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Fulltext Race/Ethnic Differences in the Associations of the Framingham Risk Factors with Carotid IMT and Cardiovascular Events

Gijsberts CM, Groenewegen KA, Hoefer IE, Eijkemans MJ, Asselbergs FW, Anderson TJ, et al.

PLoS One, 2015;10(7):e0132321.
PMID: 26134404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132321

BACKGROUND: Clinical manifestations and outcomes of atherosclerotic disease differ between ethnic groups. In addition, the prevalence of risk factors is substantially different. Primary prevention programs are based on data derived from almost exclusively White people. We investigated how race/ethnic differences modify the associations of established risk factors with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events.
METHODS: We used data from an ongoing individual participant meta-analysis involving 17 population-based cohorts worldwide. We selected 60,211 participants without cardiovascular disease at baseline with available data on ethnicity (White, Black, Asian or Hispanic). We generated a multivariable linear regression model containing risk factors and ethnicity predicting mean common carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and a multivariable Cox regression model predicting myocardial infarction or stroke. For each risk factor we assessed how the association with the preclinical and clinical measures of cardiovascular atherosclerotic disease was affected by ethnicity.
RESULTS: Ethnicity appeared to significantly modify the associations between risk factors and CIMT and cardiovascular events. The association between age and CIMT was weaker in Blacks and Hispanics. Systolic blood pressure associated more strongly with CIMT in Asians. HDL cholesterol and smoking associated less with CIMT in Blacks. Furthermore, the association of age and total cholesterol levels with the occurrence of cardiovascular events differed between Blacks and Whites.
CONCLUSION: The magnitude of associations between risk factors and the presence of atherosclerotic disease differs between race/ethnic groups. These subtle, yet significant differences provide insight in the etiology of cardiovascular disease among race/ethnic groups. These insights aid the race/ethnic-specific implementation of primary prevention.

Matched MeSH terms: Continental Population Groups*
Burden of anemia among indigenous populations

Khambalia AZ, Aimone AM, Zlotkin SH

Nutr Rev, 2011 Dec;69(12):693-719.
PMID: 22133195 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00437.x

An international perspective of the magnitude of anemia in indigenous peoples is currently lacking. The present systematic review was performed to characterize the global prevalence, severity, and etiology of anemia in indigenous peoples by conducting a systematic search of original research published in English from 1996 to February 2010 using PubMed, Medline, and Embase. A total of 50 studies, representing the following 13 countries, met the inclusion criteria: Australia, Brazil, Canada, Guatemala, India, Kenya, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, the United States, and Venezuela. Results indicate major deficiencies in the coverage and quality of anemia monitoring data for indigenous populations worldwide. The burden of anemia is overwhelmingly higher among indigenous groups compared to the general population and represents a moderate (20-39.9%) to severe (≥40%) public health problem. For the most part, the etiology of anemia is preventable and includes inadequate diet, poor living conditions, and high infection rates (i.e., malaria and intestinal parasites). A concerted global effort is needed to reduce the worldwide burden of anemia in these marginalized populations.

Matched MeSH terms: Population Groups
Fulltext Seroprevalence screening for the West Nile virus in Malaysia's Orang Asli population

Marlina S, Radzi SF, Lani R, Sieng KC, Rahim NF, Hassan H, et al.

Parasit Vectors, 2014;7:597.
PMID: 25515627 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0597-0

West Nile virus (WNV) infection is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by an RNA virus of the genus Flavivirus. WNV is preserved in the environment through cyclic transmission, with mosquitoes, particularly Culex species, serving as a vector, birds as an amplifying host and humans and other mammals as dead-end hosts. To date, no studies have been carried out to determine the prevalence of the WNV antibody in Malaysia. The aim of this study was to screen for the seroprevalence of the WNV in Malaysia's Orang Asli population.

Matched MeSH terms: Population Groups
Fulltext Health status of Orang Asli (aborigine) community in Pos Piah, Sungai Siput, Perak, Malaysia

Norhayati binti Moktar M, Noor Hayati MI, Nor Fariza N, Rohani AK, Halimah AS, Sharom MY, et al.

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1998 Mar;29(1):58-61.
PMID: 9740269

A study of health status of Orang Asli population (based on physical examination findings) was conducted in 4 villages in Pos Piah, Sungai Siput Perak, Malaysia. In all 356 individuals between 4 months-72 years old (178 males and 178 females) participated in this study. Poor general health status, physical and mental handicaps were seen in 7.8%, 0.3% and 0.3% of the population, respectively. About one-fifth of the population had dental caries. Splenomegaly, hepatomegaly and hepatosplenomegaly were among the commonest abnormalities with the occurrence rates of 19.8%, 13.7% and 6.7%, respectively, being detected in the population. About one-fifth of the population showed signs suggestive of protein-energy deficiency; whilst less than 5% showed signs indicative of riboflavin, iodine and iron deficiencies. Vitamin A deficiency was the commonest nutritional deficiency identified in this community with almost 38.4% of them showing signs of the deficiency. The commonest skin infection was scabies.

Matched MeSH terms: Continental Population Groups
Genetic and interracial aspects of hypertensive toxemia of pregnancy. A prospective study

Gordon H, Huskisson ID, Torrington M, Pannell A, Zackon D

Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1970 May 15;107(2):254-62.
PMID: 5462441
Matched MeSH terms: Continental Population Groups*
Fulltext Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Prevotella intermedia in advanced chronic periodontitis patients.

Vaithilingam, R.D., Taiyeb-Ali, T.B., Yusuf, R.

Ann Dent, 2010;17(1):1-8.
MyJurnal

This cross-sectional study was carried out to identify A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. intermedia in the subgingival plaque of three ethnic groups (Malays, Chinese and Indians) in a selected group of adult Malaysians with advanced Chronic Periodontitis and to correlate these findings with their periodontal status. Thirty periodontally diseased adults were age, gender and ethnically matched with 30 healthy individuals. Clinical parameters were assessed for all. Subgingival plaque samples were collected for identification of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. intermedia using polymerase chain reaction. Prevalence for P. intermedia (83.3%) was high and A. actinomycetemcomitans
(6.7%) low in the total subject population. P. intermedia and A. actinomycetemcomitans were more
prevalent in diseased (86.7%, 10% respectively) than in healthy (80%, 3.33% respectively) subjects. A. actinomycetemcomitans was detected in 15% Indians, 5% Malays but none of the Chinese subjects whereas P. intermedia was detected in 90% Malays, 85% Indians and 75% Chinese subjects. No significant association between presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans
and P. intermedia with race and periodontal disease status was found. Only A. actinomycetemcomitans had a significant association with clinical attachment level (CAL) (p < 0.05). In conclusion, in this small subject group, none of the pathogens were associated with race and periodontal disease status and only A. actinomycetemcomitans had a significant association with CAL.

Matched MeSH terms: Continental Population Groups
High allele frequency of CYP2C9*3 (rs1057910) in a Negrito's subtribe population in Malaysia; Aboriginal people of Jahai

Rosdi RA, Mohd Yusoff N, Ismail R, Soo Choon T, Saleem M, Musa N, et al.

Ann Hum Biol, 2015 Sep 24.
PMID: 26402341

CYP2C9 gene polymorphisms modulate inter-individual variations in the human body's responses to various endogenous and exogenous drug substrates. To date, little is known about the CYP2C9 gene polymorphisms among the aboriginal populations of the world, including those in Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Population Groups
Clinical versus ultrasound estimation of fetal weight

Raman S, Urquhart R, Yusof M

Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol, 1992 Aug;32(3):196-9.
PMID: 1445124

A prospective study was carried out on 50 patients who had their fetal weight estimated by 3 clinicians of different seniority and compared to the ultrasound estimated fetal weights using 3 different formulas. All the patients delivered within 24 hours of their clinical and ultrasound estimates. A wide range of birth-weights (1,800-4,500 g) was estimated among the 3 different races (Malay, Chinese and Indians). The results showed that there was no significant difference in birth-weight estimation amongst the 3 clinicians as well as between the 3 ultrasound formulas used. There was however significant difference between these 2 groups when compared with the actual birthweight with clinical estimation being superior to ultrasound estimation in our population. This level of significance did not extend beyond 4,000 g fetal weight (actual) thus making both clinical and ultrasound estimation of fetal weight equally accurate after 4,000 g. This has important implications for developing countries where there is a lack of technologically advanced ultrasound machines capable of doing sophisticated functions like fetal weight estimations but has experienced clinicians who could perform this function equally well if not better.

Matched MeSH terms: Continental Population Groups
Detection of circulating antigens and parasite specific antibodies in filariasis

Abdullah WO, Oothuman P, Yunus H

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1993;24 Suppl 2:31-6.
PMID: 7973943

In Peninsular Malaysia, only Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi are reported to cause human filariasis. Brugia pahangi infects many of the same animal hosts as the zoonotically transmitted subperiodic B. malayi. There is a well-recognized need for improved diagnostic techniques for lymphatic filariasis. Parasite antigen detection is a promising new approach, and it will probably prove to be more sensitive and specific than clinical, microscopic and antibody-based serological methods. We recently generated monoclonal antibodies (MAb XC3) from in vitro culture products of adult B. pahangi (B.p. IVP). Filarial antigenemia was quantitated in various hosts including the sera from 6 Malaysian Aborigines with acute lymphatic filariasis. In hosts infected with brugian filariasis and dirofilariasis, antigenemia was scored ranging from 90 ng/ml to 960 ng/ml. None of the control animal and human sera had antigenemia above 90 ng/ml. In addition, MAb XC3 and B.p. IVP were applied in several seroepidemiological surveys among household cats in Kuala Selangor in order to correlate information gathered for future studies of possible cases of human infection. Out of the 81 cats surveyed, 10 (12.35%) and 5 (6.17%) were parasitologically positive for B. pahangi and B. malayi, respectively. However, 21 (25.92%) were antigenemia positive when serologically investigated with MAb XC3. Antifilarial antibodies to B.p. IVP by direct ELISA showed very high cross-reactivity with non-filarial gut worm infections. 16 (19.75%) cats had reciprocal titers ranging from 320 to 2,560. Only 1 (1.23%) cat from this group was antigenemic.

Matched MeSH terms: Continental Population Groups
Renal disease in Kuala Lumpur. A study of 100 patients with renal biopsy

Mukherjee AP, Yuen TK

Med J Aust, 1971 Jan 30;1(5):257-60.
PMID: 5545973
Matched MeSH terms: Continental Population Groups
The pattern of intestinal obstruction in Malaysia

Ti TK, Yong NK

Br J Surg, 1976 Dec;63(12):963-5.
PMID: 1009347

This is a review of 261 patients operated for 271 instances of mechanical intestinal obstruction over a 5-year period in a developing country in the tropics. The pattern of intestinal obstruction in Chinese is similar to that in Caucasians, where adhesions account for the largest number of cases. The occurrence in Malays, Indians, Pakistanis and Ceylonese is similar to that in other developing communities where external hernia is commonest while adhesive or tumour obstruction is rare; however, these racial groups do not exhibit the high incidence of intussusception and volvulus found in Africa and India. The operative mortality was 13-9 per cent, which is comparable to that in Western series. The major adverse factors in intestinal obstruction, i.e. extremes of age, associated disease, gangrenous bowel, large bowel obstruction and malignancy, were confirmed. Fluid and electrolyte imbalance was frequent, as in other tropical series, but with intensive preoperative correction it was not an important adverse factor.

Matched MeSH terms: Continental Population Groups
Fulltext Seroepidemiology of toxoplasmosis in renal patients

Nissapatorn V, Leong TH, Lee R, Init-Ithoi, Ibrahim J, Yen TS

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 2011 Mar;42(2):237-47.
PMID: 21710842

Toxoplasmosis is an important parasitic disease in immunosuppressed patients. This prospective study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence, associated risk factors and the incidence of clinically confirmed toxoplasmosis among renal patients at the University of Malaya Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. We interviewed 247 renal patients, each of whom answered an epidemiological questionnaire, and collected blood samples for measurement of anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies by ELISA. Overall seroprevalence of latent toxoplasmosis was observed in 126 (51%) renal patients. Race (Malays), marital status (married) and primary level of education, were all factors associated with a greater chance of Toxoplasma infection. A case of clinically confirned toxoplasmosis was diagnosed in a renal transplant recipient as a result of immunosuppression. Based on the findings obtained, this preliminary study shows a high prevalence of latent toxoplasmosis in renal patients. Risk factors may have significantly contributed to Toxoplasma acquisition in these patients. We recommend further studies be carried out to monitor for trends in toxoplasmosis among immunosuppressed patients.

Matched MeSH terms: Continental Population Groups
Human T- and B-lymphocyte populations in blood: local population studies

Pang T, Parasakthi N, Yap SF

Med J Malaysia, 1979 Mar;33(3):243-6.
PMID: 316496
Matched MeSH terms: Continental Population Groups
Psoriasis among Sarawakian natives in a tertiary skin centre in Sarawak

Yap FBB

Australas J Dermatol, 2010 Aug;51(3):210-1.
PMID: 20695864 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-0960.2010.00647.x

A prospective cross-sectional study was done between December 2007 and June 2009 in the skin clinic, Sarawak General Hospital, to determine the clinical characteristics of 138 Sarawakian natives with a clinical diagnosis of psoriasis. Women made up 50.7% and the mean age of the patients was 45.2 years. Of the group, 94.2% had chronic stable plaque psoriasis, 86.9% had a body surface area involvement of less than 10%, 60.9% had nail disease, 22.5% had joint disease and 55.1% had minimal effects to their quality of life because of their psoriasis.

Study site: skin clinic, Sarawak General Hospital

Matched MeSH terms: Population Groups/statistics & numerical data
Leprosy in sarawak, East malaysian borneo

Yap FB

Scand. J. Infect. Dis., 2009;41(4):320.
PMID: 19117243 DOI: 10.1080/00365540802680409
Matched MeSH terms: Population Groups
Fulltext Association of Genetic Ancestry With the Molecular Subtypes and Prognosis of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Lee SHR, Antillon-Klussmann F, Pei D, Yang W, Roberts KG, Li Z, et al.

JAMA Oncol, 2022 Mar 01;8(3):354-363.
PMID: 35084434 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.6826

IMPORTANCE: Racial and ethnic disparities persist in the incidence and treatment outcomes of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, there is a paucity of data describing the genetic basis of these disparities, especially in association with modern ALL molecular taxonomy and in the context of contemporary treatment regimens.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of genetic ancestry with childhood ALL molecular subtypes and outcomes of modern ALL therapy.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This multinational, multicenter genetic association study was conducted from March 1, 2000, to November 20, 2020, among 2428 children and adolescents with ALL enrolled in frontline trials from the United States, South East Asia (Singapore and Malaysia), and Latin America (Guatemala), representing diverse populations of European, African, Native American, East Asian, and South Asian descent. Statistical analysis was conducted from February 3, 2020, to April 19, 2021.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Molecular subtypes of ALL and genetic ancestry were comprehensively characterized by performing RNA sequencing. Associations of genetic ancestries with ALL molecular subtypes and treatment outcomes were then evaluated.
RESULTS: Among the participants in the study, 1340 of 2318 (57.8%) were male, and the mean (SD) age was 7.8 (5.3) years. Of 21 ALL subtypes identified, 8 were associated with ancestry. East Asian ancestry was positively associated with the frequency of somatic DUX4 (odds ratio [OR], 1.30 [95% CI, 1.16-1.45]; P

Matched MeSH terms: Continental Population Groups
Fulltext Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection and public health implications

Goh KL, Chan WK, Shiota S, Yamaoka Y

Helicobacter, 2011 Sep;16 Suppl 1:1-9.
PMID: 21896079 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2011.00874.x

This review summarizes studies on the epidemiology and public health implications of Helicobacter pylori published in peer-reviewed journals from April 2010 through March 2011. Prevalence rates vary widely between different geographical regions and ethnic groups. An interesting study from the USA identified the degree of African ancestry as an independent predictor of H. pylori infection. Two studies have demonstrated early childhood as the period of transmission of infection and identified an infected sibling as an important risk factor. An oral-oral route of spread has been substantiated with several studies showing the presence of H. pylori in the oral cavity. Studies have shown the presence of H. pylori in drinking water and the role of poor living conditions and sanitation in H. pylori infection, supporting an oral-fecal route of spread. Screening for H. pylori as a gastric cancer pre-screening strategy has been described in Japan, and the importance of H. pylori eradication as a gastric cancer-prevention strategy has now been further emphasized in Japanese guidelines. Two studies have shown a decrease in the burden of dyspepsia and peptic ulcer disease with H. pylori eradication.

Matched MeSH terms: Continental Population Groups
Fulltext Racial/ancestral diversity in 174 toxicity-related radiogenomic studies: A systematic review

Zuber SH, Yahya N

J Cancer Res Ther, 2021 6 15;17(2):477-483.
PMID: 34121695 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.JCRT_896_18

Purpose: This study systematically reviews the distribution of racial/ancestral features and their inclusion as covariates in genetic-toxicity association studies following radiation therapy.
Materials and Methods: Original research studies associating genetic features and normal tissue complications following radiation therapy were identified from PubMed. The distribution of radiogenomic studies was determined by mining the statement of country of origin and racial/ancestrial distribution and the inclusion in analyses. Descriptive analyses were performed to determine the distribution of studies across races/ancestries, countries, and continents and the inclusion in analyses.
Results: Among 174 studies, only 23 with a population of more one race/ancestry which were predominantly conducted in the United States. Across the continents, most studies were performed in Europe (77 studies averaging at 30.6 patients/million population [pt/mil]), North America (46 studies, 20.8 pt/mil), Asia (46 studies, 2.4 pt/mil), South America (3 studies, 0.4 pt/mil), Oceania (2 studies, 2.1 pt/mil), and none from Africa. All 23 studies with more than one race/ancestry considered race/ancestry as a covariate, and three studies showed race/ancestry to be significantly associated with endpoints.
Conclusion: Most toxicity-related radiogenomic studies involved a single race/ancestry. Individual Participant Data meta-analyses or multinational studies need to be encouraged.

Matched MeSH terms: Continental Population Groups/genetics; Continental Population Groups/statistics & numerical data*
Levels of plasma immunoglobulins in Malaysians

Shah FH, Yadav M

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1973 Dec;4(4):468-73.
PMID: 4207078
Matched MeSH terms: Continental Population Groups*
Fulltext The 1978 cholera outbreak in Krian district

Yadav H

Med J Malaysia, 1981 Sep;36(3):129-35.
PMID: 7329369

The findings of a cholera epidemic in Krian district is reported. There were 77 cases and 92 carriers in the epidemic. Although the three main ethnic groups of Malays, Chinese and Indians were involved in the epidemic, the Malays constituted majority of the cases and carriers. The overall infection rate and case attack rate was higher among the younger population. The case: carrier ratio was also higher among the younger population especially among Indians. Various reasons and probable causes of the epidemic have been described briefly.

Matched MeSH terms: Continental Population Groups

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