Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 268 in total

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  1. Reafee W, Salim N, Khan A
    PLoS One, 2016;11(5):e0154848.
    PMID: 27152663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154848
    The explosive growth of social networks in recent times has presented a powerful source of information to be utilized as an extra source for assisting in the social recommendation problems. The social recommendation methods that are based on probabilistic matrix factorization improved the recommendation accuracy and partly solved the cold-start and data sparsity problems. However, these methods only exploited the explicit social relations and almost completely ignored the implicit social relations. In this article, we firstly propose an algorithm to extract the implicit relation in the undirected graphs of social networks by exploiting the link prediction techniques. Furthermore, we propose a new probabilistic matrix factorization method to alleviate the data sparsity problem through incorporating explicit friendship and implicit friendship. We evaluate our proposed approach on two real datasets, Last.Fm and Douban. The experimental results show that our method performs much better than the state-of-the-art approaches, which indicates the importance of incorporating implicit social relations in the recommendation process to address the poor prediction accuracy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Social Support*
  2. Kadirvelu A, Sadasivan S, Ng SH
    PMID: 23226028 DOI: 10.2147/DMSO.S37183
    Coping with type II diabetic patients is increasingly posing large financial burdens, sorely felt especially by growing economies. Self-management has been found to be an effective approach towards maintaining good control in diabetics. However, although efforts at implementing self-management have had initial success, there has been a lack of sustainability. This review examines the different components impinging on self-care among type II diabetic patients. These include the critical role of social support, the need for support from health care providers, the value of support from family and friends, the influence of sex and cultural factors in self-care behavior, the benefits of peer support, and the role of literacy in diabetes self-care. Despite the mounting evidence for the effectiveness of social support in diabetes care, and the various stakeholders including this in their clinical guidelines, there has only been a lukewarm response from policy-makers towards ensuring its implementation. Hence, more effort is required from health care providers in moving away from just understanding the effects of new drugs and subsequently putting their patients on these drugs, and going back to the basics of communicating with the patients, understanding their woes, and helping to motivate/empower their patients. This paper analyzes the various components of social support, their influence on diabetes self-care, and how health care providers can help in this process.
    Matched MeSH terms: Social Support*
  3. Hamid RA, Ungku Ahmad UN
    MyJurnal
    An increasing number of women participate in the work force due to socio-economic development result a big impact to work and family institution. Failure to meet demand for both work and family lead to work-family conflict that may give negative consequences on work and family. An example of major work-related outcome is burnout which can lead to turnover intention. Social support has been identified as an important resources that can reduce work-family conflict and burnout. This paper aims to identify the relationship between work-family conflict and turnover intention and also the mediation effect of burnout on work-family conflict and turnover intention relationship. It is proposed that there will be a positive relationship between work-family conflict and turnover intention and there is an indirect relationship between work-family conflict and turnover intention through the mediation effect of burnout. Social support from work and family is proposed to moderate the relationship between work-family conflict and burnout. Furthermore it is proposed that the strength of relationship between work-family conflict and turnover intention depends on the mediation effect of burnout and moderating effect of social support.
    Matched MeSH terms: Social Support*
  4. Rozanizam Zakaria, Asrenee Ab Razak
    ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, 2017;18(1):20-30.
    MyJurnal
    Objective: The psychological impact of care giving responsibility for dementia patients is significant regardless of the cultural background. Most of the current advanced caregivers’ interventions, originating from developed western countries, do not necessarily apply to local settings. Hence, there is a need for an effective culturally competent psychological intervention for these caregivers. The aim of the study is to assess the effectiveness of the cultural-based support group for Malay caregivers of dementia patients in Kelantan towards their burden, anxiety and depression level, and quality of life.
    Methods: This was an experimental study, without control, investigating pre and post support group intervention effectiveness in reducing caregiver burden, anxiety and depression, and improving the quality of life. Sixteen caregivers completed the program, which involved seven fortnightly support group sessions with duration of 2 hours each, conducted over twelve weeks. Caregivers’ burden was assessed using Caregiver Strain Index (CSI) while their psychological well-being was objectively assessed using Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). WHO Quality of Life questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) was used to measure the quality of life. The validated Malay versions of the questionnaires were used.
    Results: There was a statistically significant reduction in the level of caregiver burden (p = or < 0.001). Measurement of both scores of anxiety and depression comparing pre and post intervention also showed improvement, but statistically were not significant. Assessment of caregivers’ quality of life showed statistically significant improvement in the domains of social, psychological and physical (all with the p-value <0.05). Discussion: Our cultural-based support group is an effective intervention to improve burden, psychological well-being and quality of life among local caregivers of dementia patients.
    Keyword: Dementia Caregivers, Support Group, Malay, Burden, Quality of Life
    Study site: Memory clinic, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Kelantan, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Social Support*
  5. Sharif SP, Khanekharab J
    Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw, 2017 Aug;20(8):494-500.
    PMID: 28806123 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2017.0162
    This study investigates the mediating role of identity confusion and materialism in the relationship between social networking site (SNS) excessive usage and online compulsive buying among young adults. A total of 501 SNS users aged 17 to 23 years (M = 19.68, SD = 1.65) completed an online survey questionnaire. A serial multiple mediator model was developed and hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling. The results showed that excessive young adult SNS users had a higher tendency toward compulsive buying online. This was partly because they experienced higher identity confusion and developed higher levels of materialism. Targeted psychological interventions seeking to gradually increase identity clarity to buffer the detrimental effects of SNS usage and identity confusion in young adults are suggested.
    Matched MeSH terms: Social Support*
  6. Song W, Mansor NS, Shari NI, Azman N, Zhang R, Leong Bin Abdullah MFI
    PLoS One, 2023;18(11):e0293698.
    PMID: 37988357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293698
    BACKGROUND: The well-being and adaptive functioning of patients with cancer depend on their perception of social support. To accurately assess and understand the impact of social support in a diverse population, validated measurement tools are essential. This study aimed to adapt and validate the Malay version of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS-M) among patients with cancer in Malaysia.

    METHODS: A total of 346 cancer patients with mixed disease types were recruited and completed the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics questionnaire and the MSPSS-M. The MSPSS-M was assessed for internal consistency, construct validity, face, content, convergent, discriminant validity, and confirmatory factor analyses.

    RESULTS: The MSPSS-M and its three domains demonstrated good internal consistency with Cronbach's α ranging from 0.900 to 0.932. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the MSPSS-M supported the three-factor model of the original English version of the MSPSS. The MSPSS-M also exhibited good convergent validity and discriminant validity.

    CONCLUSION: The MSPSS-M demonstrates favorable psychometric properties among patients with cancer in Malaysia. The validation of the MSPSS-M provides a culturally adapted and linguistically valid instrument to assess perceived social support among Malay-speaking patients with cancer in Malaysia.

    Matched MeSH terms: Social Support*
  7. Dao-Tran TH, Lam LT, Balasooriya NN, Comans T
    J Adv Nurs, 2023 Dec;79(12):4521-4541.
    PMID: 37449790 DOI: 10.1111/jan.15786
    AIMS: To evaluate and synthesize psychometric properties of the MOS-SSS and to identify quality versions of MOS-SSS for use in future research and practice.

    DESIGN: A psychometric systematic review.

    DATA SOURCES: Articles about the translation, adaptation, or validation of the MOS-SSS in Medline, PubMed, CINAHL, and Web of Science and their reference lists published before 11 November 2022.

    REVIEW METHODS: The review followed the Consensus Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments guidelines.

    RESULTS: The review included 35 articles. Eleven versions of MOS-SSS (3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 13, 16, 18, 19, and 22 items) have been validated in various populations and 13 languages. Of 14 studies developing a translated version of MOS-SSS, four studies performed both an experts' evaluation of content validity and a face validity test; two studies reported translation evaluation in the form of a content validity index. Of 35 studies, six performed both exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis for structural validity; hypotheses and measurements for construct validity testings were often not clearly stated; two examined criterion validity; and four assessed cross-cultural validity. Internal consistency reliabilities were commonly examined by calculating Cronbach's alpha and reported satisfactory. Five studies analysed test-retest reliabilities using intra correlation coefficient. Methodological concerns exist.

    CONCLUSION: The English 19-item, Farsi Persian 19-item, and Vietnamese 19-item versions are recommended for future use in research and practice. Italian 19-item and Malaysian 13-item versions are not recommended to be used in future research and practice. All other versions considered in this review have potential use in future research and practice. Proper procedures for developing a translated version of MOS-SSS and validating the scale are recommended.

    IMPACT: The review identified quality versions of MOS-SSS to measure social support in future research and practice. The study also indicated methodological issues in current validation studies. Application of the study findings and recommendations can be useful to improve outcome measurement quality and maximize the efficiency of resource use in future research and practice.

    NO PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: This systematic review synthesized the evidence from previous research and did not involve any human participation.

    Matched MeSH terms: Social Support*
  8. Khalib, A.L., Natrah, M.S.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Relatives play an important role in patient care - not only providing social support but also help to complement the existing care. They must be empowered with relevant knowledge and skills of patient care including motivating patient towards immediate healing and acceptance of his fate. Although these are various approaches, the media is regarded as the most effective method in educating the family or the relatives. This paper highlights the significant role of the media as an educational tool to mobilize patient’s relatives in total patient care.
    Methodology: This is a review conducted on reports, observations and feedbacks gathered from various sources involved in patient education in hospital setting. It was endorsed by a series of in-depth expert forum under patient education module.
    Results: Relative empowerment has been identified to be as an important role and yet it is not fully utilized. The manpower resources are so scarce and crucial in patient as well as relative education. The media is the only alternative educational tool that could compliment the educational needs. Of all potential media available in the market we have recognized at least four types of media that can be optimally resourced and used. Through manipulation of its content and making it interactive, the role of media seemed to be extremely effective in patient management that include relatives.
    Conclusion: The role of media in relative’s education in support of patient care is undeniable. The media with the most potential should be identified and the management of its content to be enhanced. It must be incorporated with an interactive approach in order to have more self-involvement and undersatanding of its content.
    Matched MeSH terms: Social Support
  9. Siaw, Cheau Jwu, Zaiton, Hassan, Siti Mariam, Abdullah, Edmund, Mark Kasa
    MyJurnal
    The objective of this study is to identify the relationship between employee attitude towards training (accessibility of training, social support for training and benefits of training) and employee retention in the telecommunication industry in Kuching. Eighty employees responded to the self-administered questionnaire. Simple random sampling was used to carry out the study. Data was analysed using Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Multiple Regression. Only social support for training had a significant and positive relationship to retention. Thus, it is recommended that managers and supervisors support employees in attending training as well as provide opportunities for employees to apply what they had learned in training as it will influence retention in the organization.
    Matched MeSH terms: Social Support
  10. Muhamad M, Afshari M, Kazilan F
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2011;12(6):1389-97.
    PMID: 22126470
    This paper raises issues about the role of family members in providing support for breast cancer survivors. Data were collected from 400 breast cancer survivors in Peninsular Malaysia through a custom-designed questionnaire fielded at hospitals and support group meetings. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The analyses show that all family members could be supportive, especially in decision making and help with emotional issues. The spouse was the main support provider among the family members (others were children, parents, siblings and more distant relatives). The results also indicated that a significant percentage practiced collaborative decision-making. Breast cancer survivors needed their family members' support for information on survivorship strategies such as managing emotions, health, life style and dietary practice. The family members' supportive role may be linked to the Malaysian strong family relationship culture. For family members to contribute more adequately to cancer survivorship, it is suggested that appropriate educational intervention also be provided to them.
    Matched MeSH terms: Social Support*
  11. Siti Khuzaimah AS, Shdaifat EA, Mohd Abd Majid HA, Shohor NA, Ahmad F, Zakaria Z
    Malays Fam Physician, 2015;10(1):34-43.
    PMID: 26425293 MyJurnal
    INTRODUCTION: Diabetes is common among the elderly and can significantly affect their lives including the issues related with social support and diabetic self-care activities.
    OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to examine the social support and self-care activities among the elderly patients with diabetes.
    METHODS: A survey involving 200 patients was conducted from March 2013 to May 2013 in three hospitals in Kelantan. Data were obtained through self-administered questionnaires and clinical characteristics were acquired from the patients' records.
    RESULTS: The scores for social support (mean = 19.26; SD = 2.63) and self-care activities (mean = 14.83; SD = 4.92) were moderate. Higher social support was associated with high levels of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting blood sugar (FBS) level, the duration of diabetes and a decrease in body mass index (BMI) (p<0.05). It was observed that the patients with low educational, Hb1Ac and FBS level, with other chronic diseases and who have had diabetes for some time had low self-care activities (p<0.05). There was a significant negative relationship between an increase in social support and decrease in self-care activity (p<0.05).
    CONCLUSION: Healthcare providers, family and friends have to strengthen their relationship with the elderly patients with diabetes to provide more social support and promote the compliance with diabetic self-care activities to improve clinical outcomes.
    KEYWORDS: Social support; diabetes; elderly; self-care activities
    Study site: medical and diabetic clinics, three government hospitals in Kelantan, Malaysia (Gua Musang Hospital, Kuala Krai Hospital and Machang Hospital).
    Matched MeSH terms: Social Support*
  12. Townsend D
    Trop Doct, 2001 Jan;31(1):8-10.
    PMID: 11205619
    Rapid participatory research and project development is possible within a tightly controlled social context such as a prison. Having gained access, based on trust and mutual respect, external agents may then facilitate significant change. Given adequate support, incarcerated people with HIV/AIDS and limited medical access may be able to develop mutual care, social support and income-generating activities. In the Malaysian context, we estimated in 1998 that up to one-quarter of prisoners with HIV had indicators of significant disease. We estimated that significant indicators remained unrevealed among between one-half and two-thirds of these. Given prevailing conditions, these would probably only be amenable to peer-based care.
    Matched MeSH terms: Social Support*
  13. Mubarak AR
    Med J Malaysia, 1997 Sep;52(3):274-84.
    PMID: 10968098
    The present study aims to compare the family's social environment, social supports and mental health of Malay women from rural and urban areas. Equal number (n-184) of Malay women from similar socio-economic back grounds were chosen from the rural areas of Kedah and urban areas of Pulau Pinang using the stratified random sampling method. The results indicated significantly higher level of mental health problems among the rural respondents when compared with the urban subjects. Among the family related variables included in the present study, cohesiveness, moral religious emphasis and organization and intellectual and cultural orientation were found to be significantly associated with the mental health problems of rural respondents. Whereas, only one variable, namely, active recreational orientation was found to be having an impact on the mental health of urban respondents. Similarly, deficiencies in the social support perceived from family and other members of the community were found to be significantly associated with the mental health problems of rural samples when compared to the social support perceived from the others for the urban subjects. The implications of these observations are discussed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Social Support*
  14. Tengku Mohd TAM, Yunus RM, Hairi F, Hairi NN, Choo WY
    BMJ Open, 2019 07 17;9(7):e026667.
    PMID: 31320348 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026667
    OBJECTIVES: This review aims to: (1) explore the social support measures in studies examining the association between social support and depression among community-dwelling older adults in Asia and (2) the evidence of association.

    DESIGN: A systematic review was conducted using electronic databases of CINAHL, PubMed, PsychINFO, Psychology and Behavioural Sciences Collection, SocINDEX and Web of Science for articles published until the 11th of January 2018.

    ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: All observational studies investigating the association between social support and depression among community-dwelling older adults in Asia were included.

    PARTICIPANTS: Older adults aged 60 years and more who are living in the community.

    EXPOSURE MEASURES: Social support.

    OUTCOME MEASURES: Depression.

    RESULTS: We retrieved16 356 records and screened 66 full-text articles. Twenty-four observational studies were included in the review. They consisted of five cohort studies and 19 cross-sectional studies. Social support was found to be measured by multiple components, most commonly through a combination of structural and functional constructs. Perceived social support is more commonly measured compared with received social support. Good overall social support, having a spouse or partner, living with family, having a large social network, having more contact with family and friends, having emotional and instrumental support, good support from family and satisfaction with social support are associated with less depressive symptoms among community-dwelling older adults in Asia.

    CONCLUSIONS: There were 20 different social support measures and we applied a framework to allow for better comparability. Our findings emphasised the association between good social support and decrease depression among older adults. Compared with western populations, family support has a greater influence on depression among community-dwelling older adults in Asia. This indicates that the family institution needs to be incorporated into designed programmes and interventions when addressing depression in the Asian context. TRIAL : registration number : CRD42017074897.

    Matched MeSH terms: Social Support*
  15. Li Y, Roslan SB, Ahmad NAB, Omar ZB, Zhang L
    J Affect Disord, 2019 05 15;251:274-279.
    PMID: 30953892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.051
    BACKGROUND: The objective of this randomized controlled experimental study was to determine the intervention effect of group interpersonal psychotherapy (G-IPT) for aggression and social support among Chinese first-grade university students.

    METHODS: Through stratified random sampling, 1469 students, aged 18-19 years, were enrolled. Participants whose score achieved the aggressive evaluation standard were selected and then 60 participants were randomly divided into 2 groups: G-IPT and control. The participants in the G-IPT group received 16 sessions of treatment, whereas the participants in the control group did not receive any intervention. All participants completed the assessment three times: before, after, and tracking.

    RESULTS: The results showed that the total score and the scores of all subscales of aggression dropped significantly (P social support increased significantly (P social support level, and the effect was stable.

    Matched MeSH terms: Social Support*
  16. Khasmohammadi M, Ghazizadeh Ehsaei S, Vanderplasschen W, Dortaj F, Farahbakhsh K, Keshavarz Afshar H, et al.
    J Genet Psychol, 2019 12 30;181(2-3):39-53.
    PMID: 31886741 DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2019.1700896
    Studies exploring excessive Internet use and gambling are rapidly expanding concerns regarding its impact on mental health, especially in young people due to the increased prevalence of Internet and gambling addictions. Research suggests that perceived peer support plays a significant role in adolescents' psychological well-being. However, no empirical study has dealt with the mediating effect of perceived peer support on the relationship between Internet and gambling addictions and psychological well-being. Thus, the present study aimed to examine whether perceived peer support mediates the relation between Internet and gambling addictions and psychological well-being of adolescents. A sample of 347 Iranian adolescents aged 14 to 18 (Mean age 16.14, 50.4% male) who were studying in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia participated in this study. Subjective Vitality Scale (SVS), Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS), Six-item Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ6), and The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) were used to collect data. Mediation analyses showed a significant indirect effect of compulsive Internet use and problem gambling on psychological well-being through perceived peer support. The total effects of compulsive Internet use and problem gambling on psychological well-being were negative. This study implies the significance of strengthening the knowledge about the impact of peer relationships among adolescents.
    Matched MeSH terms: Social Support*
  17. Gan SW, Ong LS, Lee CH, Lin YS
    J Genet Psychol, 2020 08 13;181(6):458-469.
    PMID: 32787705 DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2020.1803196
    This paper examined the role of loneliness in mediating the relation between social support and life satisfaction among Chinese young adults within the Malaysian context. Young adults (N = 275; Mage = 22.41; SD = 1.76; 57.5% females) completed self-administered questionnaires on the scales of perceived social support, loneliness and life satisfaction. The results of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) showed a partial mediation effect of loneliness on the relation between social support and life satisfaction. The integration of the bottom-up theory of subjective well-being and social cognitive theory is included to explain the mediating process. The results revealed that perceived social support can relate to a lower level of loneliness, which could eventually lead to higher levels of young adults' life satisfaction. Overall, the findings highlighted the importance of social support as well as their loneliness as a mediating pathway in promoting Malaysian Chinese young adults' life satisfaction. Interventions are also suggested to optimize life satisfaction as a whole.
    Matched MeSH terms: Social Support*
  18. Tan CS, Low SK, Viapude GN
    Psych J, 2018 Sep;7(3):133-143.
    PMID: 30015375 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.220
    Studies have found that extraversion enhances happiness indirectly through social support. However, it is unclear how social support may be connected to happiness. On the basis of a literature review, we hypothesize that individual hope may play an important role in the relationship between social support and happiness. Using a serial mediation model, the present study attempted to investigate the hypothetical mediating role of hope in the relationship between extraversion and happiness and between social support and happiness. Analysis of responses of 360 undergraduate students showed that extraversion, social support, and hope were significantly linked with happiness. Moreover, hope was found to mediate the linkage of extraversion and happiness and of social support and happiness. The results also supported the view that extraversion enhances happiness through social support and then hope (serial mediating effect). Lastly, the serial mediating effect was found to be significantly lower than the other two indirect effects. The findings offer insights into the effect of social support on happiness and extend the understanding of the relationship between extraversion and happiness.
    Matched MeSH terms: Social Support*
  19. Siti Khuzaimah Ahmad Sharoni, Halimaton Duriah Yunus
    MyJurnal
    Patients with chronic heart failure suffer from undesirable effects in their daily activities. Effective self-care management in conjunction with social support gives improved the wellbeing of patients with chronic heart failure. This study determines social support and self-care management among patients with chronic heart failure. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Cardiology Clinic in Hospital Serdang, Selangor from April 2014 to June 2014. A questionnaire consisting of demographic characteristics, MOS Social Survey and Self-Care Heart Failure Index (SCHFI) was distributed to a total of 113 respondents. The results show moderately high level of social support (3.51±0.89) and level of self-care management (160.49±44.39). For instance, social support and self-care management were not statistically significant with the demographic characteristics (p>0.05). There was a positive correlation between social support and self-care management (r=0.263, p<0.05) and the findings suggest that social support should be considered a predictor in self-care management of patients with chronic heart failure.
    Keywords: social support, self-care management, patient(s), chronic heart failure

    Study site: Cardiology Clinic in Hospital Serdang, Selango
    Matched MeSH terms: Social Support*
  20. Teoh AN, Hilmert C
    Br J Health Psychol, 2018 11;23(4):1040-1065.
    PMID: 30084181 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12337
    PURPOSE: The stress-buffering hypothesis (Cohen & McKay, 1984, Handbook of psychology and health IV: Social psychological aspects of health (pp. 253-256). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum) suggests that one way social support enhances health is by attenuating cardiovascular reactivity (CVR) to stress. Research that has tested this hypothesis has reported inconsistent findings. In this review, we systematically reviewed those findings and proposed a dual-effect model of social support and CVR as a potential explanation for the inconsistency in the literature. Specifically, we proposed that when participants are more engaged during a stressor, social support acts primarily as social comfort, attenuating CVR; and when participants are not engaged, social support acts primarily as social encouragement, elevating CVR.

    METHODS: We reviewed 22 previous studies that (1) empirically manipulated social support in a stressful situation, (2) measured CVR, and (3) tested a moderator of social support effects on CVR.

    RESULTS: Although a majority of studies reported a CVR-mitigating effect of social support resulting in an overall significant combined p-value, we found that there were different effects of social support on CVR when we considered high- and low-engagement contexts. That is, compared to control conditions, social support lowered CVR in more engaging situations but had no significant effect on CVR in less engaging situations.

    CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that a dual-effect model of social support effects on CVR may better capture the nature of social support, CVR, and health associations than the buffering hypothesis and emphasize a need to better understand the health implications of physiological reactivity in various contexts. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? According to the stress-buffering hypothesis (Cohen & McKay, ), one pathway social support benefits health is through mitigating the physiological arousal caused by stress. However, previous studies that examined the effects of social support on blood pressure and heart rate changes were not consistently supporting the hypothesis. Some studies reported that social support causes elevations in cardiovascular reactivity (CVR) to stress (Anthony & O'Brien, ; Hilmert, Christenfeld, & Kulik, ; Hilmert, Kulik, & Christenfeld, ) and others showed no effect of social support on CVR (Christian & Stoney, ; Craig & Deichert, ; Gallo, Smith, & Kircher, ). What does this study add? When participants were in more engaging conditions, social support decreased CVR relative to no support. When participants were in less engaging conditions, social support did not have a significant effect on CVR. Provide an alternative way to explain the ways social support affects cardiac health.

    Matched MeSH terms: Social Support*
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