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  1. Othman F, Ambak R, Omar MA, Shahar S, Nor NSM, Ahmad MH, et al.
    J Health Popul Nutr, 2021 05 31;40(Suppl 1):10.
    PMID: 34059149 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-021-00232-3
    BACKGROUND: Monitoring sodium intake through 24-h urine collection sample is recommended, but the implementation of this method can be difficult. The objective of this study was to develop and validate an equation using spot urine concentration to predict 24-h sodium excretion in the Malaysian population.

    METHODS: This was a Malaysian Community Salt Study (MyCoSS) sub-study, which was conducted from October 2017 to March 2018. Out of 798 participants in the MyCoSS study who completed 24-h urine collection, 768 of them have collected one-time spot urine the following morning. They were randomly assigned into two groups to form separate spot urine equations. The final spot urine equation was derived from the entire data set after confirming the stability of the equation by double cross-validation in both study groups. Newly derived spot urine equation was developed using the coefficients from the multiple linear regression test. A Bland-Altman plot was used to measure the mean bias and limits of agreement between estimated and measured 24-h urine sodium. The estimation of sodium intake using the new equation was compared with other established equations, namely Tanaka and INTERSALT.

    RESULTS: The new equation showed the least mean bias between measured and predicted sodium, - 0.35 (- 72.26, 71.56) mg/day compared to Tanaka, 629.83 (532.19, 727.47) mg/day and INTERSALT, and 360.82 (284.34, 437.29) mg/day. Predicted sodium measured from the new equation showed greater correlation with measured sodium (r = 0.50) compared to Tanaka (r =0.24) and INTERSALT (r = 0.44), P < 0.05.

    CONCLUSION: Our newly developed equation from spot urine can predict least mean bias of sodium intake among the Malaysian population when 24-h urine sodium collection is not feasible.

    Matched MeSH terms: Sodium*; Sodium, Dietary*
  2. Lai JS, Aung YN, Khalid Y, Cheah SC
    Hypertens Res, 2022 Nov;45(11):1701-1712.
    PMID: 35986189 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-022-00990-5
    High sodium intake was found to be associated with increased blood pressure. Decreasing dietary sodium intake can effectively reduce blood pressure, especially among hypertensive individuals, but the extent of reduction remains debatable. The effectiveness of different sodium reduction strategies on blood pressure reduction was identified in the current review. Randomized controlled trials and clinical trials on dietary sodium intake and blood pressure published from 23 March 2008 to 23 March 2021 were collected from the PubMed database. Twenty-six studies were included and divided into four subgroups based on the types of interventions identified. Subgroups included a low-sodium diet (1) in a group with or without added sodium, (2) through food substitutes, (3) through health education and behavior change, and (4) through salt substitutes. Reduction of dietary sodium intake resulted in a mean difference of 4.51 mmHg (95% CI: 3.35-5.67) in systolic blood pressure and 2.42 mmHg (95% CI: 1.61-3.23) in diastolic blood pressure. The effectiveness of these strategies was approximated from the difference in 24-h urinary sodium excretion between the intervention and control groups, which was 53.74 mmol/day (95% CI: 31.95-75.53). When analyzed, the low-sodium diet without added sodium showed the greatest significant differences in blood pressure (7.58/4.01 mmHg) and 24-h urinary sodium excretion (101.49 mmol/day), whereas the low-sodium diet through food substitutes yielded the lowest significant differences in blood pressure (2.26/0.81 mmHg) and 24-h urinary sodium excretion (25.78 mmol/day). Thus, reducing sodium intake can be an effective strategy for the prevention and treatment of hypertension.
    Matched MeSH terms: Diet, Sodium-Restricted; Sodium; Sodium, Dietary*; Sodium Chloride, Dietary
  3. Lai JS, Tan CK, Yusoff K, Cheah SC
    Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 2023 Apr;70(2):603-612.
    PMID: 35830743 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2383
    Excessive salt consumption has been associated with greater risk of hypertension. Therefore, monitoring of dietary sodium consumption should be prioritized. As sodium is mainly excreted through urine, 24-h urine sample can be used to estimate individual sodium intake. Thus, a simple and inexpensive semi-quantitative urinary sodium detection test strip was developed based on the enzymatic reaction between β-galactosidase and chlorophenol red-β-d-galactopyranoside. When tested, color formation was distinguished at 0 M (chartreuse yellow), 0.05 M (sunflower), 0.1-0.15 M (mango tango), and 0.2-0.25 M (persimmon) sodium. Analysis from ImageJ showed a linear result (r2  > 0.9), low SD, and significant increase in magenta difference (p sodium. Test strip can detect 0.03 M sodium at minimum but did not last for >2 days in adverse storage conditions (laboratory conditions, ∼80% relative humidity, 40°C, and direct light exposure) when stored in test strip bottles, and even shorter when exposed to the environment. The presence of urinary potassium, urea, and glucose did not affect test strip performance. Test strip produced comparable results to flame photometry with <15% variation when tested on overnight, random spot, and 24-h urine samples. Overall, the developed test strip can be used to enzymatically semi-quantify 0.05-0.25 M sodium.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sodium*; Sodium Chloride; Sodium Chloride, Dietary/adverse effects
  4. Cheong SM, Ambak R, Othman F, He FJ, Salleh R, Mohd Sallehudin S, et al.
    J Health Popul Nutr, 2021 05 31;40(Suppl 1):5.
    PMID: 34059162 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-021-00231-4
    BACKGROUND: Excessive intake of sodium is a major public health concern. Information on knowledge, perception, and practice (KPP) related to sodium intake in Malaysia is important for the development of an effective salt reduction strategy. This study aimed to investigate the KPP related to sodium intake among Malaysian adults and to determine associations between KPP and dietary sodium intake.

    METHODS: Data were obtained from Malaysian Community Salt Survey (MyCoSS) which is a nationally representative survey with proportionate stratified cluster sampling design. A pre-tested face-to-face questionnaire was used to collect information on socio-demographic background, and questions from the World Health Organization/Pan American Health Organization were adapted to assess the KPP related to sodium intake. Dietary sodium intake was determined using single 24-h urinary sodium excretion. Respondents were categorized into two categories: normal dietary sodium intake (< 2000 mg) and excessive dietary sodium intake (≥ 2000 mg). Out of 1440 respondents that were selected to participate, 1047 respondents completed the questionnaire and 798 of them provided valid urine samples. Factors associated with excessive dietary sodium intake were analyzed using complex sample logistic regression analysis.

    RESULTS: Majority of the respondents knew that excessive sodium intake could cause health problems (86.2%) and more than half of them (61.8%) perceived that they consume just the right amount of sodium. Overall, complex sample logistic regression analysis revealed that excessive dietary sodium intake was not significantly associated with KPP related to sodium intake among respondents (P > 0.05).

    CONCLUSION: The absence of significant associations between KPP and excessive dietary sodium intake suggests that salt reduction strategies should focus on sodium reduction education includes measuring actual dietary sodium intake and educating the public about the source of sodium. In addition, the relationship between the authority and food industry in food reformulation needs to be strengthened for effective dietary sodium reduction in Malaysia.

    Matched MeSH terms: Sodium; Sodium, Dietary*; Sodium Chloride, Dietary*
  5. Campbell NRC, Whelton PK, Orias M, Wainford RD, Cappuccio FP, Ide N, et al.
    J Hum Hypertens, 2023 Jun;37(6):428-437.
    PMID: 35581323 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-022-00690-0
    Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Chloride; Sodium Chloride, Dietary/adverse effects
  6. Khezripour S, Rezaie M, Hassanpour M, Hassanpour M, Rashed Iqbal Faruque M, Uddin Khandaker M
    PLoS One, 2023;18(8):e0288287.
    PMID: 37594963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288287
    Various atomic and nuclear methods use hard (high-energy) X-rays to detect elements. The current study aims to investigate the hard X-ray production rate via high-energy proton beam irradiation of various materials. For which, appropriate conditions for producing X-rays were established. The MCNPX code, based on the Monte Carlo method, was used for simulation. Protons with energies up to 1650 MeV were irradiated on various materials such as carbon, lithium, lead, nickel, salt, and soil, where the resulting X-ray spectra were extracted. The production of X-rays in lead was observed to increase 16 times, with the gain reaching 0.18 as the proton energy increases from 100 MeV to 1650 MeV. Comparatively, salt is a good candidate among the lightweight elements to produce X-rays at a low proton energy of 30 MeV with a production gain of 0.03. Therefore, it is suggested to irradiate the NaCl target with 30 MeV proton to produce X-rays in the 0-2 MeV range.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Chloride*; Sodium Chloride, Dietary
  7. Brown MK, Shahar S, You YX, Michael V, Majid HA, Manaf ZA, et al.
    BMJ Open, 2021 07 23;11(7):e044628.
    PMID: 34301647 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044628
    INTRODUCTION: Current salt intake in Malaysia is high. The existing national salt reduction policy has faced slow progress and does not yet include measures to address the out of home sector. Dishes consumed in the out of home sector are a known leading contributor to daily salt intake. This study aims to develop a salt reduction strategy, tailored to the out of home sector in Malaysia.

    METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This study is a qualitative analysis of stakeholder views towards salt reduction. Participants will be recruited from five zones of Malaysia (Western, Northern, Eastern and Southern regions and East Malaysia), including policy-makers, non-governmental organisations, food industries, school canteen operators, street food vendors and consumers, to participate in focus group discussions or in-depth interviews. Interviews will be transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. Barriers will be identified and used to develop a tailored salt reduction strategy.

    ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval has been obtained from the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Research Ethics Committee (UKM PPI/1118/JEP-2020-524), the Malaysian National Medical Research Ethics Committee (NMRR-20-1387-55481 (IIR)) and Queen Mary University of London Research Ethics Committee (QMERC2020/37) . Results will be presented orally and in report form and made available to the relevant ministries for example, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Trade to encourage adoption of strategy as policy. The findings of this study will be disseminated through conference presentations, peer-reviewed publications and webinars.

    Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Chloride*; Sodium Chloride, Dietary*
  8. Haron H, Hiew I, Shahar S, Michael V, Ambak R
    PMID: 32260382 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072469
    Salt content in processed foods is high, and it is usually used as preservatives, stabilizers, and color enhancers in the products. Increased consumption of processed foods in the modern world has contributed to a high salt intake and thus increased the prevalence of hypertension among Malaysian populations. Therefore, this study aimed to identify and compare salt content in processed food products available in supermarkets and determine the percentage of processed food products exceeding the reference value stated in International Product Criteria (2016). The percentage of processed food products without salt and sodium labeling was determined in this study, in which 76.5% of unlabeled processed food products were made in Malaysia, while 23.5% were imported products. The food group with the highest average salt content was gravy and sauce (3.97 g/100 g), followed by soup (2.95 g/100 g), cheese (2.14 g/100 g), meat (1.37 g/100 g), fish (1.25 g/100 g), chicken (1.20 g/100 g), vegetables (1.18 g/100 g), butter and margarine (1.13 g/100 g), breakfast cereal (0.94 g/100 g), savory snacks (0.90 g/100 g), flatbread (0.86 g/100 g), sweet snacks (0.30 g/100 g), and potato (0.29 g/100 g). In addition, 79.5% of butter and margarine products had an average salt content above the reference value stated in the International Product Criteria, followed by gravy and sauce (79.3%), vegetables (72%), soup (50%), fish (49.2%), breakfast cereal (41%), cheese (36.6%), potato (36%), savory and sweet snacks (29.1), meat (12.5%) and chicken products (2.3%). Most processed food products available in local supermarkets were high in salt content.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sodium, Dietary*; Sodium Chloride, Dietary*
  9. Ahmad MH, Man CS, Othman F, He FJ, Salleh R, Noor NSM, et al.
    J Health Popul Nutr, 2021 05 31;40(Suppl 1):4.
    PMID: 34059160 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-021-00230-5
    BACKGROUND: Sodium is an essential mineral needed by the human body that must be obtained from food. An excess intake, however, can lead to many diseases. As food is the main source of sodium, this study aims to provide information on high sodium food consumption patterns in the Malaysian adult population.

    METHODS: The Malaysian Community Salt Study (MyCoSS) was a nationwide cross-sectional study, conducted between October 2017 and March 2018. A multistage complex sample was applied to select a nationally representative sample of respondents aged 18 years and above. Face to face interview by a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) comprising 104 food items was used to gain information on high sodium food consumption patterns.

    RESULTS: A total of 1047 respondents were involved in this study, with 1032 (98.6%) answering the FFQ. From the number, 54.1% exceed the recommendation of sodium intake <2000mg/day by FFQ assessment. The results also demonstrated that fried vegetables (86.4%) were the most common high sodium food consumed, followed by bread (85.9%) and omelet (80.3%). In urban areas, bread was the most common while fried vegetables took the lead in rural areas. By sex, bread was most commonly eaten by males and fried vegetables by females. The results also found that kolok mee/kampua mee contributed the highest sodium, 256.5mg/day in 9.0% adult population, followed by soy sauce 248.1mg/day in 33.2% adult population, and curry noodles 164.2mg/day in 18.5% adult population.

    CONCLUSION: Fried vegetables, bread, and soy sauce were the main source of sodium consumption among adult. Reducing the amount of sodium added to these foods should be the top priority to reduce population sodium intake and thereby prevent sodium-related diseases in Malaysia.

    Matched MeSH terms: Sodium*; Sodium Chloride, Dietary*
  10. Chong E, Poh KK, Lu Q, Zhang JJ, Tan N, Hou XM, et al.
    Int J Cardiol, 2015 Dec 15;201:237-42.
    PMID: 26301645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.07.108
    N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and sodium bicarbonate (SOB) therapies may prevent contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN). However, the efficacy of using combination over individual therapies was not established, and there was no large randomised study comparing abbreviated SOB therapy with conventional sustained saline pre-hydration with oral NAC.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Chloride; Sodium Bicarbonate
  11. Lim HJ, Hasan MS, Chinna K
    Rev Bras Anestesiol, 2016 Jul-Aug;66(4):341-5.
    PMID: 27155777 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjan.2016.04.006
    A high sodium concentration is known to antagonize local anesthetics when infiltrated around neural tissue. Thus, we hypothesized that the onset time for sensory and motor blockade, in supraclavicular brachial plexus block using ropivacaine diluted with dextrose would be shorter than with saline.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sodium; Sodium Chloride
  12. Bagabas AA, Alhoshan SB, Ghabbour HA, Chidan Kumar CS, Fun HK
    Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun, 2015 Jan 1;71(Pt 1):o62-3.
    PMID: 25705511 DOI: 10.1107/S2056989014027297
    In the title salt, C6H11NH3 (+)·SCN(-), the cyclo-hexyl-ammonium ring adopts a slightly distorted chair conformation. The ammonium group occupies an equatorial position to minimize 1,3 and 1,5 diaxial inter-actions. In the crystal, the components are linked by N-H⋯N and N-H⋯S hydrogen-bonding inter-actions, resulting in a three-dimensional network.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Chloride; Sodium Chloride, Dietary
  13. Ng, X.Y., Huda, N.
    MyJurnal
    The effects of washing treatments and washing cycles on the thermal gelation properties and quality
    characteristics of duckrimi (duck-base surimi-like material) were evaluated. Minced spent layer duck (4.5 mm orifice diameter) were washed by using either tap water, 0.1M NaCl, 0.5% NaHCO3 and 0.04M sodium phosphate in one, two or three washing cycles, respectively. Washing with 0.04M sodium phosphate in three washing cycles significantly increased (P
    Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Chloride; Sodium Bicarbonate
  14. Abu Hassan LH
    Silicon nanomaterial was prepared using the peroxide/acid/salt technique in which an aqueous silicon-based salt solution was added to H2O2/HF etchants. In order to optimize the experimental conditions for silicon nanomaterial production, the amount of nanomaterial produced was studied as a function of the volume of the silicon salt solution used in the synthesis. A set of samples was prepared using: 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mL of an aqueous 1 mg/L metasilicate solution. The area under the corresponding peaks in the infrared (ir) absorption spectra was used as a qualitative indicator to the amount of the nanomaterial present. The results indicated that using 10 mL of the metasilicate solution produced the highest amount of nanomaterial. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that the peroxide/acid/salt technique results in the enhancement of the production yield of silicon nanomaterial at a reduced power demand and with a higher material to void ratio. A model in which the silicon salt forms a secondary source of silicon nanomaterial is proposed. The auxiliary nanomaterial is deposited into the porous network causing an increase in the amount of nanomaterial produced and a reduction in the voids present. Thus a reduction in the resistance of the porous layer, and consequently reduction in the power required, are expected.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Chloride; Sodium Chloride, Dietary
  15. Ng HS, Kee PE, Wu YC, Chen L, Wong SYW, Lan JC
    J Biosci Bioeng, 2021 Nov;132(5):513-518.
    PMID: 34479804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.07.004
    Microbial astaxanthin with strong antioxidant activity is greatly demanded for diverse applications. Extractive disruption in aqueous biphasic system (ABS) integrates the cells disruption and biomolecules recovery processes in one-step operation, allowing the direct recovery of intracellular biomolecules with biphasic system upon released from cells. In this study, astaxanthin was recovered from recombinant Kluyveromyces marxianus yeast cells via extractive disruption using alcohol/salt ABS. Recombinant K. marxianus yeast is engineered to produce high concentration of free form astaxanthin. Highest partition coefficient (K = 90.02 ± 2.25) and yield (Y = 96.80% ± 0.05) of astaxanthin were obtained with ABS composed of 20% (w/w) 1-propanol and 20% (w/w) sodium citrate of pH 5, 0.5% (w/w) yeast cells loading and additional of 1% (w/w) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (Bmim)BF4 to improve the migration of astaxanthin to alcohol-rich top phase. The incorporation of 2.5 h of ultrasonication to the biphasic system further enhanced the astaxanthin recovery in ABS. The direct recovery of astaxanthin from recombinant K. marxianus cells was demonstrated with the ultrasonication-assisted alcohol/salt ABS which integrates the extraction and concentration of astaxanthin in a single-step operation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Chloride*
  16. Ganesan T, Muthudoss P, Voguri RS, Ghosal S, Ann EYC, Kwok J, et al.
    J Pharm Sci, 2022 Dec;111(12):3318-3326.
    PMID: 36028135 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.08.022
    Drug-drug cocrystalllization is a novel mechanism for effective pharmacological combination therapy. In this work, we have demonstrated the preparation of a drug-drug cocrystal of a hypertension drug (Telmisartan; TEL) with a hyperuricemia drug (Febuxostat; FEB) in 1:1 molar ratio using a solvent evaporation method for the first time. Generally, a multi-component system may yield either a eutectic, salt, and/or a cocrystal. This study adopted a methodical orthogonal framework to analyze the final solid form. A single crystal X-ray structural investigation revealed the formation of a heterosynthon with carboxylic and benzimidazole groups of FEB and TEL, respectively, in the triclinic P-1 space group. ΔpKa of the heterosynthon is ∼1.5, hence, based on the empirical rules, a salt-cocrystal continuum is hypothesized. Further, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy were employed to corroborate the hydrogen bond formation in the heterosynthon (-N---H-O-), which confirmed the propensity for cocrystal formation. An accelerated stability study and an in vitro biorelevant dissolution study of the cocrystal were performed, which demonstrated that it is physiochemically stable, but it resulted in a slower dissolution rate when compared with plain drugs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Chloride; Sodium Chloride, Dietary
  17. Campbell NRC, Whelton PK, Orias M, Cobb LL, Jones ESW, Garg R, et al.
    J Hypertens, 2023 May 01;41(5):683-686.
    PMID: 36723484 DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000003385
    Spot urine samples with estimating equations have been used to assess individuals' sodium (salt) intake in association with health outcomes. There is large random and systematic error in estimating sodium intake using this method and spurious health outcome associations. Substantial controversy has resulted from false claims the method is valid. Hence, the World Hypertension League, International Society of Hypertension and Resolve to Save Lives, supported by 21 other health organizations, have issued this policy statement that strongly recommends that research using spot urine samples with estimating equations to assess individuals' sodium (salt) intake in association with health outcomes should not be conducted, funded or published. Literature reviews on the health impacts of reducing dietary sodium that include studies that have used spot and short duration timed urine samples with estimating equations need to explicitly acknowledge that the method is not recommended to be used and is associated with spurious health outcome associations.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sodium/urine; Sodium Chloride, Dietary/adverse effects; Sodium Chloride, Dietary/urine
  18. Ramadhan K, Huda N, Ahmad R
    J Food Sci Technol, 2014 Feb;51(2):256-66.
    PMID: 24493882 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-011-0510-1
    Duck meat is less utilized than other meats in processed products because of limitations of its functional properties, including lower water holding capacity, emulsion stability, and higher cooking loss compared with chicken meat. These limitations could be improved using surimi technology, which consists of washing and concentrating myofibrillar protein. In this study, surimi-like materials were made from duck meat using two or three washings with different solutions (tap water, sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium phosphate buffer). Better improvement of the meat's functional properties was obtained with three washings versus two washings. Washing with tap water achieved the highest gel strength; moderate elevation of water holding capacity, pH, lightness, and whiteness; and left a small amount of fat. Washing with sodium bicarbonate solution generated the highest water holding capacity and pH and high lightness and whiteness values, but it resulted in the lowest gel strength. Processing duck meat into surimi-like material improves its functional properties, thereby making it possible to use duck meat in processed products.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sodium; Sodium Chloride; Sodium Bicarbonate
  19. Rather SU, Rahman MH, Bamufleh HS, Alhumade H, Taimoor AA, Saeed U, et al.
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2023 Apr 30;235:123761.
    PMID: 36812977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123761
    The polymer-surfactant mixture has usages in numerous industries mainly in the production of daily used materials. Herein, the micellization and phase separation nature of the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and TX-100 along with a synthetic water-soluble polymer-polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) have been conducted using conductivity and cloud point (CP) measurement tools. In the case of micellization study of SDS + PVA mixture by conductivity method, the CMC values were obtained to be dependent on the categories and extent of additives as well as temperature variation. Both categories of studies were performed in aq. solutions of sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium acetate (NaOAc), and sodium benzoate (NaBenz) media. The CP values of TX 100 + PVA were decreased and enhanced in simple electrolytes and sodium benzoate media respectively. In all cases, the free energy changes of micellization (∆Gm0) and clouding (∆Gc0) were obtained as negative and positive respectively. The enthalpy (∆Hm0) and entropy (∆Sm0) changes for SDS + PVA system micellization was negative and positive respectively in aq. NaCl and NaBenz media, and in aq. NaOAc medium the ∆Hm0 values were found negative while ∆Sm0 were found negative except at the highest studied temperature (323.15 K). The enthalpy-entropy compensation of both processes was also assessed and described clearly.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sodium Chloride*; Sodium Benzoate
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