Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 42 in total

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  1. Koh XP, Chiou CS, Ajam N, Watanabe H, Ahmad N, Thong KL
    BMC Infect Dis, 2012;12:122.
    PMID: 22606962 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-122
    Shigellosis is a major public health concern worldwide, especially in developing countries. It is an acute intestinal infection caused by bacteria of the genus Shigella, with a minimum infective dose as low as 10-100 bacterial cells. Increasing prevalence of Shigella sonnei as the etiologic agent of shigellosis in Malaysia has been reported. As there is limited information on the genetic background of S. sonnei in Malaysia, this study aimed to characterize Malaysian S. sonnei and to evaluate the prospect of using multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA) for subtyping of local S. sonnei.
    Matched MeSH terms: Shigella sonnei/classification*; Shigella sonnei/genetics; Shigella sonnei/isolation & purification*
  2. Thong KL, Hoe SL, Puthucheary SD, Yasin R
    BMC Infect Dis, 2005 Feb 14;5:8.
    PMID: 15707504
    In Malaysia, Shigella spp. was reported to be the third commonest bacterial agent responsible for childhood diarrhoea. Currently, isolation of the bacterium and confirmation of the disease by microbiological and biochemical methods remain as the "gold standard". This study aimed to detect the prevalence of four Shigella virulence genes present concurrently, in randomly selected Malaysian strains via a rapid multiplex PCR (mPCR) assay.
    Matched MeSH terms: Shigella/genetics*; Shigella/isolation & purification; Shigella/pathogenicity*
  3. Tang SS, Carlin NI, Talukder KA, Cam PD, Verma NK
    BMC Microbiol, 2016 Jun 27;16(1):127.
    PMID: 27349637 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0746-z
    BACKGROUND: Shigella spp. are the primary causative agents of bacillary dysentery. Since its emergence in the late 1980s, the S. flexneri serotype 1c remains poorly understood, particularly with regard to its origin and genetic evolution. This article provides a molecular insight into this novel serotype and the gtrIC gene cluster that determines its unique immune recognition.

    RESULTS: A PCR of the gtrIC cluster showed that serotype 1c isolates from different geographical origins were genetically conserved. An analysis of sequences flanking the gtrIC cluster revealed remnants of a prophage genome, in particular integrase and tRNA(Pro) genes. Meanwhile, Southern blot analyses on serotype 1c, 1a and 1b strains indicated that all the tested serotype 1c strains may have had a common origin that has since remained distinct from the closely related 1a and 1b serotypes. The identification of prophage genes upstream of the gtrIC cluster is consistent with the notion of bacteriophage-mediated integration of the gtrIC cluster into a pre-existing serotype.

    CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to show that serotype 1c isolates from different geographical origins share an identical pattern of genetic arrangement, suggesting that serotype 1c strains may have originated from a single parental strain. Analysis of the sequence around the gtrIC cluster revealed a new site for the integration of the serotype converting phages of S. flexneri. Understanding the origin of new pathogenic serotypes and the molecular basis of serotype conversion in S. flexneri would provide information for developing cross-reactive Shigella vaccines.

    Matched MeSH terms: Shigella flexneri/genetics*; Shigella flexneri/immunology; Shigella flexneri/virology*
  4. Gan IN, Tan HS
    BMC Res Notes, 2019 Feb 21;12(1):97.
    PMID: 30791948 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4124-4
    OBJECTIVES: Shigella is a human pathogen that causes shigellosis, an acute invasive intestinal infection. Recent studies in the model bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) provided evidence that small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) can contribute to antimicrobial resistance or susceptibility. One of the sRNAs is SdsR, which increases sensitivity of E. coli against fluoroquinolone by repressing the drug efflux pump, TolC. However, no reports exist about the effect of SdsR on fluoroquinolone resistance in Shigella sonnei (S. sonnei). In this study, we established the effect of SdsR on the sensitivity of S. sonnei to norfloxacin.

    DATA DESCRIPTION: We tested the effects of SdsR and SdsRv2 on fluoroquinolone resistance in S. sonnei in vivo. SdsRv2 is a synthetic version which promotes higher binding stability to tolC mRNA. Overexpression of either SdsR or SdsRv2 lowers the expression of tolC mRNA. Interestingly, SdsR and SdsRv2 promote the growth of S. sonnei in the presence of a sub-inhibitory concentration of norfloxacin. Mutant carrying SdsRv2 showed the highest growth advantage. This phenotype is opposite to the effect of SdsR reported in E. coli. This study is an example that demonstrates the difference in the phenotypic effect of a highly conserved sRNA in two closely related bacteria.

    Matched MeSH terms: Shigella sonnei/drug effects*
  5. Ojha SC, Yean Yean C, Ismail A, Singh KK
    Biomed Res Int, 2013;2013:412370.
    PMID: 23509722 DOI: 10.1155/2013/412370
    The magnitude of shigellosis in developing countries is largely unknown because an affordable detection method is not available. Current laboratory diagnosis of Shigella spp. is laborious and time consuming and has low sensitivity. Hence, in the present study, a molecular-based diagnostic assay which amplifies simultaneously four specific genes to identify invC for Shigella genus, rfc for S. flexneri, wbgZ for S. sonnei, and rfpB for S. dysenteriae, as well as one internal control (ompA) gene, was developed in a single reaction to detect and differentiate Shigella spp. Validation with 120 Shigella strains and 37 non-Shigella strains yielded 100% specificity. The sensitivity of the PCR was 100 pg of genomic DNA, 5.4 × 10(4) CFU/ml, or approximately 120 CFU per reaction mixture of bacteria. The sensitivity of the pentaplex PCR assay was further improved following preincubation of the stool samples in gram-negative broth. A preliminary study with 30 diarrhoeal specimens resulted in no cross-reaction with other non-Shigella strains tested. We conclude that the developed pentaplex PCR assay is robust and can provide information about the four target genes that are essential for the identification of the Shigella genus and the three Shigella species responsible for the majority of shigellosis cases.
    Matched MeSH terms: Shigella/isolation & purification*
  6. Yung-Hung RL, Ismail A, Lim TS, Choong YS
    Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2011 Nov 18;415(2):229-34.
    PMID: 21982766 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.09.116
    Shigella flexneri serotype 2a is a major public health concern in the developing and under-developed countries which contributes to shigellosis endemic and mortality. Thus, there is an urgent need for a rapid diagnostic test for effective therapy and disease management. Previous study showed that a ∼35 kDa antigenic protein from S. flexneri is a potential biomarker. We therefore modelled the three-dimensional structure of the antigen to probe its functionality which could aid in the development of an antigen-based diagnostic. Results showed that the antigen is a transmembrane protein consists of OmpA and OmpA-like domains. The OmpA domain is a beta-barrel embedded in the outer membrane with four surface-exposed extracellular loops. The OmpA-like domain is linked to the OmpA domain with a 17 amino acids linker and located in the periplasmic. Docking of peptidoglycan into the groove of OmpA-like domain might help in catalyzing the bacterial cell wall formation. Both domains are expected to be involved in the virulence, structural stability, pathogenesis and survival of Shigella thus made the 35 kDa protein a suitable shigellosis diagnostic biomarker. This structural elucidation will also enable a better identification of the epitope regions for the development of specific binders to the 35 kDa antigen.
    Matched MeSH terms: Shigella flexneri/immunology*
  7. Yahaya ML, Zakaria ND, Noordin R, Abdul Razak K
    Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 2021 Oct;68(5):1095-1106.
    PMID: 32935878 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2029
    Salmonella and Shigella genera are common pathogens that contaminate foods and beverages. Lateral flow assays (LFA) are commonly used to detect these pathogens. However, most of the developed LFAs are for single detection. Simultaneous detection of pathogens is required to reduce cost and time. In this work, 40 nm gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized using the seeding growth method as labeling agent. The AuNPs were characterized and conjugated with mouse anti-Gram negative endotoxin antibody. The nitrocellulose membrane HF135 was immobilized with anti-mouse IgG antibody as a control line and two separate test lines with either anti-Shigella or anti-Salmonella antibody, respectively. Color intensity of test lines was observed for positive samples. A milk sample was used as proof of concept to mimic actual contamination. The limit of detection of the LFA was 3.0 × 106 CFU/mL for multiplex detection of Shigella flexneri and Salmonella Typhi and for both single detections. The result was comparable with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis. The produced LFA could differentiate between Shigella flexneri, Shigella boydii, Salmonella Enteritidis, and Salmonella Typhi. The developed LFA was able to identify Shigella flexneri and Salmonella Typhi with good sensitivity in milk samples, thus, beneficial to ensure the safety of food before entering the market.
    Matched MeSH terms: Shigella/isolation & purification*
  8. Yeap CSY, Chaibun T, Lee SY, Zhao B, Jan Y, La-O-Vorakiat C, et al.
    Chem Commun (Camb), 2021 Nov 16;57(91):12155-12158.
    PMID: 34726213 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05181d
    We report a highly sensitive and selective multiplex assay by empowering an electrochemical DNA sensor with isothermal rolling circle amplification. The assay could simultaneously detect and discriminate three common entero-pathogens in a single reaction, with femtomolar sensitivity. It is useful for field- or resource-limited settings.
    Matched MeSH terms: Shigella flexneri/isolation & purification*
  9. Williams JD, Moosdeen F, Teoh-Chan CH, Lim VK, Jayanetra P
    Eur J Epidemiol, 1989 Jun;5(2):207-13.
    PMID: 2504618
    Antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacteria, particularly Salmonella and Shigella, requires surveillance worldwide. This study describes results of surveys in Hong Kong, Bangkok and Kuala Lumpur. All strains were isolated in hospitals which have large community catchment areas in addition to specialised hospital units. The prevalence of resistant strains was high in all areas. Gram-negative bacteria such as Enterobacter associated with hospital infections were resistant to penicillins and cephalosporins, with gentamicin resistance ranging from about 20% in Kuala Lumpur and Hong Kong, to 35% in Bangkok. Ninety-seven percent of Shigella isolated in Thailand were resistant to ampicillin. About 10% of Salmonella were resistant to chloramphenicol in all three centres.
    Matched MeSH terms: Shigella/drug effects
  10. Nami Y, Haghshenas B, Haghshenas M, Yari Khosroushahi A
    Front Microbiol, 2015;6:782.
    PMID: 26284059 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00782
    Screening of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from ewe colostrum led to the identification and isolation of Enterococcus faecium CM33 with interesting features like high survival rates under acidic or bile salts condition, high tolerance for the simulated gastrointestinal condition, and high adhesive potential to Caco-2 cells. According the inhibition of pathogen adhesion test results, this strain can reduce more than 50% adhesion capacity of Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus to Caco-2 cells. Based on the antibiotic sensitivity test findings, E. faecium CM33 was susceptible to gentamycin, vancomycin, erythromycin, ampicillin, penicillin, tetracycline, and rifampicin, but resistant to chloramphenicol, clindamycin, and kanamycin. Upon assessment of the virulence determinants for E. faecium CM33, this strain was negative for all tested virulence genes. Furthermore, the genome of this strain was evaluated for the incidence of the known enterocin genes by specific PCR amplification and discovered the genes encoding enterocins A, 31, X, and Q. Based on this study findings, the strain E. faecium CM33 can be considered as a valuable nutraceutical and can be introduced as a new potential probiotic.
    Matched MeSH terms: Shigella flexneri
  11. Harikrishnan H, Ismail A, Banga Singh KK
    Gut Pathog, 2013;5(1):38.
    PMID: 24330657 DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-5-38
    Bacteria exist widely in a diversity of natural environments. In order to survive adverse conditions such as nutrient depletion, biochemical and biological disturbances, and high temperature, bacteria have developed a wide variety of coping mechanisms. Temperature is one of the most important factors that can enhance the expression of microbial proteins. This study was conducted to investigate how outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of the bacterium Shigella flexneri respond to stress, especially during fever when the host's body temperature is elevated.
    Matched MeSH terms: Shigella flexneri
  12. Rosman NSR, Harun NA, Idris I, Ismail WIW
    Heliyon, 2020 Nov;6(11):e05462.
    PMID: 33241146 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05462
    The non-hazardous silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesised using the extract of a biological organism has gained widespread attention for various applications, mainly in healthcare. This study aimed at synthesising AgNPs using the aqueous extract of Marphysa moribidii (Annelida, Polychaeta) and to evaluate their antibacterial activities. AgNPs were synthesised in response to silver nitrate (AgNO3) with polychaete crude extract for 24 h incubation; the polychaete crude extract acted as both reducing and stabilising agents. The presence of biosynthesised AgNPs was confirmed by an analysis of colour variations from pinkish to yellowish-brown, as well as the appearance of surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) bands at 398-400 nm using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. Biosynthesised AgNPs were characterised by dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Biosynthesised AgNPs showed a significant effect (p < 0.05) on Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and S.epidermidis) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pnemoniae, Salmonella typhimurium, Serratia sp., Shigella sonnei, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Thus, the crude extract of M. moribidii has a potential as a reducing agent for the development of future nanometal-based antibacterial agent, AgNPs, for the treatment of infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria.
    Matched MeSH terms: Shigella sonnei
  13. Kazi A, Hisyam Ismail CMK, Anthony AA, Chuah C, Leow CH, Lim BH, et al.
    Infect Genet Evol, 2020 06;80:104176.
    PMID: 31923724 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104176
    Shigellosis is one of the most common diseases found in the developing countries, especially those countries that are prone flood. The causative agent for this disease is the Shigella species. This organism is one of the third most common enteropathogens responsible for childhood diarrhea. Since Shigella can survive gastric acidity and is an intracellular pathogen, it becomes difficult to treat. Also, uncontrolled use of antibiotics has led to development of resistant strains which poses a threat to public health. Therefore, there is a need for long term control of Shigella infection which can be achieved by designing a proper and effective vaccine. In this study, emphasis was made on designing a candidate that could elicit both B-cell and T-cell immune response. Hence B- and T-cell epitopes of outer membrane channel protein (OM) and putative lipoprotein (PL) from S. flexneri 2a were computationally predicted using immunoinformatics approach and a chimeric construct (chimeric-OP) containing the immunogenic epitopes selected from OM and PL was designed, cloned and expressed in E. coli system. The immunogenicity of the recombinant chimeric-OP was assessed using Shigella antigen infected rabbit antibody. The result showed that the chimeric-OP was a synthetic peptide candidate suitable for the development of vaccine and immunodiagnostics against Shigella infection.
    Matched MeSH terms: Shigella flexneri/genetics; Shigella flexneri/immunology*
  14. Shabani NRM, Mokhtar M, Leow CH, Lean QY, Chuah C, Singh KKB, et al.
    Infect Genet Evol, 2020 11;85:104532.
    PMID: 32911076 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104532
    Shigella is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that causes bacterial dysentery called shigellosis. The assessment of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators produced by immune cells against this bacteria are vital in identifying the effectiveness of the immune reaction in protecting the host. In Malaysia, Shigella is ranked as the third most common bacteria causing diarrheal disease among children below 5 years old. In the present study, we aim to examine the differential cytokine gene expressions of macrophages in response to two types of clinical strains of Shigella flexneri 2a (S. flexneri 2a) isolated from patients admitted in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia. THP-1-derived macrophages, as the model of human macrophages, were infected separately with S. flexneri 2a mild (SH062) and virulence (SH057) strains for 6, 12, and 24 h, respectively. The gene expression level of inflammatory mediators was identified using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The production of nitric oxide (NO) by the macrophages was measured by using a commercialized NO assay kit. The ability of macrophages to kill the intracellular bacteria was assessed by intracellular killing assay. Induction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-12, inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and NO, confirmed the pro-inflammatory reaction of the THP-1-derived macrophages in response to S. flexneri 2a, especially against the SH507 strain. The SH057 also induced a marked increase in the expression levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine mRNAs at 12 h and 24 h post-infection. In the intracellular killing assay, both strains showed less viable, indicating the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the presence of iNOS and NO was crucial in the stimulation of macrophages for the host defense against shigellosis. Transcription analysis of THP-1-derived macrophages in this study identifies differentially expressed cytokine genes that correlated with the virulence factor of S. flexneri 2a.
    Matched MeSH terms: Shigella flexneri/genetics*; Shigella flexneri/pathogenicity
  15. Nooratiny, I., Sahilah, A.M.
    MyJurnal
    Detection of enterotoxin by targeting entFM and hblA genes in Bacillus cereus BC1 strain inoculated into ready to eat food (RTF) and drink samples using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted. The B. cereus BC1 strain was confirmed as a Bacillus diarrhoeal enterotoxin (BDE) when tested by a commercially available Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-BDE immunoassay (ELISA-BDE immunoassay, TECRA). In the specificity study, both enterotoxin genes were detected on chromosomal DNA of B. cereus BC1 strain by showing a specific band of 1269 bp (entFM) and 874 bp (hblA), respectively. However, none of the target genes were detected for the other 15 genomic DNA bacteria (B. cereus (ATCC 11779), B. subtilis (ATCC 6633), Campylobacter jejuni (ATCC 29428), C. coli (Jabatan Kimia Malaysia, JKM), Clostridium perfringen (ATCC 13124), Enterobacter sakazaki (ATCC 51329), Escherichia coli (ATCC 43888), E. coli (ATCC 11735), Legionella pneumophila (ATCC 33152), Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 35967), Salmonella typhi (IMR), S. enteritidis (ATCC 13076), S. typhimurium (ATCC 14028), Shigella flexeneri (ATCC 12022) and Vibrio cholerae bengal (Institute Medical Research (IMR), Malaysia) examined. The detection limit of both genes was 0.1 ng of genomic DNA. Thus, in the presence study it is evidence that the PCR analysis targeting enterotoxin of entFM and hblA genes are suitable and useful in detecting enterotoxic B. cereus in RTFs and drinks contaminated sample.
    Matched MeSH terms: Shigella
  16. Shameli K, Ahmad MB, Zargar M, Yunus WM, Ibrahim NA
    Int J Nanomedicine, 2011;6:331-41.
    PMID: 21383858 DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S16964
    Using the chemical reduction method, silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were effectively synthesized into the zeolite framework in the absence of any heat treatment. Zeolite, silver nitrate, and sodium borohydride were used as an inorganic solid support, a silver precursor, and a chemical reduction agent, respectively. Silver ions were introduced into the porous zeolite lattice by an ion-exchange path. After the reduction process, Ag NPs formed in the zeolite framework, with a mean diameter of about 2.12-3.11 nm. The most favorable experimental condition for the synthesis of Ag/zeolite nanocomposites (NCs) is described in terms of the initial concentration of AgNO(3). The Ag/zeolite NCs were characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence, and Fourier transform infrared. The results show that Ag NPs form a spherical shape with uniform homogeneity in the particle size. The antibacterial activity of Ag NPs in zeolites was investigated against Gram-negative bacteria (ie, Escherichia coli and Shigella dysentriae) and Gram-positive bacteria (ie, Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) by disk diffusion method using Mueller-Hinton agar at different sizes of Ag NPs. All of the synthesized Ag/zeolite NCs were found to have antibacterial activity. These results show that Ag NPs in the zeolite framework can be useful in different biological research and biomedical applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Shigella dysenteriae/drug effects
  17. Ngeow YF, Ng KP, Puthucheary SD, Lam SK
    JUMMEC, 2002;7:67-69.
    Foreign workers in Malaysia are screened for certain infectious diseases prior to their entry to the country but some escape medical screening and others acquire infection during their stay in the country. The Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya was commissioned to study the impact of foreign labour on the local health system and, as part of the investigations, 584 foreign workers attending local outpatient clinics were examined for serological evidence of syphilis, HIV infection, viral hepatitis B, C and E, as well as for enteric infections by Salmonella, Shigella and Vibrio cholerae. The results showed that apart from viral hepatitis E, the prevalence rates of the infections looked for were not notably higher than those for the general Malaysian population. The seroprevalence rates obtained were 2.6% for syphilis, 0.2% HIV infection, 3.8% viral hepatitis B, 1.0% viral hepatitis C, 14.4% viral hepatitis E. The detection of HEV IgM in 7.7% of the workers screened indicates that these infections could have been acquired during their stay in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Shigella
  18. Lam SK, Ng KP, Ngeow YF, Puthucheary SD
    JUMMEC, 1998;3:61-62.
    During the study period, a total of 241 foreign workers were examined. The countries represented were Indonesia (103), Bangladesh (133), Myanmar (I), Pakistan (3) and others (1). The specimens collected were blood (238) and stool samples (173). The tests conducted on blood samples were for syphilis by RPR and TPHA, HIV, Hepatitis B, and from stool samples, enteric pathogens such as Salirzoirella spp, Shigelln spp. and Vibrio clrolerne. Table I shows the type of tests performed on the various nationalities and Table 2 the results of testing. Of the 230 blood samples tested by RPWPHA, five were positive, one from Indonesia (1.09%) and four from Bangladesh (3.79%). There was only one sample of blood out of 238 tested which was HIV positive (0.42%) and this was in an Indonesian. Twenty three workers were found to be Hepatitis B antigen positive (9.66%), 10 out of 102 (9.80%) from Indonesia and 13 out of 131 from Bangladesh (9.92%). As for the entric bacterial pathogens, only six out of 173 stool samples tested were positive, five for Saliizoilella Spp. and one for Slligdla sp. Of the five positives for Salmonella, one was from Indonesia and four from Bangladesh. The single isolate of Shigella was from Pakistan. From this pretiniinary study, it is obvious that hepatitis B is the most important problem among the workers from Indonesia and Bangladesh. The second of importance is venereal disease and enteric bacteria among Bangladesh workers. The other three national groups are too small to be analyzed. It is interesting to note that although these workers are supposed to have been screened for venereal diseases, a number of them were still found to be positive. However, we are not certain that these might not have been acquired locally. There was only one case of HIV detected but if the foreign workers continue with their pronliscuous lifestyle they are likely to pick up other sexually transmitted diseases including HIV and chlamydia1 infections. For those who were found to be stool positive for enteric pathogens, it is important to determine whether they are food-handlers as they will prove a significant risk for the spread of infections. Originally, it was intended to test blood samples for hepatitis C and E markers since the incidence in foreign countries from which the workers come are higher. However, due to the shortage of the samples, this had to be deferred. In the light that hepatitis carriage rate is the highest for the microbes tested, it is important to include these two markers in future studies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Shigella
  19. Kimura T, Inoue A, Kawakami Y, Shirai C
    Jpn J Infect Dis, 2006 Aug;59(4):274.
    PMID: 16936352
    Matched MeSH terms: Shigella sonnei/isolation & purification*
  20. Takasaka M, Morota S, Kasono T, Abe M, Honjo S
    Jikken Dobutsu, 1973 Jul;22(3):227-36.
    PMID: 4204642
    Matched MeSH terms: Shigella flexneri/isolation & purification; Shigella sonnei/isolation & purification
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