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ADA-SR: Activity detection and analysis using security robots for reliable workplace safety

Zhang G, Jing W, Tao H, Rahman MA, Salih SQ, Al-Saffar A, et al.

Work, 2021;68(3):935-943.
PMID: 33612535 DOI: 10.3233/WOR-203427

BACKGROUND: Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) has become a prominent solution to improve the robustness of real-time service provisioning through assisted functions for day-to-day activities. The application of the robotic system in security services helps to improve the precision of event detection and environmental monitoring with ease.
OBJECTIVES: This paper discusses activity detection and analysis (ADA) using security robots in workplaces. The application scenario of this method relies on processing image and sensor data for event and activity detection. The events that are detected are classified for its abnormality based on the analysis performed using the sensor and image data operated using a convolution neural network. This method aims to improve the accuracy of detection by mitigating the deviations that are classified in different levels of the convolution process.
RESULTS: The differences are identified based on independent data correlation and information processing. The performance of the proposed method is verified for the three human activities, such as standing, walking, and running, as detected using the images and sensor dataset.
CONCLUSION: The results are compared with the existing method for metrics accuracy, classification time, and recall.

Matched MeSH terms: Running
Race-day performance of horses with epiglottic entrapment, and following surgical correction using intra-oral curved bistoury hook in anaesthetised horses

Shaw DJ, Rosanowski SM

Vet J, 2019 Aug;250:24-27.
PMID: 31383416 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.05.015

Epiglottic entrapment is a condition in racing horses, associated with abnormal respiratory noises and exercise intolerance. Epiglottic entrapment has been linked to both poor and superior athletic performance, leading to concerns regarding whether surgery is indicated, and whether surgical correction may have a deleterious effect on future race performance. The objective of the current study was to assess the race-day performance of horses racing with epiglottic entrapment and the effect of surgical correction on performance outcomes using an intra-oral technique in anaesthetised horses. A case-control study was conducted at the Singapore Turf Club from 2008 to 2011. Controls were selected 1:1 to cases, based on Malaysian Racing Authority number. The performance of horses racing with epiglottic entrapment was recorded and post-surgery race performance was described. Further, post-surgery race performance was compared between cases and with non-case controls. Twenty horses raced with epiglottic entrapment were retrospectively enrolled. There was a significant difference in racing performance in case horses racing with and without epiglottic entrapment (P

Matched MeSH terms: Running
Fulltext A Review of Gelatin Source Authentication Methods

Hameed AM, Asiyanbi-H T, Idris M, Fadzillah N, Mirghani MES

Trop Life Sci Res, 2018 Jul;29(2):213-227.
PMID: 30112151 MyJurnal DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2018.29.2.15

Gelatin is a very popular pharmaceutical and food ingredient and the most studied ingredient in Halal researches. Interest in source gelatin authentication is based on religious and cultural beliefs, food fraud prevention and health issues. Seven gelatin authentication methods that have been developed include: nucleic acid based, immunochemical, electrophoretic analysis, spectroscopic, mass-spectrometric, chromatographic-chemometric and chemisorption methods. These methods are time consuming, and require capital intensive equipment with huge running cost. Reliability of gelatin authentication methods is challenged mostly by transformation of gelatin during processing and close similarities among gelatin structures. This review concisely presents findings and challenges in this research area and suggests needs for more researches on development of rapid authentication method and process-transformed gelatins.

Matched MeSH terms: Running
Evaluation of wastewater treatment performance to a field-scale constructed wetland system at clogged condition: A case study of ammonia manufacturing plant

Keng TS, Samsudin MFR, Sufian S

Sci Total Environ, 2021 Mar 10;759:143489.
PMID: 33248782 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143489

Assessment of the treatment performance in the field-scale hybrid constructed wetland (CW) for ammonia manufacturing plant remains limited. After being in operations running on and off since 2014, the hybrid CW which treats effluent from the ammonia manufacturing plant in Peninsular, Malaysia has recently demonstrated the full clogging to the CW. It takes only 8 months to demonstrate a big deterioration of performance in 2019. Though the mechanism of clogging is not clear, which can be partially from inherent design problems or operational issues, nonetheless, it is important to evaluate how this clogging has impacted the effluent treatment performance and the continuous utilization of the CW. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of the treatment performance on the ammoniacal nitrogen and COD removal when the CW is clogged. The result revealed that there is no impact on COD removal, but it has a substantial impact on the ammoniacal nitrogen removal. The ammoniacal nitrogen removal dropped to negative (outlet concentration is higher than inlet concentration) during the clogged period. Another observation is, the low removal rate also coincides with a high COD/N ratio, when the COD/N ratio increased to >2, the ammoniacal nitrogen removal rate dropped substantially, with the coefficient of determination, R2 of 40.5%. The root cause for the clogging to develop in a short period of time is unidentified. However, it is still worth noting that COD and ammoniacal nitrogen efficiency did not behave the same at the clogged CW.

Matched MeSH terms: Running
The journey of Malaysian external quality assurance program for general diagnostic histopathology

Ch'ng ES, Othman NH

Malays J Pathol, 2021 Apr;43(1):19-23.
PMID: 33903301

International Academy of Pathology, Malaysian Division has initiated and run the external quality assurance program for general diagnostic histopathology since the year 2017. This article introduces the educational philosophy of this external quality assurance program and the technicalities in running such a national program. Challenges in ensuring the successful running of this program to gain wide acceptance by histopathology laboratories in Malaysia as well as experience in overcoming these challenges are detailed. This article charts the future direction of this external quality assurance program.

Matched MeSH terms: Running
Fulltext Medical Standby: An Experience at the 4(th) National Youth Camping and Motivation Program Organized by Maksak Malaysia

Zakaria MI, Isa RM, Shah Che Hamzah MS, Ayob NA

Malays J Med Sci, 2006 Jan;13(1):43-51.
PMID: 22589590

Medical standby is the provision of emergency medical care and first aid for participants and/or spectators in a pre-planned event. This article describes the framework and the demographics of a medical standby at the 4(th) National Youth Camping and Motivation Program in Pasir Puteh, Kelantan from 30(th) July until the 3(rd) August 2004. The framework of the medical team is described based on the work process of any medical stand by. A medical encounter form was created for the medical standby defining the type of case seen (medical or trauma), name, age, race and diagnosis of the patient. We concluded that interagency collaboration during the initial planning and during the event itself is needed to ensure the smooth running of the medical standby. Most of the medical encounters were minor illnesses which are similar to previous studies and there was no case transferred to the hospital during that period.

Matched MeSH terms: Running
Fulltext Effects of Carbohydrate Mouth Rinsing on Salivary Lysozyme, Mood States and Running Performance Among Recreational Runners

Muhamad AS, Puad NFRM, Kuan G

Malays J Med Sci, 2020 Feb;27(1):87-96.
PMID: 32158348 MyJurnal DOI: 10.21315/mjms2020.27.1.9

Introduction: Carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinsing can enhance sports performance through a central action mediated by receptors in the mouth. This study examined the effect of a CHO mouth rinse on salivary lysozyme concentrations, mood states and running performances.
Methods: Ten males recreational runners were randomised to three running trials with a 1 week recovery period between the trials. Each trial involved running at 75% maximum heart rate (HRmax) for 1 h, followed by a 15 min time trial. The participants used a CHO mouth rinse, placebo (PLA) solution or control (CON, no solution) every 15 min during the exercise. Heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and mood states were recorded pre-, during and post-exercise. Saliva samples were collected pre-, post- and 1 h post-exercise.
Results: There was no significant interaction and time effect (P > 0.05) on the salivary lysozyme concentration and running performance, but it was significant (P < 0.05) for HR and RPE (increase in all trials). However, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in salivary lysozyme concentrations, running performances, HR values or RPE between the trials. Mood states were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between the trials, but one of the mood sub-scales showed a significant (P < 0.001) time effect (increase fatigue in all trials).
Conclusion: CHO mouth rinsing did not affect physiological parameters, salivary lysozyme concentrations, mood states or running performance among recreational runners.

Matched MeSH terms: Running
Fulltext The implications of time on the ground on running economy: less is not always better

Lussiana T, Patoz A, Gindre C, Mourot L, Hébert-Losier K

J Exp Biol, 2019 03 18;222(Pt 6).
PMID: 30787136 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.192047

A lower duty factor (DF) reflects a greater relative contribution of leg swing versus ground contact time during the running step. Increasing time on the ground has been reported in the scientific literature to both increase and decrease the energy cost (EC) of running, with DF reported to be highly variable in runners. As increasing running speed aligns running kinematics more closely with spring-mass model behaviours and re-use of elastic energy, we compared the centre of mass (COM) displacement and EC between runners with a low (DFlow) and high (DFhigh) duty factor at typical endurance running speeds. Forty well-trained runners were divided in two groups based on their mean DF measured across a range of speeds. EC was measured from 4 min treadmill runs at 10, 12 and 14 km h-1 using indirect calorimetry. Temporal characteristics and COM displacement data of the running step were recorded from 30 s treadmill runs at 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 km h-1 Across speeds, DFlow exhibited more symmetrical patterns between braking and propulsion phases in terms of time and vertical COM displacement than DFhigh DFhigh limited global vertical COM displacements in favour of horizontal progression during ground contact. Despite these running kinematics differences, no significant difference in EC was observed between groups. Therefore, both DF strategies seem energetically efficient at endurance running speeds.

Matched MeSH terms: Running/physiology*
Effects of acute supplementation of Panax ginseng on endurance running in a hot & humid environment

Ping FW, Keong CC, Bandyopadhyay A

Indian J Med Res, 2011 Jan;133:96-102.
PMID: 21321426

Athletes in Malaysia need to perform in a hot and humid environment due to the climatic nature of the country. Chronic supplementation of Panax ginseng (PG) (a deciduous perennial plant belonging to the Araliaceae family) enhances physical performance. As the ergogenic effect of acute supplementation of PG on endurance performance has not been explored in the Malaysian population especially in a hot and humid condition this study was taken up.

Matched MeSH terms: Running*
Fulltext Acute Metabolic Changes with Thigh-Positioned Wearable Resistances during Submaximal Running in Endurance-Trained Runners

Field AP, Gill N, Macadam P, Plews D

Sports (Basel), 2019 Aug 01;7(8).
PMID: 31375020 DOI: 10.3390/sports7080187

The aim of this study was to determine the acute metabolic effects of different magnitudes of wearable resistance (WR) attached to the thigh during submaximal running. Twenty endurance-trained runners (40.8 ± 8.2 years, 1.77 ± 0.7 m, 75.4 ± 9.2 kg) completed six submaximal eight-minute running trials unloaded and with WRs of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% body mass (BM), in a random order. The use of a WR resulted in a 1.6 ± 0.6% increase in oxygen consumption (VO2) for every 1% BM of additional load. Inferential based analysis found that the loading of ≥3% BM was needed to elicit any substantial responses in VO2, with an increase that was likely to be moderate in scale (effect size (ES) ± 90% confidential interval (CI): 0.24 ± 0.07). Using heart rate data, a training load score was extrapolated to quantify the amount of internal stress. For every 1% BM of WR, there is an extra 0.17 ± 0.06 estimated increase in training load. A WR ≥3% of BM was needed to elicit substantial responses in lactate production, with an increase which was very likely to be large in scale (ES ± 90% CI: 0.41 ± 0.18). A thigh-positioned WR provides a running-specific overload with loads ≥3% BM, resulting in substantial changes in metabolic responses.

Matched MeSH terms: Running
Fulltext Influence of the Intention to Lean the Body Forward on Kinematics and Kinetics of Sprinting for Active Adults

Nagahara R, Amini E, Marcon KCC, Chen PW, Chua J, Eiberger J, et al.

Sports (Basel), 2019 May 31;7(6).
PMID: 31159177 DOI: 10.3390/sports7060133

This study investigated the influence of the intention to lean the body forward on spatiotemporal and ground reaction force variables during the acceleration phase of a sprint. Fourteen active adults performed two 50 m sprints (with and without the intention to lean), during which spatiotemporal variables and impulses were obtained using a long force platform system. Effect size (Cohen's d) was used to examine the differences between the two trials. We found that running speed and net anteroposterior impulse did not change by the intention for all steps. However, step frequency increased in the initial two steps through decreases in support time and flight time by the intention. Moreover, these shorter support and flight times were caused by a decrease in the vertical impulse. The propulsive impulse did not change during the initial part of acceleration phase, but the braking impulse decreased at the first step. This study demonstrates that an intention to lean the body forward leads to a smaller braking impulse and a higher step frequency through shorter support and flight times and a smaller vertical impulse during the initial part of the acceleration phase of a sprint.

Matched MeSH terms: Running
Fulltext Haematological and plasma electrolyte changes after long distance running in high heat and humidity

Singh R, Sirisinghe RG

Singapore Med J, 1999 Feb;40(2):84-7.
PMID: 10414164

To investigate the acute effects of an 18 km run on the haematological and plasma electrolyte parameters, in recreational runners under conditions of high temperatures and humidity.

Matched MeSH terms: Running/physiology*
Fulltext Design, Construction and Testing of IoT Based Automated Indoor Vertical Hydroponics Farming Test-Bed in Qatar

Chowdhury MEH, Khandakar A, Ahmed S, Al-Khuzaei F, Hamdalla J, Haque F, et al.

Sensors (Basel), 2020 Oct 02;20(19).
PMID: 33023097 DOI: 10.3390/s20195637

Growing plants in the gulf region can be challenging as it is mostly desert, and the climate is dry. A few species of plants have the capability to grow in such a climate. However, those plants are not suitable as a food source. The aim of this work is to design and construct an indoor automatic vertical hydroponic system that does not depend on the outside climate. The designed system is capable to grow common type of crops that can be used as a food source inside homes without the need of large space. The design of the system was made after studying different types of vertical hydroponic systems in terms of price, power consumption and suitability to be built as an indoor automated system. A microcontroller was working as a brain of the system, which communicates with different types of sensors to control all the system parameters and to minimize the human intervention. An open internet of things (IoT) platform was used to store and display the system parameters and graphical interface for remote access. The designed system is capable of maintaining healthy growing parameters for the plants with minimal input from the user. The functionality of the overall system was confirmed by evaluating the response from individual system components and monitoring them in the IoT platform. The system was consuming 120.59 and 230.59 kWh respectively without and with air conditioning control during peak summer, which is equivalent to the system running cost of 13.26 and 25.36 Qatari Riyal (QAR) respectively. This system was circulating around 104 k gallons of nutrient solution monthly however, only 8-10 L water was consumed by the system. This system offers real-time notifications to alert the hydroponic system user when the conditions are not favorable. So, the user can monitor several parameters without using laboratory instruments, which will allow to control the entire system remotely. Moreover, the system also provides a wide range of information, which could be essential for plant researchers and provides a greater understanding of how the key parameters of hydroponic system correlate with plant growth. The proposed platform can be used both for quantitatively optimizing the setup of the indoor farming and for automating some of the most labor-intensive maintenance activities. Moreover, such a monitoring system can also potentially be used for high-level decision making, once enough data will be collected. This work presents significant opportunities for the people who live in the gulf region to produce food as per their requirements.

Matched MeSH terms: Running
Application of parallel ensemble Monte Carlo technique in charge dynamics simulation

Othman A, Umar R, Gopir G

Sains Malaysiana, 2008;37.

In the past, simulating charge dynamics in solid state devices, such as current mobility, transient current drift velocities are done on mainframe systems or on high performance computing facilities. This is due to the fact that, such simulations are costly in terms of computational requirements when implemented on a single processor-based personal computers (PCs). When simulating charge dynamics, large ensembles of particles are usually preferred, such as exceeding 40000 particles, to ensure a numerically sound result. When implementing this type of simulation on a single processor PCs using the conventional ensemble or single particle Monte Carlo method, the computational time is very long even on the fast 2.0 MHz PCs. Lately, a more efficient, easily made available tools and cost effective solution to this problem is the application of an array of PCs employed in a parallel application. This is done using a computer cluster network in a master-slave model. In this paper we report the development of a LINUX cluster for the purpose of implementing parallel ensemble Monte Carlo modelling for solid states device. We have proposed the use of Parallel Virtual Machine (PVM) standards when running the parallel algorithm of the ensemble MC simulation. Some results of the development are also presented in this paper.

Matched MeSH terms: Running
An integrated geophysical study of the quaternary basin at Olak Lempit – Banting Area, Selangor, Malaysia

Abdul Rahim Samsudin, Umar Hamzah, Zuraidah Ramli

Sains Malaysiana, 2007;36:159-163.

An integrated geophysical study was conducted to investigate the subsurface regional structure and the presence of a Quaternary sedimentary basin in the Olak Lempit - Banting area of Selangor, Malaysia. A regional gravity survey and the high resolution reflection seismic were employed to determine the thickness and areal distribution of the alluvial sedimentary basin as well as to investigate the depth and topography of the bedrock in the study area. The sedimentary basin hosts one of the most important coastal alluvial aquifer which was used to cater the shortage of domestic water supply during the worst water crisis that hit the state of Selangor in 1998. The surface geological map shows that in general 70% of the study area is covered by Quaternary deposits of Beruas, Gula and Simpang Formations which overlie the sedimentary bedrock of Kenny Hill Formation. The Beruas Formation consists of mainly clay, sandy clay and peat of Holocene fluviatile-estuarine deposits, whereas the Gula Formation represents Holocene marine to estuarine sediments which mostly consists of clay and minor sand. The Simpang Formation (Pleistocene) is a continental deposit comprising of gravel, sand, clay and silt. The underlying Kenny Hill Formation consists of a monotonous sequence of interbedded shales, mudstones and sandstones. The rock is Carbonaceous in age and it forms an undulating surface topography in the eastern part of the study area. A total of 121 gravity stations were established using a La Coste & Romberg gravity meter and the elevations of most of the stations were determined barometrically using Tiernan-Wallace altimeters. The high resolution seismic reflection using the common mid point (CMP) or roll along technique was carried out using a 24 channel signal enhancement seismograph and high frequency geophones. A total length of about 1.7 km stacked seismic section has been acquired in this survey and a nearby borehole data was used for interpretation. A relative Bouguer anomaly map shows an elongated zone of low gravity anomaly trending approximately NW-SE which is interpreted to be the deposition center of the Quaternary basin. The interpreted gravity profiles running across the central area of the study area show that the basin has thickness varies from tenth to several hundred meters with maximum depth to bedrock of about 275m. A gravity profile which passes through the eastern edge of the basin was modeled with depth to bedrock of about 178m below ground which agrees very well with those obtained from the interpreted seicmic section and borehole data. The stacked seismic section shows several high amplitude parallel to sub-parallel reflection overlying discontinuos and low reflection pattern. Reflections on the eastern part of the section is much shallower than the one observed on the western part which clearly indicates the presence of basinal structure with a total interpreted depth to bedrock of about 200 meters.

Matched MeSH terms: Running
Dynamic characterisation of Össur Flex-Run prosthetic feet for a more informed prescription

Noroozi S, Ong ZC, Khoo SY, Aslani N, Sewell P

Prosthet Orthot Int, 2019 Feb;43(1):62-70.
PMID: 30051756 DOI: 10.1177/0309364618789449

BACKGROUND:: The current method of prescribing composite running-specific energy-storing-and-returning feet is subjective and is based only on the amputee's static body weight/mass.
OBJECTIVES:: The aim was to investigate their dynamic characteristics and create a relationship between these dynamic data and the prescription of foot.
STUDY DESIGN:: Experimental Assessment.
METHODS:: This article presents the modal analysis results of the full range of Össur Flex-Run™ running feet that are commercially available (1LO-9LO) using experimental modal analysis technique under a constant mass at 53 kg and boundary condition.
RESULTS:: It was shown that both the undamped natural frequency and stiffness increase linearly from the lowest to the highest stiffness category of foot which allows for a more informed prescription of foot when tuning to a matched natural frequency. The low damping characteristics determined experimentally that ranged between 1.5% and 2.0% indicates that the feet require less input energy to maintain the steady-state cyclic motion before take-off from the ground. An analysis of the mode shapes also showed a unique design feature of these feet that is hypothesised to enhance their performance.
CONCLUSION:: A better understanding of dynamic characteristics of the feet can help tune the feet to the user's requirements in promoting a better gait performance.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The dynamic data determined from this study are needed to better inform the amputees in predicting the natural frequency of the foot prescribed. The amputees can intuitively tune the cyclic body rhythm during walking or running to match with the natural frequency. This could eventually promote a better gait performance.

Matched MeSH terms: Running/physiology
Fulltext The effects of comprehensive warm-up programs on proprioception, static and dynamic balance on male soccer players

Daneshjoo A, Mokhtar AH, Rahnama N, Yusof A

PLoS One, 2012;7(12):e51568.
PMID: 23251579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051568

The study investigated the effects of FIFA 11+ and HarmoKnee, both being popular warm-up programs, on proprioception, and on the static and dynamic balance of professional male soccer players.

Matched MeSH terms: Running/physiology
Kinetic asymmetries during running in male youth

Rumpf MC, Cronin JB, Mohamad IN, Mohamad S, Oliver JL, Hughes MG

Phys Ther Sport, 2014 Feb;15(1):53-7.
PMID: 23850007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2013.03.001

A possible injury risk factor is limb asymmetry, which may differ across maturation given the adult growth spurt. The aim of this study is to quantify the magnitude of asymmetry in a number of kinetic variables during a running task in male youth of different maturity status.

Matched MeSH terms: Running/physiology*
Observation of Two Excited B_{c}^{+} States and Measurement of the B_{c}^{+}(2S) Mass in pp Collisions at sqrt[s]=13 TeV

Sirunyan AM, Tumasyan A, Adam W, Ambrogi F, Bergauer T, Brandstetter J, et al.

Phys Rev Lett, 2019 Apr 05;122(13):132001.
PMID: 31012626 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.132001

Signals consistent with the B_{c}^{+}(2S) and B_{c}^{*+}(2S) states are observed in proton-proton collisions at sqrt[s]=13 TeV, in an event sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 143 fb^{-1}, collected by the CMS experiment during the 2015-2018 LHC running periods. These excited b[over ¯]c states are observed in the B_{c}^{+}π^{+}π^{-} invariant mass spectrum, with the ground state B_{c}^{+} reconstructed through its decay to J/ψπ^{+}. The two states are reconstructed as two well-resolved peaks, separated in mass by 29.1±1.5(stat)±0.7(syst) MeV. The observation of two peaks, rather than one, is established with a significance exceeding five standard deviations. The mass of the B_{c}^{+}(2S) meson is measured to be 6871.0±1.2(stat)±0.8(syst)±0.8(B_{c}^{+}) MeV, where the last term corresponds to the uncertainty in the world-average B_{c}^{+} mass.

Matched MeSH terms: Running
Perception of community pharmacists towards the barriers to enhanced pharmacy services in the healthcare system of Dubai: a quantitative approach

Rayes IK, Hassali MA, Abduelkarem AR

Pharm Pract (Granada), 2015 06 15;13(2):506.
PMID: 26131039

BACKGROUND: In many developing countries, pharmacists are facing many challenges while they try to enhance the quality of services provided to patients approaching community pharmacies.
OBJECTIVE: To explore perception of community pharmacists in Dubai regarding the obstacles to enhanced pharmacy services using a part of the results from a nation-wide quantitative survey.
METHODS: A questionnaire was distributed to 281 full-time licensed community pharmacists in Dubai. The questionnaire had 5 inter-linked sections: demographic information, information about the pharmacy, interaction with physicians, pharmacists' current professional role, and barriers to enhanced pharmacy services.
RESULTS: About half of the respondents (45.4%, n=90) agreed that pharmacy clients under-estimate them and 52.5% (n=104) felt the same by physicians. About 47.5% (n=94) of the respondents felt that they are legally unprotected against profession's malpractice. Moreover, 64.7% (n=128) stated that pharmacy practice in Dubai turned to be business-focused. In addition, 76.8% (n=252) found that one of the major barriers to enhanced pharmacy services is the high business running cost. Pharmacists screened tried to prove that they are not one of the barriers to optimized pharmacy services as 62.7% (n=124) disagreed that they lack appropriate knowledge needed to serve community and 67.7% (n=134) gave the same response when asked whether pharmacy staff lack confidence when treating consumers or not.
CONCLUSIONS: Although being well established within the community, pharmacists in Dubai negatively perceived their own professional role. They stated that there are number of barriers which hinder optimized delivery of pharmacy services like under-estimation by pharmacy clients and other healthcare professionals, pressure to make sales, and high running cost.

Matched MeSH terms: Running

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