Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 94 in total

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  1. Acharya UR, Mookiah MR, Koh JE, Tan JH, Bhandary SV, Rao AK, et al.
    Comput Biol Med, 2016 08 01;75:54-62.
    PMID: 27253617 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2016.04.015
    Posterior Segment Eye Diseases (PSED) namely Diabetic Retinopathy (DR), glaucoma and Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) are the prime causes of vision loss globally. Vision loss can be prevented, if these diseases are detected at an early stage. Structural abnormalities such as changes in cup-to-disc ratio, Hard Exudates (HE), drusen, Microaneurysms (MA), Cotton Wool Spots (CWS), Haemorrhages (HA), Geographic Atrophy (GA) and Choroidal Neovascularization (CNV) in PSED can be identified by manual examination of fundus images by clinicians. However, manual screening is labour-intensive, tiresome and time consuming. Hence, there is a need to automate the eye screening. In this work Bi-dimensional Empirical Mode Decomposition (BEMD) technique is used to decompose fundus images into 2D Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs) to capture variations in the pixels due to morphological changes. Further, various entropy namely Renyi, Fuzzy, Shannon, Vajda, Kapur and Yager and energy features are extracted from IMFs. These extracted features are ranked using Chernoff Bound and Bhattacharyya Distance (CBBD), Kullback-Leibler Divergence (KLD), Fuzzy-minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance (FmRMR), Wilcoxon, Receiver Operating Characteristics Curve (ROC) and t-test methods. Further, these ranked features are fed to Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier to classify normal and abnormal (DR, AMD and glaucoma) classes. The performance of the proposed eye screening system is evaluated using 800 (Normal=400 and Abnormal=400) digital fundus images and 10-fold cross validation method. Our proposed system automatically identifies normal and abnormal classes with an average accuracy of 88.63%, sensitivity of 86.25% and specificity of 91% using 17 optimal features ranked using CBBD and SVM-Radial Basis Function (RBF) classifier. Moreover, a novel Retinal Risk Index (RRI) is developed using two significant features to distinguish two classes using single number. Such a system helps to reduce eye screening time in polyclinics or community-based mass screening. They will refer the patients to main hospitals only if the diagnosis belong to the abnormal class. Hence, the main hospitals will not be unnecessarily crowded and doctors can devote their time for other urgent cases.
    Matched MeSH terms: Retina
  2. Acharya UR, Mookiah MR, Koh JE, Tan JH, Noronha K, Bhandary SV, et al.
    Comput Biol Med, 2016 06 01;73:131-40.
    PMID: 27107676 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2016.04.009
    Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) affects the central vision of aged people. It can be diagnosed due to the presence of drusen, Geographic Atrophy (GA) and Choroidal Neovascularization (CNV) in the fundus images. It is labor intensive and time-consuming for the ophthalmologists to screen these images. An automated digital fundus photography based screening system can overcome these drawbacks. Such a safe, non-contact and cost-effective platform can be used as a screening system for dry AMD. In this paper, we are proposing a novel algorithm using Radon Transform (RT), Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) coupled with Locality Sensitive Discriminant Analysis (LSDA) for automated diagnosis of AMD. First the image is subjected to RT followed by DWT. The extracted features are subjected to dimension reduction using LSDA and ranked using t-test. The performance of various supervised classifiers namely Decision Tree (DT), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN) and k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) are compared to automatically discriminate to normal and AMD classes using ranked LSDA components. The proposed approach is evaluated using private and public datasets such as ARIA and STARE. The highest classification accuracy of 99.49%, 96.89% and 100% are reported for private, ARIA and STARE datasets. Also, AMD index is devised using two LSDA components to distinguish two classes accurately. Hence, this proposed system can be extended for mass AMD screening.
    Matched MeSH terms: Retina
  3. Agarwal P, Wong YH, Das Gupta E, Agarwal R, Livingstone BI, Ramamurthy S, et al.
    Cutan Ocul Toxicol, 2015;34(3):179-84.
    PMID: 25068998 DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2014.938751
    BACKGROUND: Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is widely used for long-term treatment of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. However, its long-term use is known to be associated with visual changes due to retinal damage. Retinal damage associated with long-term HCQ therapy is preventable if the drug is discontinued early when the patients are still asymptomatic. In view of contrasting reports from previous studies, we investigated the association of prolonged HCQ therapy with retinal thickness in macular area.
    METHODS: This study included 48 patients on long-term HCQ therapy and 38 healthy controls. All subjects underwent examination for corrected visual acuity, fundus photography, visual fields and SD-OCT for retinal thickness.
    RESULTS: Visual acuity, visual fields, fundus photography and SD-OCT did not reveal changes consistent with diagnosis of established HCQ retinopathy in any of the subjects from HCQ group. Retinal thickness in central, parafoveal and perifoveal areas did not show significant differences between HCQ and control groups. However, we observed negative correlation between cumulative dose and retinal thickness in the parafoveal (p = 0.003) and perifoveal areas (p = 0.019) but not in the central area.
    CONCLUSIONS: Correlation of cumulative dose with retinal thickness in parafoveal and perifoveal areas and not the central area is in accordance with the late appearance of HCQ-induced bull's eye retinopathy. Hence screening of asymptomatic patients using OCT seems to be of great importance for early detection of retinal changes.
    KEYWORDS: Cumulative dose; OCT; hydroxychloroquine; retinal thickness
    Matched MeSH terms: Retina/drug effects*; Retina/pathology
  4. Ahmad Mulyadi Lai HI, Chou SJ, Chien Y, Tsai PH, Chien CS, Hsu CC, et al.
    Int J Mol Sci, 2021 Jan 28;22(3).
    PMID: 33525682 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031320
    Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) was identified as the main host cell receptor for the entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its subsequent infection. In some coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, it has been reported that the nervous tissues and the eyes were also affected. However, evidence supporting that the retina is a target tissue for SARS-CoV-2 infection is still lacking. This present study aimed to investigate whether ACE2 expression plays a role in human retinal neurons during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived retinal organoids and monolayer cultures derived from dissociated retinal organoids were generated. To validate the potential entry of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the retina, we showed that hiPSC-derived retinal organoids and monolayer cultures endogenously express ACE2 and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) on the mRNA level. Immunofluorescence staining confirmed the protein expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in retinal organoids and monolayer cultures. Furthermore, using the SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus spike protein with GFP expression system, we found that retinal organoids and monolayer cultures can potentially be infected by the SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus. Collectively, our findings highlighted the potential of iPSC-derived retinal organoids as the models for ACE2 receptor-based SARS-CoV-2 infection.
    Matched MeSH terms: Retina/cytology*; Retina/metabolism
  5. Ahmad SS, Ghani SA
    Oman J Ophthalmol, 2012 May;5(2):115-7.
    PMID: 22993469
    Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS) belongs to the group of neuromuscular disorders known as mitochondrial encephalomyopathies. It has characteristic syndromal features, which include: chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia, bilateral atypical pigmentary retinopathy, and cardiac conduction abnormalities. So far, only a single case has been reported where a patient with KSS had a normal retina. Herein, we report this extremely rare variant of KSS, which not only presented later than the normal age of presentation, but also had minimal pigmentary retinopathy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Retina
  6. Ahmad SS
    Saudi J Ophthalmol, 2017 Jan-Mar;31(1):38-41.
    PMID: 28337061 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjopt.2016.08.001
    Glaucoma is a multi-factorial neurodegenerative disorder. The common denominator in all types of glaucomas is retinal ganglion cell death through apoptosis. However, this cellular demise in glaucoma is detected late by structural or functional analyses. There can be a 10-year delay prior to the appearance of visual field defects and pre-perimetric glaucoma is an issue still being addressed. However, a new cutting-edge technology called detection of apoptosing retinal cells (DARC) is being developed. This technique is capable of non-invasive, real-time visualization of apoptotic changes at the cellular level. It can detect glaucomatous cell damage at a very early stage, at the moment apoptosis starts, and thus management can be initiated even prior to development of visual field changes. In future, this technique will also be able to provide conclusive evidence of the effectiveness of treatment protocol and the need for any modifications which may be required. This article aims to provide a concise review of DARC technology.
    Matched MeSH terms: Retina; Retinal Ganglion Cells
  7. Aibinu AM, Iqbal MI, Shafie AA, Salami MJ, Nilsson M
    Comput Biol Med, 2010 Jan;40(1):81-9.
    PMID: 20022595 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2009.11.004
    The use of vascular intersection aberration as one of the signs when monitoring and diagnosing diabetic retinopathy from retina fundus images (FIs) has been widely reported in the literature. In this paper, a new hybrid approach called the combined cross-point number (CCN) method able to detect the vascular bifurcation and intersection points in FIs is proposed. The CCN method makes use of two vascular intersection detection techniques, namely the modified cross-point number (MCN) method and the simple cross-point number (SCN) method. Our proposed approach was tested on images obtained from two different and publicly available fundus image databases. The results show a very high precision, accuracy, sensitivity and low false rate in detecting both bifurcation and crossover points compared with both the MCN and the SCN methods.
    Matched MeSH terms: Retina/pathology*
  8. Aliahmad B, Kumar DK, Hao H, Unnikrishnan P, Che Azemin MZ, Kawasaki R, et al.
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:467462.
    PMID: 25485298 DOI: 10.1155/2014/467462
    Fractal dimensions (FDs) are frequently used for summarizing the complexity of retinal vascular. However, previous techniques on this topic were not zone specific. A new methodology to measure FD of a specific zone in retinal images has been developed and tested as a marker for stroke prediction. Higuchi's fractal dimension was measured in circumferential direction (FDC) with respect to optic disk (OD), in three concentric regions between OD boundary and 1.5 OD diameter from its margin. The significance of its association with future episode of stroke event was tested using the Blue Mountain Eye Study (BMES) database and compared against spectrum fractal dimension (SFD) and box-counting (BC) dimension. Kruskal-Wallis analysis revealed FDC as a better predictor of stroke (H = 5.80, P = 0.016, α = 0.05) compared with SFD (H = 0.51, P = 0.475, α = 0.05) and BC (H = 0.41, P = 0.520, α = 0.05) with overall lower median value for the cases compared to the control group. This work has shown that there is a significant association between zone specific FDC of eye fundus images with future episode of stroke while this difference is not significant when other FD methods are employed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Retina/pathology*; Retinal Vessels/pathology
  9. Allinjawi K, Kaur S, Akhir SM, Mutalib HA
    Saudi J Ophthalmol, 2020 12 28;34(2):94-100.
    PMID: 33575529 DOI: 10.4103/1319-4534.305035
    PURPOSE: The purpose was to determine the minimum near-addition power needed using Proclear® multifocal D-Design contact lens (adds: +1.50 D, +2.50 D, +3.00 D, and +3.50 D) to invert the pattern of relative hyperopic defocus in the peripheral retina into relative myopic defocus among the eyes of myopic schoolchildren.

    METHODS: Twenty-seven right eyes (24 females and 3 males) of 27 myopic schoolchildren aged between 13 and 15 years were included in this study. The measurements of central refraction, peripheral refraction (between 35° temporal and 35° nasal visual field in 5° steps), and lag of accommodation were conducted using the Grand-Seiko WR-5100K open-field autorefractometer initially without correction (WC), followed by with correction using four different addition powers of Proclear® multifocal D-Design contact lens in random sequence. Axial length was measured using a handheld probe ultrasound A-scan (Tomey AL-2000).

    RESULTS: The relative peripheral refractive error showed high hyperopic defocus of +1.08 ± 1.24 D at 35° nasal and +1.06 ± 1.06 D at 35° temporal visual field WC. All Proclear multifocal contact lenses (MFCLs) decreased the peripheral hyperopic defocus with increasing addition powers (F [2.938, 47.001] = 13.317, P < 0.001). However, only +3.00 D addition and +3.50 D addition (P = 0.001) could invert the peripheral hyperopic defocus into peripheral myopic defocus. Apart from that, the +3.00 D addition lens showed the lowest lag of accommodation (+1.10 ± 0.83 D) among the other MFCL adds (P = 0.002).

    CONCLUSION: A +3.00 D addition Proclear MFCL is the optimal addition power that can invert the pattern of peripheral hyperopic defocus into myopic defocus.

    Matched MeSH terms: Retina
  10. Alsaeedi HA, Lam C, Koh AE, Teh SW, Mok PL, Higuchi A, et al.
    J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, Biol., 2020 Jan;203:111727.
    PMID: 31862637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111727
    Blindness and vision impairment are caused by irremediable retinal degeneration in affected individuals worldwide. Cell therapy for a retinal replacement can potentially rescue their vision, specifically for those who lost the light sensing photoreceptors in the eye. As such, well-characterized retinal cells are required for the replacement purposes. Stem cell-based therapy in photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelium transplantation is well received, however, the drawbacks of retinal transplantation is the limited clinical protocols development, insufficient number of transplanted cells for recovery, the selection of potential stem cell sources that can be differentiated into the target cells, and the ability of cells to migrate to the host tissue. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) belong to a subset of mesenchymal stem cells, and are recently being studied due to its high capability of differentiating into cells of the neuronal lineage. In this review, we look into the potential uses of DPSC in treating retinal degeneration, and also the current data supporting its application.
    Matched MeSH terms: Retina/physiology; Retinal Degeneration/therapy*
  11. Arfuzir NN, Lambuk L, Jafri AJ, Agarwal R, Iezhitsa I, Sidek S, et al.
    Neuroscience, 2016 06 14;325:153-64.
    PMID: 27012609 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.03.041
    Vascular dysregulation has long been recognized as an important pathophysiological factor underlying the development of glaucomatous neuropathy. Endothelin-1 (ET1) has been shown to be a key player due to its potent vasoconstrictive properties that result in retinal ischemia and oxidative stress leading to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) apoptosis and optic nerve (ON) damage. In this study we investigated the protective effects of magnesium acetyltaurate (MgAT) against retinal cell apoptosis and ON damage. MgAT was administered intravitreally prior to, along with or after administration of ET1. Seven days post-injection, animals were euthanized and retinae were subjected to morphometric analysis, TUNEL and caspase-3 staining. ON sections were stained with toluidine blue and were graded for neurodegenerative effects. Oxidative stress was also estimated in isolated retinae. Pre-treatment with MgAT significantly lowered ET1-induced retinal cell apoptosis as measured by retinal morphometry and TUNEL staining. This group of animals also showed significantly lesser caspase-3 activation and significantly reduced retinal oxidative stress compared to the animals that received intravitreal injection of only ET1. Additionally, the axonal degeneration in ON was markedly reduced in MgAT pretreated animals. The animals that received MgAT co- or post-treatment with ET1 also showed improvement in all parameters; however, the effects were not as significant as observed in MgAT pretreated animals. The current study showed that the intravitreal pre-treatment with MgAT reduces caspase-3 activation and prevents retinal cell apoptosis and axon loss in ON induced by ET1. This protective effect of ET1 was associated with reduced retinal oxidative stress.
    Matched MeSH terms: Retina/drug effects; Retina/injuries*; Retinal Ganglion Cells/drug effects; Retinal Ganglion Cells/metabolism; Retinal Ganglion Cells/pathology*
  12. Azhan, A., Mutasim, H., Abdul-Hadi, R., Khairul-Anwar, I., Zunaina, E.
    MyJurnal
    Macular branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), a type of retinal vein occlusion, is rarely recognised as a distinct entity. Macular BRVO has unique clinical features and different natural courses than the major BRVO. We report a case of a young patient with macular BRVO with macular oedema who was successfully treated with intravitreal ranibizumab injection. A 43 year-old Chinese man with no underlying medical illness presented with 2 weeks history of left eye painless reduced central vision which was worsening over time. On examination, his left eye visual acuity was 6/30 and Amsler chart drawing showed a lower central scotoma. Dilated fundus examination found marked flame-shaped retinal hemorrhages with cotton wool spot over the superior macular area bounded superiorly by superior arcade and macular thickening. An optical coherence tomography revealed cystoid macular oedema; and fundus fluorescein angiography showed occlusion of a small venous branch draining a superior part of macula to superior temporal venous arcade. A complete medical investigation found that he has hypertriglyceridemia and he was managed accordingly. His vision had improved to 6/6 after receiving 3 injections of intravitreal ranibizumab with no residual central scotoma and complete resolution of macular oedema.
    Matched MeSH terms: Retina; Retinal Hemorrhage; Retinal Vein Occlusion
  13. Bastion ML, Mustapha M, Ho I
    BMJ Case Rep, 2012;2012.
    PMID: 23093508 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2012-007260
    To report a unique case of crystallisation in the anterior chamber and subretinal space in a Malay lady following inadvertent subretinal injection of ranibizumab prior to vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Retina
  14. Bastion ML, Qader AM
    BMJ Case Rep, 2011;2011.
    PMID: 22696753 DOI: 10.1136/bcr.02.2011.3889
    The authors would like to present an unusual case of unilateral retinal detachment, phacodonesis, dense cataract and ocular coloboma in a 7-year-old Indian Muslim boy with Noonan syndrome. He underwent lensectomy, 23G pars planar vitrectomy, air fluid exchange, endolaser and silicone oil injection which successfully reattached the retina. His best corrected visual acuity was 6/24 6 months after the surgery and oil removal.
    Matched MeSH terms: Retina/abnormalities*; Retina/surgery; Retinal Detachment/etiology; Retinal Detachment/surgery*
  15. Bastion ML
    BMJ Case Rep, 2010;2010.
    PMID: 22242074 DOI: 10.1136/bcr.10.2009.2398
    The use of 0.5 mg/0.05 ml of ranibizumab intracamerally, to induce regression of iris neovascularisation in a non-diabetic patient, is reported. A 55-year-old Malay man presented with left eye rubeosis and hyphaema secondary to ischaemic remnant retinal flap in his silicone filled pseudophakic eye. Regression of rubeosis and resolution of hyphaema was noted within 4 days of injection of intracameral ranibizumab, allowing repeat vitrectomy to be performed without much bleeding, thus facilitating removal of his intraocular lens and laser to remaining flap. One month postoperatively he remained comfortable with counting fingers vision similar to the pre-hyphaema period.
    Matched MeSH terms: Retina
  16. Bhattamisra SK, Koh HM, Lim SY, Choudhury H, Pandey M
    Biomolecules, 2021 02 20;11(2).
    PMID: 33672590 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020323
    Catalpol isolated from Rehmannia glutinosa is a potent antioxidant and investigated against many disorders. This review appraises the key molecular pathways of catalpol against diabetes mellitus and its complications. Multiple search engines including Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct were used to retrieve publications containing the keywords "Catalpol", "Type 1 diabetes mellitus", "Type 2 diabetes mellitus", and "diabetic complications". Catalpol promotes IRS-1/PI3K/AKT/GLUT2 activity and suppresses Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and Glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) expression in the liver. Catalpol induces myogenesis by increasing MyoD/MyoG/MHC expression and improves mitochondria function through the AMPK/PGC-1α/PPAR-γ and TFAM signaling in skeletal muscles. Catalpol downregulates the pro-inflammatory markers and upregulates the anti-inflammatory markers in adipose tissues. Catalpol exerts antioxidant properties through increasing superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase (cat), and glutathione peroxidase (gsh-px) activity in the pancreas and liver. Catalpol has been shown to have anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptosis, and anti-fibrosis properties that in turn bring beneficial effects in diabetic complications. Its nephroprotective effect is related to the modulation of the AGE/RAGE/NF-κB and TGF-β/smad2/3 pathways. Catalpol produces a neuroprotective effect by increasing the expression of protein Kinase-C (PKC) and Cav-1. Furthermore, catalpol exhibits a cardioprotective effect through the apelin/APJ and ROS/NF-κB/Neat1 pathway. Catalpol stimulates proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast cells in high glucose condition. Lastly, catalpol shows its potential in preventing neurodegeneration in the retina with NF-κB downregulation. Overall, catalpol exhibits numerous beneficial effects on diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Retina
  17. Chaikitmongkol V, Sagong M, Lai TYY, Tan GSW, Ngah NF, Ohji M, et al.
    Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila), 2021 Nov 24;10(6):507-518.
    PMID: 34839342 DOI: 10.1097/APO.0000000000000445
    PURPOSE: Review and provide consensus recommendations on use of treat-and-extend (T&E) regimens for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) management with relevance for clinicians in the Asia-Pacific region.

    METHODS: A systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases, and abstract databases of the Asia-Pacific Vitreo-retina Society, European Society of Retina Specialists, American Academy of Ophthalmology, and Controversies in Ophthalmology: Asia-Australia congresses, was conducted to assess evidence for T&E regimens in nAMD. Only studies with ≥100 study eyes were included. An expert panel reviewed the results and key factors potentially influencing the use of T&E regimens in nAMD and PCV, and subsequently formed consensus recommendations for their application in the Asia-Pacific region.

    RESULTS: Twenty-seven studies were included. Studies demonstrated that T&E regimens with aflibercept, ranibizumab, or bevacizumab in nAMD, and with aflibercept in PCV, were efficacious and safe. The recommendation for T&E is, after ≥3 consecutive monthly loading doses, treatment intervals can be extended by 2 to 4 weeks up to 12 to 16 weeks. When disease activity recurs, the recommendation is to reinject and shorten intervals by 2 to 4 weeks until fluid resolution, after which treatment intervals can again be extended. Intraretinal fluid should be treated until resolved; however, persistent minimal subretinal fluid after consecutive treatments may be tolerated with treatment intervals maintained or extended if the clinical condition is stable.

    CONCLUSIONS: T&E regimens are efficacious and safe for nAMD and PCV, can reduce the number of visits, and minimize the overall burden for clinicians and patients.

    Matched MeSH terms: Retina
  18. Chan JCY, Chee ML, Tan NYQ, Cheng CY, Wong TY, Sabanayagam C
    Nutr Diabetes, 2018 03 07;8(1):16.
    PMID: 29549238 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-018-0018-0
    AIMS: To examine the association of body mass index (BMI) with the incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in Asians.

    METHODS: We analysed data from 4101 adults (Malay, n = 1901 and Indian, n = 2200) who participated in the baseline (2004-2009) and 6-year follow-up (2011-2015) of two independent population-based studies with similar methodology in Singapore. BMI was categorised into normal (<25 kg/m2), overweight (25-29.9 kg/m2) and obese (≥30 kg/m2). DM was diagnosed as random plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL, HbA1c ≥6.5% or self-reported physician diagnosed DM. DR was assessed from retinal photographs graded using a standard protocol. The associations of baseline BMI with incident DM and DR was examined using multivariable poisson regression models adjusting for potential confounders including duration of DM, family history of DM and HbA1c.

    RESULTS: The incidence of DM was 12.8% and among 1586 participants with DM, the incidence of DR was 17.6% over a median follow-up period of 6.2 years. Compared to those with BMI 

    Matched MeSH terms: Retina/pathology
  19. Che Azemin MZ, Ab Hamid F, Aminuddin A, Wang JJ, Kawasaki R, Kumar DK
    Exp Eye Res, 2013 Nov;116:355-358.
    PMID: 24512773 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.10.010
    The fractal dimension is a global measure of complexity and is useful for quantifying anatomical structures, including the retinal vascular network. A previous study found a linear declining trend with aging on the retinal vascular fractal dimension (DF); however, it was limited to the older population (49 years and older). This study aimed to investigate the possible models of the fractal dimension changes from young to old subjects (10-73 years). A total of 215 right-eye retinal samples, including those of 119 (55%) women and 96 (45%) men, were selected. The retinal vessels were segmented using computer-assisted software, and non-vessel fragments were deleted. The fractal dimension was measured based on the log-log plot of the number of grids versus the size. The retinal vascular DF was analyzed to determine changes with increasing age. Finally, the data were fitted to three polynomial models. All three models are statistically significant (Linear: R2 = 0.1270, 213 d.f., p 
    Matched MeSH terms: Retina; Retinal Vessels
  20. Cheah CK, Vijaya Singham N, Gun SC
    Int J Rheum Dis, 2017 Dec;20(12):2253-2255.
    PMID: 26864240 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185X.12827
    Matched MeSH terms: Retina/drug effects*; Retina/physiopathology; Retinal Diseases/chemically induced*; Retinal Diseases/diagnosis; Retinal Diseases/physiopathology
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