low-temperature steam reforming of polystyrene. In this study, we synthesized a Ni-Fe bimetallic catalyst for the low-temperature (500 °C) steam reforming of polystyrene. XRD characterization showed that Ni-Fe alloy was formed in the catalyst. Compared to conventional Ni catalysts, the Ni-Fe bimetallic catalysts can significantly increase the H2/CO ratio in the produced gas with high gas production yield. The online gas analysis revealed that H2, CO, and CO2 were formed in the same temperature range. H2 and CO were formed simultaneously through steam reforming reactions, and CO2 was formed through water-gas shift reaction. New morphologies of carbon deposition on the catalyst surface were found, suggesting that wax could be condensed on the catalyst surface at a low temperature.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polystyrenes*
  4. Yusof NA, Zakaria ND, Maamor NA, Abdullah AH, Haron MJ
    Int J Mol Sci, 2013;14(2):3993-4004.
    PMID: 23429189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14023993
    Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were prepared by bulk polymerization in acetonitrile using 2,4-dinitrophenol, acrylamide, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and benzoyl peroxide, as the template, functional monomer, cross-linker, and initiator, respectively. The MIP membrane was prepared by hybridization of MIP particles with cellulose acetate (CA) and polystyrene (PS) after being ground and sieved. The prepared MIP membrane was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The parameters studied for the removal of 2,4-dinitrophenol included the effect of pH, sorption kinetics, and the selectivity of the MIP membrane. Maximum sorption of 2,4-nitrophenol by the fabricated CA membrane with MIP (CA-MIP) and the PS membrane with MIP (PS-MIP) was observed at pH 7.0 and pH 5.0, respectively. The sorption of 2,4-dinitrophenol by CA-MIP and PS-MIP followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. For a selectivity study, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 3-chlorophenol, and phenol were selected as potential interferences. The sorption capability of CA-MIP and PS-MIP towards 2,4-dinitrophenol was observed to be higher than that of 2,4-dichlorophenol, 3-chlorophenol, or phenol.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polystyrenes
  5. Yeh CC, Muduli S, Peng IC, Lu YT, Ling QD, Alarfaj AA, et al.
    Data Brief, 2016 Mar;6:603-8.
    PMID: 26909373 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2015.12.056
    This data article contains two figures and one table supporting the research article entitled: "Continuous harvest of stem cells via partial detachment from thermoresponsive nanobrush surface" [1]. The table shows coating conditions of three copolymers, poly(styrene-co-acrylic acid) grafted with oligovitronectin, poly(styrene-co-N-isopropylacrylamide) and poly(styrene-co-polyethylene glycol methacrylate) to prepare thermoresponsive surface. XPS spectra show the nitrogen peak of the polystyrene surface coated with poly(styrene-co-acrylic acid) grafted with oligovitronectin. The surface coating density analyzed from sorption of poly(styrene-co-acrylic acid) grafted with oligovitronectin by UV-vis spectroscopy is also presented.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polystyrenes
  6. Yeap SP, Ahmad AL, Ooi BS, Lim J
    Langmuir, 2012 Oct 23;28(42):14878-91.
    PMID: 23025323 DOI: 10.1021/la303169g
    A detailed study on the conflicting role that colloid stability plays in magnetophoresis is presented. Magnetic iron oxide particles (MIOPs) that were sterically stabilized via surface modification with poly(sodium 4-styrene sulfonate) of different molecular weights (i.e., 70 and 1000 kDa) were employed as our model system. Both sedimentation kinetics and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) measurements suggested that PSS 70 kDa is a better stabilizer as compared to PSS 1000 kDa. This observation is mostly attributed to the bridging flocculation of PSS 1000 kDa decorated MIOPs originated from the extended polymeric conformation layer. Later, a lab-scale high gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) device was designed to study the magnetophoretic collection of MIOPs. Our experimental results revealed that the more colloidally stable the MIOP suspension is, the harder it is to be magnetically isolated by HGMS. At 50 mg/L, naked MIOPs without coating can be easily captured by HGMS at separation efficiency up to 96.9 ± 2.6%. However, the degree of separation dropped quite drastically to 83.1 ± 1.2% and 67.7 ± 4.6%, for MIOPs with PSS 1000k and PSS 70k coating, respectively. This observation clearly implies that polyelectrolyte coating that was usually employed to electrosterically stabilize a colloidal system in turn compromises the magnetic isolation efficiency. By artificially destroying the colloidal stability of the MIOPs with ionic strength increment, the ability for HGMS to recover the most stable suspension (i.e., PSS 70k-coated MIOPs) increased to >86% at 100 mM monovalent ion (Na(+)) or at 10 mM divalent ion (Ca(2+)). This observation has verified the conflicting role of colloidal stability in magnetophoretic separation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polystyrenes/chemistry
  7. Yafouz B, Kadri NA, Ibrahim F
    Sensors (Basel), 2014;14(4):6356-69.
    PMID: 24705632 DOI: 10.3390/s140406356
    This paper introduces a dielectrophoretic system for the manipulation and separation of microparticles. The system is composed of five layers and utilizes microarray dot electrodes. We validated our system by conducting size-dependent manipulation and separation experiments on 1, 5 and 15 μm polystyrene particles. Our findings confirm the capability of the proposed device to rapidly and efficiently manipulate and separate microparticles of various dimensions, utilizing positive and negative dielectrophoresis (DEP) effects. Larger size particles were repelled and concentrated in the center of the dot by negative DEP, while the smaller sizes were attracted and collected by the edge of the dot by positive DEP.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polystyrenes/chemistry*
  8. Xie D, Zhang H, Wei H, Lin L, Wang D, Wang M
    Aquat Toxicol, 2023 May;258:106497.
    PMID: 36940520 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106497
    The continuous fragmentation of plastics and release of synthetic nanoplastics from products have been aggravating nanoplastic pollution in the marine ecosystem. The carrier role of nanoplastics may increase the bioavailability and toxicity effects of toxic metals, e.g., mercury (Hg), which is of growing concern. Here, the copepod Tigriopus japonicus was exposed to polystyrene nanoplastics (PS NPs) and Hg (alone or combined) at environmental realistic concentrations for three generations (F0-F2). Then, Hg accumulation, physiological endpoints, and transcriptome were analyzed. The results showed that the copepod's reproduction was significantly inhibited under PS NPs or Hg exposure. The presence of PS NPs caused significantly higher Hg accumulation, lower survival, and lower offspring production in copepods relative to Hg exposure, suggesting an increased threat to the copepod's survivorship and health. From the molecular perspective, combined PS NPs and Hg caused a graver effect on the DNA replication, cell cycle, and reproduction pathways relative to Hg exposure, linking to lower levels of survivorship and reproduction. Taken together, this study provides an early warning of nanoplastic pollution for the marine ecosystem not only because of their adverse effect per se but also their carrier role for increasing Hg bioaccumulation and toxicity in copepods.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polystyrenes/toxicity
  9. Wong JC, Xiang L, Ngoi KH, Chia CH, Jin KS, Hirao A, et al.
    Polymers (Basel), 2020 Aug 23;12(9).
    PMID: 32842480 DOI: 10.3390/polym12091894
    Star-shaped polymers are very attractive because of their potential application ability in various technological areas due to their unique molecular topology. Thus, information on the molecular structure and chain characteristics of star polymers is essential for gaining insights into their properties and finding better applications. In this study, we report molecular structure details and chain characteristics of 17-armed polystyrenes in various molecular weights: 17-Arm(2k)-PS, 17-Arm(6k)-PS, 17-Arm(10k)-PS, and 17-Arm(20k)-PS. Quantitative X-ray scattering analysis using synchrotron radiation sources was conducted for this series of star polymers in two different solvents (cyclohexane and tetrahydrofuran), providing a comprehensive set of three-dimensional structure parameters, including radial density profiles and chain characteristics. Some of the structural parameters were crosschecked by qualitative scattering analysis and dynamic light scattering. They all were found to have ellipsoidal shapes consisting of a core and a fuzzy shell; such ellipse nature is originated from the dendritic core. In particular, the fraction of the fuzzy shell part enabling to store desired chemicals or agents was confirmed to be exceptionally high in cyclohexane, ranging from 74 to 81%; higher-molecular-weight star polymer gives a larger fraction of the fuzzy shell. The largest fraction (81%) of the fuzzy shell was significantly reduced to 52% in tetrahydrofuran; in contrast, the lowest fraction (19%) of core was increased to 48%. These selective shell contraction and core expansion can be useful as a key mechanism in various applications. Overall, the 17-armed polystyrenes of this study are suitable for applications in various technological fields including smart deliveries of drugs, genes, biomedical imaging agents, and other desired chemicals.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polystyrenes
  10. Wong JC, Xiang L, Ngoi KH, Chia CH, Jin KS, Ree M
    Polymers (Basel), 2020 Feb 19;12(2).
    PMID: 32093008 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020477
    A series of polystyrene nanoparticles (PS-1, PS-2, PS-3, and PS-4) in aqueous solutions were investigated in terms of morphological structure, size, and size distribution. Synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering analysis (SAXS) was carried out, providing morphology details, size and size distribution on the particles. PS-1, PS-2, and PS-3 were confirmed to behave two-phase (core and shell) spherical shapes, whereas PS-4 exhibited a single-phase spherical shape. They all revealed very narrow unimodal size distributions. The structural parameter details including radial density profile were determined. In addition, the presence of surfactant molecules and their assemblies were detected for all particle solutions, which could originate from their surfactant-assisted emulsion polymerizations. In addition, dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis was performed, finding only meaningful hydrodynamic size and intensity-weighted mean size information on the individual PS solutions because of the particles' spherical nature. In contrast, the size distributions were extracted unrealistically too broad, and the volume- and number-weighted mean sizes were too small, therefore inappropriate to describe the particle systems. Furthermore, the DLS analysis could not detect completely the surfactant and their assemblies present in the particle solutions. Overall, the quantitative SAXS analysis confirmed that the individual PS particle systems were successfully prepared with spherical shape in a very narrow unimodal size distribution.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polystyrenes
  11. Vasilopoulou M, Kim BS, Kim HP, da Silva WJ, Schneider FK, Mat Teridi MA, et al.
    Nano Lett., 2020 Jul 08;20(7):5081-5089.
    PMID: 32492348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01270
    Here we use triple-cation metal-organic halide perovskite single crystals for the transistor channel of a flash memory device. Moreover, we design and demonstrate a 10 nm thick single-layer nanofloating gate. It consists of a ternary blend of two organic semiconductors, a p-type polyfluorene and an n-type fullerene that form a donor:acceptor interpenetrating network that serves as the charge storage unit, and of an insulating polystyrene that acts as the tunneling dielectric. Under such a framework, we realize the first non-volatile flash memory transistor based on a perovskite channel. This simplified, solution-processed perovskite flash memory displays unique performance metrics such as a large memory window of 30 V, an on/off ratio of 9 × 107, short write/erase times of 50 ms, and a satisfactory retention time exceeding 106 s. The realization of the first flash memory transistor using a single-crystal perovskite channel could be a valuable direction for perovskite electronics research.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polystyrenes
  12. Usman S, Abdull Razis AF, Shaari K, Amal MNA, Saad MZ, Mat Isa N, et al.
    PMID: 34574375 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189449
    Microplastics (MPs) have become pollutants of concern due to their unknown human health effect and negative impact on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. There is increasing number of experimental research on MPs globally with its effects not fully understood; recent animal studies explore its effects on the intestines, yet on other vital organs. Javanese medaka fish was exposed to polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) beads for a period of 21 days. Histological alterations, intestinal oxidative stress, permeability and neurotoxicity were evaluated. Significant inflammatory changes and tissue damage were observed in the intestine, liver and kidney. Intestinal oxidative stress and permeability were found to be significantly increased. In the brain, neurotoxicity characterised by a significant induction of oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase enzyme were elucidated. This study provided an insight into the multiple organ effect of microplastics exposure, necessitating further exploration and identification of biomarkers to be utilised for biomonitoring population at risk in the future.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polystyrenes/analysis
  13. Tham FK, Ng WM, Leong SS, Yeap SP, Low SC, Lee HL, et al.
    Langmuir, 2021 Jan 26.
    PMID: 33496594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03153
    Monodispersed iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) coated with polystyrenesulfonate (PSS) and cetrimonium bromide (CTAB) have been used to stabilize magnetic Pickering emulsions (MPEs). Magnetophoresis of MPEs under the influence of a low gradient magnetic field (∇B < 100 T/m) was investigated at the macroscopic and microscopic scale. At the macroscopic scale, for the case of pH 7, the MPE achieved a magnetophoretic velocity of 70.9 μm/s under the influence of ∇B at 93.8 T/m. The magnetic separation efficiency of the MPE at 90% was achieved within 30 min for pH 3, 7, and 10. At pH 10, the colloidal stability of the MPE was the lowest compared to that for pH 3 and 7. Thus, MPE at pH 10 required the shortest time for achieving the highest separation efficiency, as the MPE experienced cooperative magnetophoresis at alkaline pH. The creaming rate of the MPE at all conditions was still lower compared to magnetophoresis and was negligible in influencing its separation kinetics profiles. At the microscopic scale, the migration pathways of the MPEs (with diameters between 2.5 and 7.5 μm) undergoing magnetophoresis at ∇B ∼ 13.0 T/m were recorded by an optical microscope. From these experiments, and taking into consideration the MPE size distribution from the dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurement, we determined the averaged microscopic magnetophoretic velocity to be 7.8 ± 5.5 μm/s. By making noncooperative magnetophoresis assumptions (with negligible interactions between the MPEs along their migration pathways), the calculated velocity of individual MPEs was 9.8 μm/s. Such a value was within the percentage error of the experimental result of 7.8 ± 5.5 μm/s. This finding allows for an easy and quick estimation of the magnetophoretic velocity of MPEs at the microscale by using macroscopic separation kinetics data.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polystyrenes
  14. Tan, M. C., Liew, S. L., Wan Aida, W. M., Osman, H., Maskat, M. Y.
    MyJurnal
    Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used in the study to optimize the production of vanillin from isoeugenol through fermentation by Aspergillus niger I-1472. Three factors were studied which include amount of isoeugenol, resin (Amberlite XAD-4) and Span 80. During fermentation, isoeugenol as substrate were vortexed with Span 80 and added into the culture on Day 4. Resin (Amberlite XAD-4) was added into the medium the following day. The predicted optimum medium combination consisted of 3.61 g/L of isoeugenol, 5.8% (g/ mL) of Amberlite XAD-4 resin and 0.37% of Span 80 with an expected vanillin production of 0.137 g/L. Verification test showed that the model produced similar predicted and experimental values.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polystyrenes
  15. Sung TC, Yang JS, Yeh CC, Liu YC, Jiang YP, Lu MW, et al.
    Biomaterials, 2019 Nov;221:119411.
    PMID: 31419657 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119411
    Commonly, stem cell culture is based on batch-type culture, which is laborious and expensive. We continuously cultured human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) on thermoresponsive dish surfaces, where hPSCs were partially detached on the same thermoresponsive dish by decreasing the temperature of the thermoresponsive dish to be below the lower critical solution temperature for only 30 min. Then, the remaining cells were continuously cultured in fresh culture medium, and the detached stem cells were harvested in the exchanged culture medium. hPSCs were continuously cultured for ten cycles on the thermoresponsive dish surface, which was prepared by coating the surface with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-styrene) and oligovitronectin-grafted poly(acrylic acid-co-styrene) or recombinant vitronectin for hPSC binding sites to maintain hPSC pluripotency. After ten cycles of continuous culture on the thermoresponsive dish surface, the detached cells expressed pluripotency proteins and had the ability to differentiate into cells derived from the three germ layers in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the detached cells differentiated into specific cell lineages, such as cardiomyocytes, with high efficiency.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polystyrenes
  16. Sulong MZ, Setchell DJ
    J Prosthet Dent, 1991 Dec;66(6):743-7.
    PMID: 1805022
    Adhesive bond strength studies for the tray adhesive of an addition vinyl polysiloxane (President) impression material were conducted with an acrylic resin, chromium-plated brass, and plastic trays. Tensile and shear stress studies were performed on the Instron Universal testing machine. Acrylic resin specimens roughened with 80-grit silicon carbide paper exhibited appreciably higher bond strengths compared with different types of tray material and methods of surface preparation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polystyrenes/chemistry
  17. Siti Kamilah Che Soh, Siti Aminah Jusoh, Mustaffa Shamsuddin
    MyJurnal
    A polystyrene (PS)-anchored Pd(II) metal complex was synthesized on cross-linked polymer by heating a mixture of chlorometylated polystyrene with phenyldithiocarbazate and carbon disulfide in the presence of potassium hydroxide (KOH) in dimethylformamide (DMF). The reaction mixture was heated at 80 °C to form the corresponding phenyldithiocarbazate-functionalized polymer. Then, it was treated with bis(benzonitrile)palladium(II) chloride. The properties of dark colored polymer, impregnated with the metal complex was then characterized by various spectroscopic technique such as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDX), CHNS elemental analysis, BET surface area, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric (TGA) and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission (ICP-OES) spectroscopy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polystyrenes
  18. Siregar, Januar Parlaungan, Mohd. Sapuan Salit, Mohd. Zaki Ab. Rahman, Khairul Zaman Hj. Mohd. Dahlan
    MyJurnal
    This paper studied the thermal behaviour of pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) reinforced high impact polystyrene (HIPS) composite. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis were used to measure the thermal characteristic of HIPS/PALF composites. In particular, the TGA analysis was utilized to measure the degradation and decomposition of materials in neat polystyrene, pineapple fibre, and the composites. The measurements were carried out in the temperature of 25°C – 800°C, at a heating rate of 20°C min-1 and the nitrogen gas flow was 50 mL min-1. The temperature of the DSC analysis was programmed to be between 25°C – 300°C. The results from TGA analysis show that the addition of pineapple fibre has improved the thermal stability of the composites as compared to neat HIPS. In addition, the effects of compatibilising agent and surface modification of PALF with alkali treated were also determined and compared.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polystyrenes
  19. Siregar, J.P., Sapuan, S.M., Rahman, M.Z.A., Zaman, H.M.D.K.
    MyJurnal
    A study on the effects of alkali treatment and compatibilising agent on the tensile properties of pineappleleaf fibre (PALF) reinforced high impact polystyrene (HIPS) composite is presented in this paper. Thetensile properties of natural fibre reinforced polymer composites are mainly influenced by the interfacialadhesion between the matrix and the fibres. In this study, several chemical modifications were employedto improve the interfacial matrix-fibre bonding and this resulted in the enhancement of tensile propertiesof the composites. In this study, the surface modification of pineapple fibre with alkali treatments andcompatibilizer were used to improve the adhesion between hydrophilic pineapple fibre and hydrophobicpolymer matrix. There are two concentrations of NaOH treatments and compatibilizer used in this study,namely, 2 and 4 wt. %. The results show that the alkali treated fibre and the addition of compatibilisingagent in PALF/HIPS composites have improved the tensile strength and tensile modulus of the composites.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polystyrenes
  20. Sharanjeet-Kaur, Mursyid A, Kamaruddin A, Ariffin A
    Clin Exp Optom, 2004 Jul;87(4-5):339-43.
    PMID: 15312037 DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2004.tb05064.x
    BACKGROUND: Occupational exposure to various neurotoxic chemicals has been shown to be associated with colour vision impairment. It seems that this can occur at low exposure levels, sometimes well below the recommended occupational threshold limits. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of exposure to petroleum derivatives (polyethylene, polystyrene) and solvents (perchloroethylene) on colour perception.
    METHODS: Colour vision was assessed using the Ishihara plates, the D-15 test and the Farnsworth Munsell 100 Hue test. Two factories using petroleum derivatives and three dry cleaning premises were chosen at random. A total of 93 apparently healthy employees were recruited from the five workplaces. Two age-matched control groups comprising 56 people, who were support staff of the university with no exposure to petroleum, solvents or their derivatives, were also recruited.
    RESULTS: All subjects passed the Ishihara test, showing that none had a congenital red-green defect. Some of the exposed employees failed the D-15 and had abnormally high FM100 Hue scores. All control subjects passed all the colour vision tests. The D-15 test showed that 28 per cent (26 of 93) of exposed employees had a colour vision defect whereas the FM 100 Hue test found that 63 per cent (59 of 93) had a colour vision defect. Most defects were of the blue-yellow type (22.6 per cent) when using the D-15 test. However, with the FM 100 Hue test, most defects were of the non-polar type with no specific axis (50.5 per cent). Mean total error scores calculated from the FM100 Hue test for exposed employees were statistically significantly higher than those of the control subjects.
    CONCLUSION: Employees directly exposed to petroleum derivatives and solvents have a higher risk of acquiring colour vision defects compared to subjects who are not.
    Study sites: Factories; the control subjects were tested at the Optometry Clinic in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Polystyrenes/adverse effects*
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