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  1. Isolation and characterization of differentially expressed transcripts from the suspension cells of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) in response to different concentration of auxins
    Roowi SH, Ho CL, Alwee SS, Abdullah MO, Napis S
    Mol Biotechnol, 2010 Sep;46(1):1-19.
    PMID: 20390382 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-010-9262-9
    Oil palm suspension cultures were initiated by transferring the gel-like friable embryogenic tissue onto liquid medium supplemented with auxins. In this study, transcripts that were differentially expressed in oil palm suspension cells cultured at different auxin concentrations were examined using suppression subtractive hybridization. Total RNA was first isolated from oil palm suspension cells proliferated in liquid medium with different hormone concentrations for 6 months. Four different hormone combinations: T1 (0.1 mg/l 2,4-D and 1.0 mg/l NAA), T2 (0.4 mg/l 2,4-D and 1.0 mg/l NAA), T3 (1.0 mg/l NAA), and T4 (0.4 mg/l 2,4-D) were used for the treatments. The first and second subtractions were performed using samples T1 and T2 in forward and reverse order. The other two subtractions were forward and reverse subtractions of T3 and T4, respectively. Reverse northern analyses showed that 14.13% of these clones were preferentially expressed in T1, 13.70% in T2, 14.75% in T3, and 15.70% in T4. Among the 294 cDNA clones that were sequenced, 61 contigs (assembled from 165 sequences) and 129 singletons were obtained. Among the 61 contigs, 10 contigs consist of sequences from treatment T1, 8 contigs were from treatment T2, 10 contigs were contains sequences of treatment T3 and 13 contigs contains sequences of treatment T4. Northern analyses of five transcripts that were shown to be differentially expressed in the oil palm suspension cells by reverse northern analysis revealed that transcripts 16A1 (a putative lignostilbene-alpha,beta-dioxygenase, EgLSD) and 16H12 (a putative ethylene responsive 6, EgER6) were differentially expressed in oil palm suspension cells treated with different levels of auxin.
    Matched MeSH terms: Suspensions
  2. Occurrence, distribution, and dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls and health risk assessment in Selangor River basin
    Sakai N, Dayana E, Abu Bakar A, Yoneda M, Nik Sulaiman NM, Ali Mohd M
    Environ Monit Assess, 2016 Oct;188(10):592.
    PMID: 27679511
    Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were monitored in surface water collected in the Selangor River basin, Malaysia, to identify the occurrence, distribution, and dechlorination process as well as to assess the potential adverse effects to the Malaysian population. Ten PCB homologs (i.e., mono-CBs to deca-CBs) were quantitated by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The total concentration of PCBs in the 10 sampling sites ranged from limit of detection to 7.67 ng L(-1). The higher chlorinated biphenyls (tetra-CBs to deca-CBs) were almost not detected in most of the sampling sites, whereas lower chlorinated biphenyls (mono-CBs, di-CBs, and tri-CBs) dominated more than 90 % of the 10 homologs in all the sampling sites. Therefore, the PCB load was estimated to be negligible during the sampling period because PCBs have an extremely long half-life. The PCBs, particularly higher chlorinated biphenyls, could be thoroughly dechlorinated to mono-CBs to tri-CBs by microbial decomposition in sediment or could still be accumulated in the sediment. The lower chlorinated biphenyls, however, could be resuspended or desorbed from the sediment because they have faster desorption rates and higher solubility, compared to the higher chlorinated biphenyls. The health risk for the Malaysia population by PCB intake that was estimated from the local fish consumption (7.2 ng kg(-1) bw day(-1)) and tap water consumption (1.5 × 10(-3)-3.1 × 10(-3) ng kg(-1) bw day(-1)) based on the detected PCB levels in the surface water was considered to be minimal. The hazard quotient based on the tolerable daily intake (20 ng kg(-1) bw day(-1)) was estimated at 0.36.
    Matched MeSH terms: Suspensions
  3. Clinical effectiveness of early posaconazole suspension pre-emptive therapy in lung transplant recipients: The Alfred's experience
    Jeong W, Snell GI, Levvey BJ, Westall GP, Morrissey CO, Ivulich S, et al.
    J Antimicrob Chemother, 2017 Jul 01;72(7):2089-2092.
    PMID: 28369489 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx085
    Objectives: This study describes the clinical outcomes and therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) following posaconazole suspension pre-emptive therapy in lung transplant (LTx) recipients.

    Methods: This was a single-centre, retrospective cohort study evaluating posaconazole suspension pre-emptive therapy in LTx recipients between January 2009 and December 2015.

    Results: Forty-two LTx recipients were prescribed posaconazole suspension pre-emptively. Aspergillus fumigatus was the most commonly isolated fungal organism. Of the patients receiving posaconazole suspension as the initial antifungal post-LTx, 93% had eradication of colonization at 6 months after commencing therapy. In contrast, only 61% had eradication of fungal colonization when posaconazole suspension was administered following initial therapy with voriconazole. Posaconazole suspension appeared to be well tolerated, although one case was curtailed following concern about abnormal liver function and another due to nausea/vomiting. TDM was performed in 37 patients. The initial median (IQR) trough plasma concentration ( C min ) following 400 mg twice-daily posaconazole suspension was 0.78 (0.46-1.19) mg/L. Doses beyond 800 mg daily did not appear to result in a higher median C min.

    Conclusions: Early initiation of posaconazole suspension pre-emptive therapy in LTx recipients appears to be well tolerated and may potentially afford favourable clinical outcomes.

    Matched MeSH terms: Suspensions
  4. Activity of Eurycoma longifolia root extract against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro
    Wernsdorfer WH, Ismail S, Chan KL, Congpuong K, Wernsdorfer G
    Wien Klin Wochenschr, 2009 Oct;121 Suppl 3:23-6.
    PMID: 19915812 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-009-1230-7
    The habitats of Eurycoma longifolia Jack, a slender tree, are jungles in Malaysia and Indonesia. It belongs to the family Simaroubaceae and is a source of quassinoids with anabolic, antimalarial and cytostatic activity. In this study, conducted during 2008 in Mae Sot, Thailand, a standardized extract of E. longifolia containing three major quassinoids, eurycomanone (1), 13,21-dihydroeurycomanone (2) and 13alpha(21)-epoxyeurycomanone (3) was evaluated for antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum and its activity has been compared with that of artemisinin, using 38 fresh parasite isolates and assessment of inhibition of schizont maturation. The IC(50), IC(90) and IC(99) values for artemisinin were 4.30, 45.48 and 310.97 microg/l, and those for the root extract from E. longifolia 14.72, 139.65 and 874.15 microg/l respectively. The GMCOC for artemisinin was 337.81 mug/l, and for the plant extract it was 807.41 microg/l. The log-concentration probit regressions were parallel. The inhibitory activity of the E. longifolia extract was higher than that expected from the three quassinoids isolated from the plant, suggesting synergism between the quassinoids or the presence of other unidentified compounds.
    Matched MeSH terms: Suspensions
  5. Oral fast-release solid dispersion-paradigm shift to nanoparticles
    Wong TW
    Recent Pat Drug Deliv Formul, 2011 Sep;5(3):227-43.
    PMID: 21834774
    Design of oral fast-release solid dispersion of poorly water-soluble drugs has been a great challenge over past decades on issues of drug recrystallization, drug polymorphism, formulation limited to low drug-to-carrier ratio and drug particle aggregation in matrix. The complexity in solid dispersion design is envisaged to be resolvable by the use of nanoparticulate system as solid dosage form. This manuscript reviews several patented processing approaches of nanoparticulate solid dispersion that have been reported recently. Through drug nanoencapsulation, a higher content of drug may be delivered with less aggregation via placing the same drug mass in a greater number of tinier carriers. Nanoencapsulation, by its own process of formation, brings about submicron particles. Keeping drug in these nanoparticles, a remarkable rise in specific surface area of drug is realized for dissolution. The augmentation of drug dissolution can be sufficiently high to the extent that the influences of polymorphism and crystallization phenomenon on drug dissolution in a solid dispersion may be negligible.
    Matched MeSH terms: Suspensions
  6. Characterization of biopolymeric flocculant (pectin) and organic synthetic flocculant (PAM): a comparative study on treatment and optimization in kaolin suspension
    Ho YC, Norli I, Alkarkhi AF, Morad N
    Bioresour Technol, 2010 Feb;101(4):1166-74.
    PMID: 19854044 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.09.064
    Polyacrylamide (PAM), a commonly used organic synthetic flocculant, is known to have high reduction in turbidity treatment. However, PAM is not readily degradable. In this paper, pectin as a biopolymeric flocculant is used. The objectives are (i) to determine the characteristics of both flocculants (ii) to optimize the treatment processes of both flocculants in synthetic turbid waste water. The results obtained indicated that pectin has a lower average molecular weight at 1.63 x 10(5) and PAM at 6.00 x 10(7). However, the thermal degradation results showed that the onset temperature for pectin is at 165.58 degrees C, while the highest onset temperature obtained for PAM is at 235.39 degrees C. The optimum treatment conditions for the biopolymeric flocculant for flocculating activity was at pH 3, cation concentration at 0.55 mM, and pectin concentration at 3 mg/L. In contrast, PAM was at pH 4, cation concentration >0.05 mM and PAM concentration between 13 and 30 mg/L.
    Matched MeSH terms: Suspensions
  7. Analysis of Terpenoid Indole Alkaloids, Carotenoids, Phytosterols, and NMR-Based Metabolomics for Catharanthus roseus Cell Suspension Cultures
    Saiman MZ, Mustafa NR, Verpoorte R
    Methods Mol Biol, 2018;1815:437-455.
    PMID: 29981141 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8594-4_31
    The plant Catharanthus roseus is a rich source of terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIA). Some of the TIA are important as antihypertensive (ajmalicine) and anticancer (vinblastine and vincristine) drugs. However, production of the latter is very low in the plant. Therefore, in vitro plant cell cultures have been considered as a potential supply of these chemicals or their precursors. Some monomeric alkaloids can be produced by plant cell cultures, but not on a level feasible for commercialization, despite extensive studies on this plant that deepened the understanding of the TIA biosynthesis and its regulation. In order to analyze the metabolites in C. roseus cell cultures, this chapter presents the method of TIA, carotenoids, and phytosterols analyses. Furthermore, an NMR-based metabolomics approach to study C. roseus cell culture is described.
    Matched MeSH terms: Suspensions
  8. Application of colloidal gas aphron suspensions produced from Sapindus mukorossi for arsenic removal from contaminated soil
    Mukhopadhyay S, Mukherjee S, Hashim MA, Sen Gupta B
    Chemosphere, 2015 Jan;119:355-362.
    PMID: 25061940 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.06.087
    Colloidal gas aphron dispersions (CGAs) can be described as a system of microbubbles suspended homogenously in a liquid matrix. This work examines the performance of CGAs in comparison to surfactant solutions for washing low levels of arsenic from an iron rich soil. Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) and saponin, a biodegradable surfactant, obtained from Sapindus mukorossi or soapnut fruit were used for generating CGAs and solutions for soil washing. Column washing experiments were performed in down-flow and up flow modes at a soil pH of 5 and 6 using varying concentration of SDS and soapnut solutions as well as CGAs. Soapnut CGAs removed more than 70% arsenic while SDS CGAs removed up to 55% arsenic from the soil columns in the soil pH range of 5-6. CGAs and solutions showed comparable performances in all the cases. CGAs were more economical since it contains 35% of air by volume, thereby requiring less surfactant. Micellar solubilization and low pH of soapnut facilitated arsenic desorption from soil column. FT-IR analysis of effluent suggested that soapnut solution did not interact chemically with arsenic thereby facilitating the recovery of soapnut solution by precipitating the arsenic. Damage to soil was minimal arsenic confirmed by metal dissolution from soil surface and SEM micrograph.
    Matched MeSH terms: Suspensions
  9. Purification, characterization and comparative studies of spray-dried bacterial cellulose microparticles
    Amin MC, Abadi AG, Katas H
    Carbohydr Polym, 2014 Jan;99:180-9.
    PMID: 24274495 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.08.041
    Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a biopolymer with significant potential for the development of novel materials. This work aimed to prepare and characterize BC powders from nata de coco, and assess the possible enhancement of the powder properties by spray drying. Therefore, BC powders prepared by acid treatment and mechanical processing were spray-dried, and characterized according to their morphology, flowability, thermal stability, water retention capacity, and compared with commercial microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). The powders redispersibility and suspensions rheology were also evaluated. SEM showed that spray-dried BC microparticles exhibited semispherical shape and had flow rate of 4.23 g s(-1) compared with 0.52 g s(-1) for MCC. Particle size analysis demonstrated that spray-dried BC microparticles could be redispersed. TGA showed that BC samples had higher thermal stability than MCC. Water retention capacities of BC samples were greater than MCC. These findings provide new insight on the potential applications of spray-dried BC as a promising pharmaceutical excipient.
    Matched MeSH terms: Suspensions
  10. Optimization of circular plate separators with cross flow for removal of oil droplets and solid particles
    Ngu H, Wong KK, Law PL
    Water Environ Res, 2012 Apr;84(4):299-304.
    PMID: 22834217
    A circular gravity-phase separator using coalescing medium with cross flow was developed to remove oil and suspended solids from wastewaters. Coalescence medium in the form of inclined plates promotes rising of oil droplets through coalescence and settling of solid particles through coagulation. It exhibits 22.67% higher removal of total suspended solids (TSS) compared to separators without coalescing medium. Moreover, it removed more than 70% of oil compared to conventional American Petroleum Institute separators, which exhibit an average of 33% oil removal. The flowrate required to attain an effluent oil concentration of 10 mg/L (Q(o10)) at different influent oil concentrations (C(io)) can be represented by Q(o10) x 10(-5) = -0.0012C(io) + 0.352. The flowrate required to attain an effluent TSS concentration of 50 mg/L (Q(ss50)) at different influent TSS concentrations (C(iss)) can be represented by Q(ss50) x 10(-5) = 1.0 x 10(6) C(iss)(-2.9576). The smallest removable solid particle size was 4.87 microm.
    Matched MeSH terms: Suspensions
  11. Photocatalytic treatment of 4-chlorophenol in aqueous ZnO suspensions: intermediates, influence of dosage and inorganic anions
    Gaya UI, Abdullah AH, Zainal Z, Hussein MZ
    J Hazard Mater, 2009 Aug 30;168(1):57-63.
    PMID: 19268454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.01.130
    The photocatalytically driven removal of eco-persistent 4-chlorophenol from water using ZnO is reported here. Kinetic dependence of transformation rate on operating variables such as initial 4-chlorophenol concentration and photocatalyst doses was investigated. A complete degradation of 4-chlorophenol at 50 mg L(-1) levels was realised in 3h. Analytical profiles on 4-chlorophenol transformation were consistent with the best-line fit of the pseudo zero-order kinetics. The addition of small amounts of inorganic anions as SO(4)(2-), HPO(4)(-), S(2)O(8)(2-) and Cl(-) revealed two anion types: active site blockers and rate enhancers. Fortunately, Cl(-) and SO(4)(2-) commonly encountered in contaminated waters enhanced the rate of 4-chlorophenol degradation. The reaction intermediates and route to 4-chlorophenol mineralisation were elucidated by combined RP-HPLC and GC-MS methods. In addition to previously reported pathway products of 4-chlorophenol photo-oxidation catechol was detected. A radical mechanism involving o-hydroxylation is proposed to account for the formation of catechol.
    Matched MeSH terms: Suspensions
  12. Production, Characterization and Evaluation of Kaempferol Nanosuspension for Improving Oral Bioavailability
    Qian YS, Ramamurthy S, Candasamy M, Shadab M, Kumar RH, Meka VS
    Curr Pharm Biotechnol, 2016;17(6):549-55.
    PMID: 26813303
    CONTEXT: Kaempferol has a large particle size and poor water solubility, leading to poor oral bioavailability. The present work aimed to develop a kaempferol nanosuspension (KNS) to improve pharmacokinetics and absolute bioavailability.

    METHODS: A nanosuspension was prepared using high pressure homogenization (HPH) techniques. The physico-chemical properties of the kaempferol nanosuspension (KNS) were characterized using photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), transmission electron microscope (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and x-ray diffractometry (XRD). A reversephase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the analysis of the drug in rat plasma was developed and validated as per ICH guidelines. In vivo pharmacokinetic parameters of oral pure kaempferol solution, oral kaempferol nanosuspension and intravenous pure kaempferol were assessed in rats.

    RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The kaempferol nanosuspension had a greatly reduced particle size (426.3 ± 5.8 nm), compared to that of pure kaempferol (1737 ± 129 nm). The nanosuspension was stable under refrigerated conditions. No changes in physico-chemical characteristics were observed. In comparison to pure kaempferol, kaempferol nanosuspension exhibited a significantly (P<0.05) increased in Cmax and AUC(0-∞) following oral administration and a significant improvement in absolute bioavailability (38.17%) compared with 13.03% for pure kaempferol.

    CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate enhanced oral bioavailability of kaempferol when formulated as a nanosuspension.

    Matched MeSH terms: Suspensions
  13. TiO₂ nanoparticle transport and retention through saturated limestone porous media under various ionic strength conditions
    Esfandyari Bayat A, Junin R, Derahman MN, Samad AA
    Chemosphere, 2015 Sep;134:7-15.
    PMID: 25889359 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.052
    The impact of ionic strength (from 0.003 to 500mM) and salt type (NaCl vs MgCl2) on transport and retention of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) in saturated limestone porous media was systematically studied. Vertical columns were packed with limestone grains. The NPs were introduced as a pulse suspended in aqueous solutions and breakthrough curves in the column outlet were generated using an ultraviolent-visible spectrometry. Presence of NaCl and MgCl2 in the suspensions were found to have a significant influence on the electrokinetic properties of the NP aggregates and limestone grains. In NaCl and MgCl2 solutions, the deposition rates of the TiO2-NP aggregates were enhanced with the increase in ionic strength, a trend consistent with traditional Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory. Furthermore, the NP aggregates retention increased in the porous media with ionic strength. The presence of salts also caused a considerable delay in the NPs breakthrough time. MgCl2 as compared to NaCl was found to be more effective agent for the deposition and retention of TiO2-NPs. The experimental results followed closely the general trends predicted by the filtration and DLVO calculations. Overall, it was found that TiO2-NP mobility in the limestone porous media depends on ionic strength and salt type.
    Matched MeSH terms: Suspensions
  14. Fulltext Pharmaco-Technical Evaluation of Statistically Formulated and Optimized Dual Drug-Loaded Silica Nanoparticles for Improved Antifungal Efficacy and Wound Healing
    Masood A, Maheen S, Khan HU, Shafqat SS, Irshad M, Aslam I, et al.
    ACS Omega, 2021 Mar 30;6(12):8210-8225.
    PMID: 33817480 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c06242
    The current research aimed at designing mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) for a controlled coadministration of salicylic acid (SA) and ketoconazole (KCZ) to effectively treat highly resistant fungal infections. The sol-gel method was used to formulate MSNs, which were further optimized using central composite rotatable design (CCRD) by investigating mathematical impact of independent formulation variables such as pH, stirring time, and stirring speed on dependent variables entrapment efficiency (EE) and drug release. The selected optimized MSNs and pure drugs were subjected to comparative in vitro/in vivo antifungal studies, skin irritation, cytotoxicity, and histopathological evaluations. The obtained negatively charged (-23.1), free flowing spherical, highly porous structured MSNs having a size distribution of 300-500 nm were suggestive of high storage stability and improved cell proliferation due to enhanced oxygen supply to cells. The physico-chemical evaluation of SA/KCZ-loaded MSNs performed through powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) indicates absolute lack of any interaction between formulation components and successful encapsulation of both drugs in MSNs. The EESA, EEKCZ, SA release, and KCZ release varied significantly from 34 to 89%, 36 to 85%, 39 to 88%, and 43 to 90%, respectively, indicating the quadratic impact of formulation variables on obtained MSNs. For MSNs, the skin tolerability and cell viability percentage rate were also having an extraordinary advantage over suspension of pure drugs. The optimized SA/KCZ-loaded MSNs demonstrated comparatively enhanced in vitro/in vivo antifungal activities and rapid wound healing efficacy in histopathological evaluation without any skin irritation impact, suggesting the MSNs potential for the simultaneous codelivery of antifungal and keratolyic agents in sustained release fashion.
    Matched MeSH terms: Suspensions
  15. Transformation of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) from aqueous suspension to fine solid particles via electrospraying
    Saallah S, Naim MN, Mokhtar MN, Abu Bakar NF, Gen M, Lenggoro IW
    Enzyme Microb Technol, 2014 Oct;64-65:52-9.
    PMID: 25152417 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2014.06.002
    In this study, the potential of electrohydrodynamic atomization or electrospraying to produce nanometer-order CGTase particles from aqueous suspension was demonstrated. CGTase enzyme was prepared in acetate buffer solution (1% v/v), followed by electrospraying in stable Taylor cone-jet mode. The deposits were collected on aluminium foil (collector) at variable distances from the tip of spraying needle, ranging from 10 to 25 cm. The Coulomb fission that occurs during electrospraying process successfully transformed the enzyme to the solid state without any functional group deterioration. The functional group verification was conducted by FTIR analysis. Comparison between the deposit and the as-received enzyme in dry state indicates almost identical spectra. By increasing the distance of the collector from the needle tip, the average particle size of the solidified enzyme was reduced from 200±117 nm to 75±34 nm. The average particle sizes produced from the droplet fission were in agreement with the scaling law models. Enzyme activity analysis showed that the enzyme retained its initial activity after the electrospraying process. The enzyme particles collected at the longest distance (25 cm) demonstrated the highest enzyme activity, which indicates that the activity was controlled by the enzyme particle size.
    Matched MeSH terms: Suspensions
  16. Fulltext Freeze-Dried Lopinavir-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Enhanced Cellular Uptake and Bioavailability: Statistical Optimization, in Vitro and in Vivo Evaluations
    Khan AA, Mudassir J, Akhtar S, Murugaiyah V, Darwis Y
    Pharmaceutics, 2019 Feb 25;11(2).
    PMID: 30823545 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11020097
    Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) loaded with lopinavir (LPV) were prepared by the high-shear homogenization method. The LPV-NLCs formulations were freeze-dried using trehalose as a cryoprotectant. In vitro release studies in simulated gastric fluid (pH 1.2) and simulated intestinal fluid (pH 6.8) showed a burst release. The optimized freeze-dried formulation (LPV-NLC-7-Tres) had a particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PdI), zeta potential (ZP) and % entrapment efficiency (%EE) of 286.8 ± 1.3 nm, 0.413 ± 0.017, -48.6 ± 0.89 mV and 88.31 ± 2.04%, respectively. The optimized formulation observed by transmission and scanning electron microscopes showed a spherical shape. Differential scanning calorimetry study revealed the absence of chemical interaction between the drug and lipids. In vitro cellular uptake study using Caco-2 cell line showed a higher LPV uptake from LPV-NLC-7-Tres formulation compared to the free LPV-suspension. The 6-month stability study showed a minimum rise of ~40 nm in PS, while no significant changes in PdI, ZP and drug content of the LPV-NLC-7-Tres formulation stored at 5 °C ± 3 °C. The bioavailability of LPV following oral administration of LPV-NLC-7-Tres in male Wistar rats was found 6.98-fold higher than the LPV-suspension. In conclusion, the nanostructure lipid carriers are potential carriers for improving the oral bioavailability of lopinavir.
    Matched MeSH terms: Suspensions
  17. Thrombocyte counts in mice after the administration of papaya leaf suspension
    Sathasivam K, Ramanathan S, Mansor SM, Haris MR, Wernsdorfer WH
    Wien Klin Wochenschr, 2009 Oct;121 Suppl 3:19-22.
    PMID: 19915811 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-009-1229-0
    Following up a popular use of crude leaf preparations from Carica papaya for the treatment of dengue infections, a suspension of powdered Carica papaya leaves in palm oil has been investigated for its effect on thrombocyte counts in mice, administering by gavage 15 mg of powdered leaves per kg body weight to 5 mice. Equal numbers of animals received corresponding volumes of either palm oil alone or physiological saline solution. Thrombocyte counts before and at 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after dosing revealed significantly higher mean counts at 1, 2, 4, 8, 10 and 12 after dosing with the C. papaya leaf formulation as compared to the mean count at hour 0. There was only a non-significant rise of thrombocyte counts in the group having received saline solution, possibly the expression of a normal circadian rhythm in mice. The group having received palm oil only showed a protracted increase of platelet counts that was significant at hours 8 and 48 and obviously the result of a hitherto unknown stimulation of thrombocyte release. The results call for a dose-response investigation and for extending the studies to the isolation and identification of the C. papaya substances responsible for the release and/or production of thrombocytes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Suspensions
  18. Fulltext Oral bioavailability enhancement of acyclovir from solid lipid nanoparticles drug delivery system
    Haniza Hassan, Ahmad Fuad Shamsuddin, Ekram Alias, Meor Mohd Redzuan Meor Mohd Affandi, Siti Khadijah Adam, Rusliza Basir
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(107):2-2.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction:Acyclovir, a widely marketed antiviral drug is used for the treatment of Herpes Simplex infection. High doses of acyclovir are prescribed to patients to attain its maximum therapeutic effect due to its poor absorption and low oral bioavailability. The current therapeutics regiment of acyclovir are known to cause unwarranted adverse effects, thus prompted the need for a suitable drug carrier to improve the pharmacokinetic limitations. Develop-ment of solid lipid nanoparticles for oral delivery of acyclovir proposed in this study aimed to enhance acyclovir oral bioavailability. Methods: Comprehensive experiments and a series of optimization process were carried out to ensure reproducibility and assurance of product quality. The physicochemical characteristics of the solid lipid nanoparticles developed from plant-based solid lipid, Biogapress Vegetal 297 ATO with polysorbate 80 as an emul-sifying agent were also evaluated. Results: The spherical-shaped nanoparticles had an average size of 123 nm with good drug entrapment efficiency, up to 80%. The in vitro drug release study showed that solid lipid nanoparticles had prolonged acyclovir release in simulated intestinal fluid for 24 hours. The nanoparticles formulation was con-sidered stable during storage at refrigerated temperature for at least three months. In vivo oral bioavailability study showed that acyclovir-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles possessed superior oral bioavailability when compared with the commercial acyclovir suspension. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study exhibited the feasibility of solid lipid nanoparticles as an oral delivery vehicle for acyclovir and therefore represent a new promising therapeutic concept of nanoparticulate delivery system.
    Matched MeSH terms: Suspensions
  19. Fulltext Suppression of non-Albicans candida species (NAC) biofilm formation by probiotic Streptococcus salivarius
    Sharmeen Nellisa Soffian, Nurul Alia Risma Rismayuddin, Munirah Mokhtar, Mohd Hafiz Arzmi
    Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(108):41-41.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction:Candida spp. are most common opportunistic pathogenic yeast that inhabit human oral cavity, epider-mis, gastrointestinal tract, and vagina leading to candidiasis. The transition of this yeast from commensal to potent pathogen is facilitated by numbers of virulence factors including biofilm formation. While most reports on candidi-asis are associated with formation Candida albicans biofilms, however, non-albicans Candida species prevalence is of growing concern. Recently, the use of probiotics as antifungal and antibiofilm has gained an increasing attention. As such, we aim to evaluate the inhibitory effect of monomicrobial and polymicrobial of Streptococcus salivariuson six strains of NAC namely Candida dubliniensis, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei, Candida lusitanaei, Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis. Methods: Antifungal activity of S. salivarius on NAC species was performed using well diffusion method on Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) and the diameter of inhibition zone were assessed. For formation of monomicrobial biofilm, standardized cell suspensions of NAC species (1 x 105 cells/ml) and probiotic Streptococcus salivarius (1 x 106 cells/ml) were grown in RPMI or nutrient broth media at 37°C for 72 h. Meanwhile to study polymicrobial biofilm of both NAC and S. salivarius, similar protocol was employed by inoculating both microorganisms with a similar cell density as in monomicrobial. Finally, biofilm formation was assessed through quantification of total biomass by crystal violet (CV) assay and the absorbance of adherent biofilm was measured in triplicate at 620nm. Results: Antifungal susceptibility testing of S. salivarius on all six NAC species discerned no zone of inhibition. Furthermore, our results showed variability of monomicrobial and polymicrobial biofilm biomass between NAC species and growth medium. All six polymicrobial NB-grown and RPMI-grown exhibited decreased of the biofilm formation. C. parapsilosis co-cultured with S. salivarius in NB medium had shown lowest biofilm bio-mass by 75.51+_1.34% while in RPMI medium, C. lusitanaei demonstrated with most reduced biofilm biomass by 67.03+_5.19. Conclusion: Our study elucidated the antagonistic relationship between Streptococcus salivarius and non-albicans Candida by supressing the growth of polymicrobial biofilm and pseudohyphae/hyphae of NAC species.
    Matched MeSH terms: Suspensions
  20. Effect of gamma irradiation on the physical stability of dppc liposomes
    Liyana Mohd Ali Napia, Faizal Mohamed, Hur Munawar Kabir Mohd, Intan Syakeela Ahmad Bastamam, Shamellia Sharin, Norsyahidah Mohd Hidzir, et al.
    Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:1235-1240.
    Unilamellar liposomes composed of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) were prepared by the reverse-phase
    evaporation method and extrusion through a polycarbonate membrane filter. Liposomes at 0.7 mg/mL lipid concentration
    in deionized water were exposed to gamma irradiation at a dose in the range 0.5 to 25 kGy. Gamma irradiation of
    liposomes resulted in the degradation of DPPC lipids into free fatty acids, lysophosphatidylcholine and 1,2-palmitoylphosphatidic
    acid (DPPA). The effect of gamma irradiation towards the physical stability of liposomes was investigated
    by means of dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and zeta potential analysis. From
    the DLS analysis, no significant changes were observed in the hydrodynamic size of liposomes. TEM images indicate that
    the liposomes surface became smoother and rounder as higher irradiation doses were applied. Zeta potential analysis
    showed that gamma irradiation of DPPC liposomes at radiation doses as low as 0.5 kGy resulted in a drastic rise in the
    magnitude of the zeta potential. The results also demonstrate that gamma irradiation of liposomes suspension enhanced
    the overall stability of liposomes. Hence, it can be concluded that gamma irradiation on DPPC liposomes may potentially
    produce liposomes with higher stability.
    Matched MeSH terms: Suspensions
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