Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 30 in total

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  1. Zahra MH, Salem TAR, El-Aarag B, Yosri N, El-Ghlban S, Zaki K, et al.
    Molecules, 2019 Jul 08;24(13).
    PMID: 31288458 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132495
    BACKGROUND/AIM: Plants play an important role in anti-cancer drug discovery, therefore, the current study aimed to evaluate the biological activity of Alpinia zerumbet (A. zerumbet) flowers.

    METHODS: The phytochemical and biological criteria of A. zerumbet were in vitro investigated as well as in mouse xenograft model.

    RESULTS: A. zerumbet extracts, specially CH2Cl2 and MeOH extracts, exhibited the highest potent anti-tumor activity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells. The most active CH2Cl2 extract was subjected to bioassay-guided fractionation leading to isolatation of the naturally occurring 5,6-dehydrokawain (DK) which was characterized by IR, MS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. A. zerumbet extracts, specially MeOH and CH2Cl2 extracts, exhibited significant inhibitory activity towards tumor volume (TV). Furthermore, A. zerumbet extracts declined the high level of malonaldehyde (MDA) as well as elevated the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in liver tissue homogenate. Moreover, DK showed anti-proliferative action on different human cancer cell lines. The recorded IC50 values against breast carcinoma (MCF-7), liver carcinoma (Hep-G2) and larynx carcinoma cells (HEP-2) were 3.08, 6.8, and 8.7 µg/mL, respectively.

    CONCLUSION: Taken together, these findings open the door for further investigations in order to explore the potential medicinal properties of A. zerumbet.

    Matched MeSH terms: Pyrones/pharmacology
  2. Yen HK, Fauzi AR, Din LB, McKelvey-Martin VJ, Meng CK, Inayat-Hussain SH, et al.
    PMID: 25107315 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-295
    Selective Alzheimer Disease Indicator-1 (or Seladin-1) is a multifunctional protein first discovered by downregulation of its expression in Alzheimer's disease. Interestingly, the expression of this protein is upregulated in several cancers, including primary bladder cancer. However, its role in cancer formation has yet to be discovered. Goniothalamin is a natural product that has been demonstrated to induce apoptosis in various cancer cell lines. In this study, we have elucidated the role of Seladin-1 in goniothalamin-induced cytotoxicity towards human urinary bladder cancer cell line RT4.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pyrones/pharmacology*
  3. Yamamoto T, Tsunematsu Y, Noguchi H, Hotta K, Watanabe K
    Org. Lett., 2015 Oct 16;17(20):4992-5.
    PMID: 26414728 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02435
    Successful activation of the pyranonigrin biosynthetic gene cluster and gene knockout in Aspergillus niger plus in vivo and in vitro assays led to isolation of six new products, including a spiro cyclobutane-containing dimeric compound, which served as the basis for the proposed comprehensive pyranonigrin biosynthetic pathway. Two redox enzymes are key to forming the characteristic fused γ-pyrone core, and a protease homologue performs the exo-methylene formation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pyrones/pharmacology
  4. Wasano N, Takemura T, Ismil R, Bakar B, Fujii Y
    Nat Prod Commun, 2015 May;10(5):725-7.
    PMID: 26058144
    Goniothalamin produced by the Malaysian medicinal plant, Goniothalamus andersonii J. Sinclair, strongly inhibits plant growth. However, its mode of action has not been characterized at the gene expression level. We conducted DNA microarray assay to analyze the changes in early gene responses of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. After a 6-h exposure to goniothalamin, we observed an upregulation of genes highly associated with heat response, and 22 heat shock protein (AtHSP) genes were upregulated more than 50 fold. Together with these genes, we observed upregulation of the genes related to oxidative stress and protein folding. Also, the genes related to cell wall modification and cell growth, expansin (AtEXPA) genes, were significantly downregulated. The results suggested that goniothalamin induces oxidative stresses and inhibits the expression of cell wall-associated proteins resulting in growth inhibition of Arabidopsis seedlings.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pyrones/pharmacology*
  5. Tanaka S, Yoichi S, Ao L, Matumoto M, Morimoto K, Akimoto N, et al.
    Phytother Res, 2001 Dec;15(8):681-6.
    PMID: 11746860
    In the search for agents effective against immune-mediated disorders and inflammation, we have screened Malaysian medicinal plants for the ability to inhibit the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) on the surface of murine endothelial cells (F-2), and mouse myeloid leukaemia cells (M1), respectively. Of 41 kinds (29 species, 24 genera, 16 families) of Malaysian plants tested, 10 and 19 plant samples significantly downregulated the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, respectively. Bioassay-directed fractionation of an extract prepared from the bark of Goniothalamus andersonii showed that its ingredients, goniothalamin (1) and goniodiol (2) inhibited the cell surface expression of both ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. The present results suggest that Malaysian medicinal plants may be abundant natural resources for immunosuppressive and antiinflammatory substances.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pyrones/pharmacology
  6. Takemura T, Kamo T, Ismil R, Bakar B, Wasano N, Hiradate S, et al.
    Nat Prod Commun, 2012 Sep;7(9):1197-8.
    PMID: 23074907
    A crude methanol extract of Goniothalamus andersonii J. Sinclair strongly inhibited elongation of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) radicles. We conducted bioassay-guided purification of G. andersonii bark extract and obtained goniothalamin as the major bioactive compound. Its EC50 values against elongation of lettuce radicles and hypocotyls were 50 and 125 micromol L(-1), respectively. Among the six species tested, timothy was the most sensitive to goniothalamin. Quantification of this compound in other Goniothalamus species suggested that the plant inhibitory activity of this genus is explainable by goniothalamin, with G. calcareus as an exception.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pyrones/pharmacology*
  7. Soo JS, Ng CH, Tan SH, Malik RA, Teh YC, Tan BS, et al.
    Apoptosis, 2015 Oct;20(10):1373-87.
    PMID: 26276035 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-015-1158-5
    Metformin, an AMPK activator, has been reported to improve pathological response to chemotherapy in diabetic breast cancer patients. To date, its mechanism of action in cancer, especially in cancer stem cells (CSCs) have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we demonstrated that metformin, but not other AMPK activators (e.g. AICAR and A-769662), synergizes 5-fluouracil, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide (FEC) combination chemotherapy in non-stem breast cancer cells and breast cancer stem cells. We show that this occurs through an AMPK-dependent mechanism in parental breast cancer cell lines. In contrast, the synergistic effects of metformin and FEC occurred in an AMPK-independent mechanism in breast CSCs. Further analyses revealed that metformin accelerated glucose consumption and lactate production more severely in the breast CSCs but the production of intracellular ATP was severely hampered, leading to a severe energy crisis and impairs the ability of CSCs to repair FEC-induced DNA damage. Indeed, addition of extracellular ATP completely abrogated the synergistic effects of metformin on FEC sensitivity in breast CSCs. In conclusion, our results suggest that metformin synergizes FEC sensitivity through distinct mechanism in parental breast cancer cell lines and CSCs, thus providing further evidence for the clinical relevance of metformin for the treatment of cancers.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pyrones/pharmacology
  8. Orlikova B, Schumacher M, Juncker T, Yan CC, Inayat-Hussain SH, Hajjouli S, et al.
    Food Chem Toxicol, 2013 Sep;59:572-8.
    PMID: 23845509 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.06.051
    (R)-(+)-Goniothalamin (GTN), a styryl-lactone isolated from the medicinal plant Goniothalamus macrophyllus, exhibits pharmacological activities including cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, GTN modulated TNF-α induced NF-κB activation. GTN concentrations up to 20 μM showed low cytotoxic effects in K562 chronic myelogenous leukemia and in Jurkat T cells. Importantly, at these concentrations, no cytotoxicity was observed in healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Our results confirmed that GTN inhibited tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced NF-κB activation in Jurkat and K562 leukemia cells at concentrations as low as 5 μM as shown by reporter gene assays and western blots. Moreover, GTN down-regulated translocation of the p50/p65 heterodimer to the nucleus, prevented binding of NF-κB to its DNA response element and reduced TNF-α-activated interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression. In conclusion, GTN inhibits TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation at non-apoptogenic concentrations in different leukemia cell models without presenting toxicity towards healthy blood cells underlining the anti-leukemic potential of this natural compound.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pyrones/pharmacology*
  9. Ng CH, Tan TH, Tioh NH, Seng HL, Ahmad M, Ng SW, et al.
    J Inorg Biochem, 2021 07;220:111453.
    PMID: 33895694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111453
    The cobalt(II), copper(II) and zinc(II) complexes of 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) and maltol (mal) (complexes 1, 2, 3 respectively) were prepared from their respective metal(II) chlorides and were characterized by FT-IR, elemental analysis, UV spectroscopy, molar conductivity, p-nitrosodimethylaniline assay and mass spectrometry. The X-ray structure of a single crystal of the zinc(II) analogue reveals a square pyramidal structure with distinctly shorter apical chloride bond. All complexes were evaluated for their anticancer property on breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, and normal cell line MCF-10A, using (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and morphological studies. Complex 2 was most potent for 24, 48 and 72 h treatment of cancer cells but it was not selective towards cancer over normal cells. The mechanistic studies of the cobalt(II) complex 1 involved apoptosis assay, cell cycle analysis, dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate assay, intracellular reactive oxygen species assay and proteasome inhibition assay. Complex 1 induced low apoptosis, generated low level of ROS and did not inhibit proteasome in normal cells. The study of the DNA binding and nucleolytic properties of complexes 1-3 in the absence or presence of H2O2 or sodium ascorbate revealed that only complex 1 was not nucleolytic.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pyrones/pharmacology*
  10. Mohideen M, Zulkepli S, Nik-Salleh NS, Zulkefeli M, Weber JF, Weber JF, et al.
    Arch Pharm Res, 2013 Jul;36(7):812-31.
    PMID: 23543632 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0099-1
    A series of six/five member (E/Z)-Goniothalamin analogs were synthesized from commercially available (3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)methanol/5-(hydroxymethyl)dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one in three steps with good to moderate overall yields and their cytotoxicity against lymphoblastic leukemic T cell line (Jurkat E6.1) have been evaluated. Among the synthesized analogs, (Z)-Goniothalamin appeared to be the most active in cytotoxicity (IC50 = 12 μM). Structure-activity relationship study indicates that introducing substituent in phenyl ring or replacing phenyl ring by pyridine/naphthalene, or decreasing the ring size of lactones (from six to five member) do not increase the cytotoxicity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pyrones/pharmacology*
  11. Mohd Ridzuan MA, Ruenruetai U, Noor Rain A, Khozirah S, Zakiah I
    Trop Biomed, 2006 Dec;23(2):140-6.
    PMID: 17322815 MyJurnal
    Malaria is a disease which is still endemic and has become a disastrous scourge because of the emergence of antimalarial drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum. A new approach in addressing this is in developing a combination drug. This study is to show the enhancement of antimalarial properties, when single compound, goniothalamin combine with standard drug, chloroquine. Based on 4 Day Test, percentage of parasite growth on treated infected mice were determined. Oral treatment with 1 mg/kg BW of chloroquine on experimental mice suppressed 70% and 76.7% of both Plasmodium yoelii and Plasmodium berghei, respectively. The infection of P. berghei in mice was inhibited less than 50% by goniothalamin individual treatment at all doses in this study. About 27.8% and 18.5% inhibition of infection were observed in P. yoelii infected mice treated with 30 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg of goniothalamin respectively and the suppression exceed more than 50% at higher doses (90 and 120 mg/kg). Combination of 1 mg/kg chloroquine with either 30 mg/kg or 60 mg/kg of goniothalamin decreased the parasitemia of P. yoelii infected mice more than 90% and prolong the survival up to 100% after treatment. Similar treatment to P. berghei infected mice only shows about 60% reduction of parasitemia. The study findings showed that antimalarial property of goniothalamin was enhanced by combination with chloroquine at lower dose of each drug.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pyrones/pharmacology*
  12. Moharam BA, Jantan I, Jalil J, Ahmad F
    Phytother Res, 2012 May;26(5):687-91.
    PMID: 22002630 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3620
    Phytochemical investigation on the bark of Goniothalamus tapis Miq. and G. uvaroides King has resulted in the isolation of eight styryl-lactones, (-)-cryptomeridiol, liriodenine, 3-methyl-1H-benz[f]indole-4,9-dione, (-)-stigmasterol and dimethyl terephthalate. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques. The compounds were evaluated for their effect on platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor binding on rabbit platelets using (3) H-PAF as a ligand. Among the compounds tested, (-)-cryptomeridiol, (+)-goniothalamin and (+)-isoaltholactone exhibited a significant and concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on PAF receptor binding, with inhibitory concentration (IC)(50) values of 17.5, 19.7 and 46.5 µm, respectively. The inhibitory effects of the first two compounds were comparable to that obtained from the positive control, cedrol. The results indicated that these compounds were strong PAF receptor binding inhibitors.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pyrones/pharmacology
  13. Meragelman TL, Scudiero DA, Davis RE, Staudt LM, McCloud TG, Cardellina JH, et al.
    J Nat Prod, 2009 Mar 27;72(3):336-9.
    PMID: 19093800 DOI: 10.1021/np800350x
    The nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling pathway is constitutively active in many types of cancers and is a potential therapeutic target. Using a cell-based assay for stability of inhibitor of kappa B (IkappaB), a critical regulator of NF-kappaB activity, we found that an organic solvent extract of the plant Cryptocarya rugulosa inhibited constitutive NF-kappaB activity in human lymphoma cell lines. The active components were identified as rugulactone, a new alpha-pyrone (1), and the known cryptocaryone (2). Rugulactone was the more active compound, exhibiting up to 5-fold induction of IkappaB at 25 microg/mL; maximal activity was observed with 10 h exposure of test cells to 1 or 2.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pyrones/pharmacology*
  14. Lew SY, Lim SH, Lim LW, Wong KH
    BMC Complement Med Ther, 2020 Nov 11;20(1):340.
    PMID: 33176761 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03132-x
    BACKGROUND: Hericium erinaceus is a culinary and medicinal mushroom in Traditional Chinese Medicines. It has numerous pharmacological effects including immunomodulatory, anti-tumour, anti-microbial, anti-aging and stimulation of nerve growth factor (NGF) synthesis, but little is known about its potential role in negating the detrimental effects of oxidative stress in depression. The present study investigated the neuroprotective effects of H. erinaceus standardised aqueous extract (HESAE) against high-dose corticosterone-induced oxidative stress in rat pheochromocytoma (PC-12) cells, a cellular model mimicking depression.

    METHODS: PC-12 cells was pre-treated with HESAE for 48 h followed by 400 μM corticosterone for 24 h to induce oxidative stress. Cells in complete medium without any treatment or pre-treated with 3.125 μg/mL desipramine served as the negative and positive controls, respectively. The cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities, aconitase activity, mitochondrial membrane potentials (MMPs), intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and number of apoptotic nuclei were quantified. In addition, HESAE ethanol extract was separated into fractions by chromatographic methods prior to spectroscopic analysis.

    RESULTS: We observed that PC-12 cells treated with high-dose corticosterone at 400 μM had decreased cell viability, reduced endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities, disrupted mitochondrial function, and increased oxidative stress and apoptosis. However, pre-treatment with HESAE ranging from 0.25 to 1 mg/mL had increased cell viability, decreased LDH release, enhanced endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities, restored MMP, attenuated intracellular ROS and protected from ROS-mediated apoptosis. The neuroprotective effects could be attributed to significant amounts of adenosine and herierin III isolated from HESAE.

    CONCLUSIONS: HESAE demonstrated neuroprotective effects against high-dose corticosterone-induced oxidative stress in an in vitro model mimicking depression. HESAE could be a potential dietary supplement to treat depression.

    Matched MeSH terms: Pyrones/pharmacology
  15. Kim RP, Bihud V, Bin Mohamad K, Leong KH, Bin Mohamad J, Bin Ahmad F, et al.
    Molecules, 2012 Dec 21;18(1):128-39.
    PMID: 23344192 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18010128
    Eleven compounds:goniomicin A (1), goniomicin B (2), goniomicin C (3), goniomicin D (4), tapisoidin (5), goniothalamin (6), 9-deoxygoniopypyrone (7), pterodondiol (8), liriodenine (9), benzamide (10) and cinnamic acid (11), were isolated from the stem bark of Goniothalamus tapisoides. All compounds were identified by spectroscopic analysis and, for known compounds, by comparison with published data. Goniothalamin (6) exhibited mild cytotoxic activity towards a colon cancer cell line (HT-29), with an IC(50)value of 64.17 ± 5.60 µM. Goniomicin B (2) give the highest antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay among all compounds tested, with an IC(50) of 0.207 µM.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pyrones/pharmacology
  16. Jantan I, Raweh SM, Sirat HM, Jamil S, Mohd Yasin YH, Jalil J, et al.
    Phytomedicine, 2008 Apr;15(4):306-9.
    PMID: 17913483
    Twelve compounds isolated from Alpinia mutica Roxb., Kaempferia rotunda Linn., Curcuma xanthorhiza Roxb., Curcuma aromatica Valeton and Zingiber zerumbet Smith (Family: Zingiberaceae) and three synthesized derivatives of xanthorrhizol were evaluated for their ability to inhibit arachidonic acid- (AA), collagen- and ADP-induced platelet aggregation in human whole blood. Antiplatelet activity of the compounds was measured in vitro by the Chrono Log whole blood aggregometer using an electrical impedance method. Among the compounds tested, curcumin from C. aromatica, cardamonin, pinocembrine and 5,6-dehydrokawain from A. mutica and 3-deacetylcrotepoxide from K. rotunda showed strong inhibition on platelet aggregation induced by AA with IC(50) values of less than 84 microM. Curcumin was the most effective antiplatelet compound as it inhibited AA-, collagen- and ADP-induced platelet aggregation with IC(50) values of 37.5, 60.9 and 45.7 microM, respectively.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pyrones/pharmacology
  17. Inayat-Hussain SH, Annuar BO, Din LB, Ali AM, Ross D
    Toxicol In Vitro, 2003 Aug;17(4):433-9.
    PMID: 12849726
    Styryl-lactones such as goniothalamin represent a new class of compounds with potential anti-cancer properties. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of goniothalamin (GTN), a plant styryl-lactone induced apoptosis in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. This plant extract resulted in apoptosis in HL-60 cells as assessed by the externalisation of phosphatidylserine. Using the mitochondrial membrane dye (DIOC(6)) in conjunction with flow cytometry, we found that GTN treated HL-60 cells demonstrated a loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Deltapsi(m)). Further immunoblotting on these cells showed activation of initiator caspase-9 and the executioner caspases-3 and -7. Pretreatment with the pharmacological caspase inhibitor, benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp fluoromethyl ketone (Z-VAD.FMK) abrogated apoptosis as assessed by all of the apoptotic features in this study. In summary, our results demonstrate that goniothalamin-induced apoptosis occurs via the mitochondrial pathway in a caspase dependent manner.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pyrones/pharmacology*
  18. Inayat-Hussain SH, Osman AB, Din LB, Taniguchi N
    Toxicol Lett, 2002 May 28;131(3):153-9.
    PMID: 11992734
    Plant styryl-lactone derivatives isolated from Goniothalamus sp. are potential compounds for cancer chemotherapy. In this study, we have examined the mechanisms of apoptosis induced by altholactone, a stryl-lactone isolated from the Malaysian plant G. malayanus on human HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells. Flow cytometric analysis of the externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS) using the annexin V/PI method on altholactone treated HL-60 cells showed a concentration-dependent increase of apoptosis from concentrations ranging from 10.8 (2.5 microg/ml) to 172.4 microM (40 microg/ml). Pre-treatment with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (1 mM) completely abrogated apoptosis induced by altholactone, suggesting for the involvement of oxidative stress. Further flow cytometric assessment of the level of intracellular peroxides using the fluorescent probe 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) confirmed that altholactone induced an increase in cellular oxidative stress in HL-60 cells which was suppressed by N-acetylcysteine. In summary, our results demonstrate for the first time that altholactone induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells occurs via oxidative stress.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pyrones/pharmacology
  19. Inayat-Hussain SH, Osman AB, Din LB, Ali AM, Snowden RT, MacFarlane M, et al.
    FEBS Lett., 1999 Aug 13;456(3):379-83.
    PMID: 10462048
    Goniothalamin, a plant styrylpyrone derivative isolated from Goniothalamus andersonii, induced apoptosis in Jurkat T-cells as assessed by the externalisation of phosphatidylserine. Immunoblotting showed processing of caspases-3 and -7 with the appearance of their catalytically active large subunits of 17 and 19 kDa, respectively. Activation of these caspases was further evidenced by detection of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage (PARP). Pre-treatment with the caspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp fluoromethyl ketone (Z-VAD.FMK) blocked apoptosis and the resultant cleavage of these caspases and PARP. Our results demonstrate that activation of at least two effector caspases is a key feature of goniothalamin-induced apoptosis in Jurkat T-cells.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pyrones/pharmacology*
  20. Hawariah A, Stanslas J
    In Vivo, 1998 Jul-Aug;12(4):403-10.
    PMID: 9706492
    Early studies reported that a styrylpyrone derivative (SPD) purified from the Goniothalamus sp. acts as a non-competitive antiestrogen in early pregnant mice (1). In the immature rat uterine wet weight test, we found that SPD markedly reduced uterine weight at doses 1 and 100 mg/kg, thus reflecting negative antiestrogenicity, probably attributed to low binding affinities towards ER. Tamoxifen (Tam) on the other hand exhibited partial antiestrogenicity at all doses (0.01-10 mg/kg BW) and dose-dependent estrogenicity. However, the estrogen antagonism: agonism ratio for SPD is much higher than Tam, which is indicative of the breast cancer antitumor activity as seen in compounds such as MER-25. Pretreatment assessment on 1 mg/kg BW SPD and Tam showed that SPD is not a very good, estrogen antagonist compared to Tam, as it was unable to revert the estrogenicity effect of estradiol benzoate (EB) on immature rat uterine weight. Antitumor activity assessment for SPD exhibited significant tumor growth retardation in 7,12-dimethyl benzanthracene (DMBA) induced rat mammary tumors at all doses employed (2, 10 and 50 mg/kg) compared to the controls (p < 0.01). This compound was found to be more potent than Tam (2 and 10 mg/kg) and displayed greater potency at a dose of 10 mg/kg. It caused complete remission of 33.3% of tumors but failed to prevent onset of new tumors. However, SPD administration at 2 mg/kg caused 16.7% complete remission and partial remission. It also prevented the onset of new tumors throughout the experiment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Pyrones/pharmacology*
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