Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 2661 in total

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  1. Nowham HB
    Malaya Medical Journal, 1912;10:46-50.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rats
  2. Shipley AE
    Malaya Medical Journal, 1912;10:27-45.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rats
  3. Malaya Medical Journal, 1912;10:9-26.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rats
  4. South SW, Birkinshaw F
    Matched MeSH terms: Rats
  5. Stanton AT, Fletcher W
    Matched MeSH terms: Rats
  6. Matched MeSH terms: Rats
  7. Fletcher W, Lesslar JE, Lewthwaite R
    Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1928;22:161-162.
    DOI: 10.1016/S0035-9203(28)90008-5
    A short description of the tsutsugamushi disease is given, followed by a note on the conditions under which it occurs in Sumatra and the Malay States. Abandoned agricultural land which has grown up in weeds is particularly dangerous. Small rodents are the reservoirs of the virus which is carried from them to man by larval mites. Trombicula akamushi is the carrier in Japan, and T. deliensis in Sumatra. The disease has been conveyed to monkeys by inoculation and also by the bites of infected mites. A description is given of four mites which are commonly found in the ears of rats in the Malay States, and a method for the examination of the mites is described. Black rats, to the number of 130, were examined. Sixteen were trapped in an abandoned portion of an oil-palm estate where three Europeans became infected with the tsutsugamushi disease, and T. deliensis, the Sumatran carrier, was found on ten of them. Thirty rats were caught in other parts of the estate, and T. deliensis was found on nine. Thirty rats were caught in other rural districts, where the disease was not known, and T. deliensis was found on only one. Fifty-four rats caught in the town of Kuala Lumpur were examined, with the result that T. deliensis was found in none. The conclusion is reached that T. deliensis is probably the carrier in the Malay States, as it is in Sumatra.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rats
  8. Gilmour CCB
    Malayan Medical Journal, 1934;9:177-81.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rats
  9. Lewthwaite R, Savoor SR
    Br J Exp Pathol, 1936;17:208.
    (1) Two strains of tropical typhus have been isolated from wild rats trapped in endemic areas.
    (2) Both were isolated and maintained in guinea-pigs.
    (3) One could be isolated in rabbits by the intra-ocular inoculation of virus, and maintained thus indefinitely. The features of this infection appeared to be identical with corresponding infections obtained with the viruses of rural typhus and the tsutsugamushi disease of human origin. Repeated attempts to isolate the other rat strain in rabbits in the same manner failed.
    (4) Rickettsia were found with ease and in abundance in infected material from guinea-pigs infected with either strain, and from rabbits infected with the one-strain.
    (5) The sera of rabbits infected with the two rat strains gave positive Weil-Felix reactions of significant titre.
    (6) Cross-immunity tests in rabbits between one rat strain and six strains of huinan origin of rural typhus and tsutsugamushi showed a cross-immunity to exist, complete in five strains and partial in the sixth strain.
    (7) A concomitant infection with sodoku was present in the guinea-pigs of botlh strains ; although this may have modified the clinical signs, the infection by a typhus virus could be determined by four decisive criteria.
    (8) The conclusion is drawn that the murine origin of the virus of the rural typhus-tsutsugamuslhi group of diseases is now firmly established.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rats
  10. Lewthwaite R, Hodgkin EP, Savoor SR
    Br J Exp Pathol, 1936;17:309-17.
    1. Transmission of the virus of urban typhus under experimental conditions from rat to rat by the rat flea (X. cheopis) by feeding has been effected. Collateral attempts to transmit the virus of rural typhus by precisely the same procedure failed.
    2. Transmission of the virus of urban typhus was also achieved by the inoculation of faeces or crushed tissue of infected fleas into the scarified skin of guinea-pigs.
    3. Multiplication of the virus of urban typhus occurs within the rat flea.
    4. Infection with the virus of urban typhus is not hereditary in the rat flea.
    5. Attempts to transmit the virus of urban or rural typhus by two species of ticks failed. In the case of rural typhus a lessened mortality in the experimental guinea-pigs following test inoculation with passage virus makes it, however, difficult to exclude ticks entirely as a minor factor in the epidemiology of rural typhus.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rats
  11. Harrison JL
    Med J Malaya, 1949;4:96-105.
    Although this paper makes a special appeal to workers in Malaya it will be found interesting and instructive by the many medical men elsewhere who have been perplexed by the confusing nomenclature of rats and related animals. The author describes the following, which are the six common house and field animals of Malaya popularly called "rats ". A. Rodentia: Muridae. (1) Rattus rattus (Sp. R.r. diardi; R. r. argentiventer; R. r. jalorensis. (2) R. norvegicus. (3) R. exulans. (4) Mus musculus. (5) Bandicota bengalensis. B. Insectivora: Soricidae. (6) Suncus caeruleus, the musk shrew which is grossly slandered by being called a rat; it is an insectivore and the author states that there is no evidence of its being concerned in the transmission of any disease. A clear description is given of the habits, external appearance, skull characters, and association, if any, with disease, of each of the above animals. The animals chiefly concerned in the transmission of disease in Malaya are stated as being R. r. diardi (murine typhus), and R. r. argentiventer, (scrub typhus and probably leptospirosis). Plague is not occurring at present in Malaya. Medical men in Malaya are fortunate in being provided in this and other papers with simple practical guides to the local fauna which are important from the public health point of view. [See also this Bulletin, 1949, v. 46, 245, 247.] John W. D. Megaw.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rats
  12. Yeh LS
    J. Helminthol., 1955;29(1-2):44-8.
    PMID: 13263558 DOI: 10.1017/S0022149X00024214
    A collection of parasitic worms was made from Rattus rattus jarak (Bonhote) from Pulau Jarak, “which lies in the middle of the Malacca Straits between Penang and Port Swettenham and some 85 miles from the Sembilan Islands opposite the Dindings.” (Audy, 1950). It was collected by Dr. J. R. Audy, Senior Research Officer of the Division of Virus Research and Medical Zoology, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur while investigating scrub-typhus on the island.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rats
  13. Gordon Smith CE, Turner LH, Harrison JL, Broom JC
    Bull World Health Organ, 1961;24(6):807-16.
    PMID: 20604093
    In previous papers it has been demonstrated that ground-dwelling rats are the principal reservoir of leptospirosis in Malaya. The present paper considers the distribution of infection by sex and weight in the ten principal rat species. There appears to be a general tendency for females to be infected more frequently than males, but significant differences were demonstrated only in R. sabanus (more than three times as many females as males infected) and R. whiteheadi. In Malaya, where seasonal changes are minimal, weights can be used as a good index of age in rats. In rat species with a low incidence of infection the incidence appeared to rise steadily with age. In species with a medium incidence the infection rate rose at first with age, fell in the 6-8-month age-group, and then rose again. In high-incidence species the rate rose rapidly from the second month.There appear to be three types of enzootic infection; (1) intensive transmission of a single serogroup in a crowded population of rats of a single species (transmission probably being through urinary contamination of damp soil); (2) low-intensity transmission of several serogroups among ground-rats frequenting wet places (probably with urinary transmission); and (3) low-intensity transmission of several serogroups among ground-rats in dry places (the transmission may be venereal).
    Matched MeSH terms: Rats
  14. Smith CE, Turner LH, Harrison JL, Broom JC
    Bull World Health Organ, 1961;24(1):23-34.
    PMID: 20604083
    In a previous paper the authors reported on the methods and zoogeographical background of a survey of animal leptospirosis in Malaya, giving a broad analysis of results. In the present paper the localities studied in towns and villages, in ricefields, in secondary forest and scrub and in primary forest are compared in detail. In towns and villages infection rates in rats were low, except in a seaport town where the invading R. norvegicus was heavily infected. In ricefields infection is maintained in R. argentiventer, alone or in association with R. exulans. In secondary forest and scrub there is overlap with forest species and the main hosts of leptospires appear to be R. exulans and R. jalorensis. In primary forest giant rats and, to a lesser degree, spiny rats are the main hosts.Ground-living rats appear to be better maintenance hosts than those scrambling on vegetation or arboreal rats. With some exceptions the incidence of infection of a rat species in an area was found to be in direct relation to the proportion that species formed of the total rat population. The critical number of rats for maintenance of leptospirosis in an area is estimated to be about two rats of the maintenance species per hectare.
    Matched MeSH terms: Rats
  15. HARRISON JL
    PMID: 13952990
    Matched MeSH terms: Rats
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