Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 26 in total

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  1. Wahab NA, Chien BH, Omar MR, Aziz AA, Mustafa N, Sukor N, et al.
    Acta Med Indones, 2021 Jan;53(1):77-81.
    PMID: 33818409
    Co-occurrence of cyanotic congenital heart disease (CCHD) and phaeochromocytoma (PCC) and paraganglioma (PGL) are rare, although some cases have been reported. We report a case of left paraganglioma in a 20-year-old lady with an underlying CCHD who underwent palliative Glenn shunt, subsequently developed polycythaemia and cavernous sinus thrombosis presented with palpitation, sweating, headache and hypertension of 3-months duration at the age of 17. The abdominal CT scan revealed an enhancing left paraaortic mass measuring 5.2 cm x 4.4 cm x 3.8 cm. A 24-hour urine catecholamine demonstrated raised noradrenaline level to six times upper limit of normal and hence diagnosis of left sympathetic (sPGL) was made. In view of the delayed diagnosis and significant morbidity associated with her condition, surgical treatment is no longer an option. Therefore, vigilant screening and early treatment of PCC-PGL in patients with CCHD are crucial in order to avoid significant morbidity and ensure a good quality of life.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sweating
  2. Shuhada NA, Ong MLY, Chen CK
    Int J Exerc Sci, 2020;13(2):900-911.
    PMID: 32922628
    This study aimed to investigate the effects of walking in a hot and humid environment while wearing a combat suit with a load on physiological responses among the Malaysian Military Reserve Officer Training Unit (ROTU) female cadets. Eight healthy female ROTU cadets (age: 21.3 ± 1.0 years old; height: 156.3 ± 4.9 cm; weight: 55.6 ± 7.5 kg) participated in this randomised, crossover trial. They walked for 1 h on a treadmill at 3 km.h-1 while carrying either 8.2 kg load (WL) or without load (WOL) in a room maintained at 30°C and 70% relative humidity. Heart rate, rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and tympanic temperature were recorded at regular intervals during the trials. Nude body weight was recorded before and after the walk to determine body weight loss and sweat rate. Urine samples were also collected before and after the walk to determine urine specific gravity of the participants. There was a significant main effect of time and interaction for heart rate (p < 0.001) during the experimental trials. Tympanic temperature was significantly higher at 60th min in WL trial (p < 0.05) compared to the WOL trial. Similarly, RPE was found to be significantly higher in WL trial (p < 0.01) compared to the WOL trial. However, the percentage of body weight loss and sweat rate was significantly different between trials (p < 0.05). Wearing a combat suit with a load showed significantly increased metabolic demands compared to wearing combat suit alone during prolonged walking in a hot and humid environment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sweating
  3. May, Honey Ohn, Khin, Maung Ohn, Khin, Nyein Yin, Teh, Yong Guang, Ng, Pey Luen, Chin, Li Bing
    MyJurnal
    Contralateral hyperhidrosis from the cardiovascular accident has been infrequently described in the stroke literature. The clinical significance and pathogenesis are yet well understood. This is a case of a 60-year-old man who developed excessive sweating of the paralyzed side with a pure division along the midline of the body secondary to a subcortical stroke, which region is supplied by branches of middle cerebral artery territory known as deep perforating lenticulostriate. To the best of our knowledge, a precise clinicoanatomic correlation between hyperhidrosis and subcortical stroke has not been widely reported. In this review, we summarize the existing literature of post-stroke hyperhidrosis to evaluate the correlation between clinical manifestation and its neuroanatomical location. According to the location of the infarction and clinical features, it can be concluded that both tracks en route through the ipsilateral internal capsule, after originating in the opercular cortex before crossing the brain stem and terminal connections with the contralateral thoracic spinal cord. Therefore, the phenomenon of hyperhidrosis in anterior circulation stroke might be postulated as due to the disruption of the sympathoinhibitory pathway that controls sweat glands, similarly like posterior circulation stroke.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sweating
  4. Willmott AGB, Hayes M, James CA, Gibson OR, Maxwell NS
    Temperature (Austin), 2019 Sep 19;7(2):178-190.
    PMID: 33015245 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2019.1664370
    Athletes exercising in heat stress experience increased perceived fatigue acutely, however it is unknown whether heat acclimation (HA) reduces the magnitude of this perceptual response and whether different HA protocols influence the response. This study investigated sensations of fatigue following; acute exercise-heat stress; short- (5-sessions) and medium-term (10-sessions) HA; and between once- (ODHA) and twice-daily HA (TDHA) protocols. Twenty male participants (peak oxygen uptake: 3.75 ± 0.47 L·min-1) completed 10 sessions (60-min cycling at ~2 W·kg-1, 45°C/20% relative humidity) of ODHA (n = 10) or non-consecutive TDHA (n = 10). Sensations of fatigue (General, Physical, Emotional, Mental, Vigor and Total Fatigue) were assessed using the multi-dimensional fatigue scale inventory-short form pre and post session 1, 5 and 10. Heat adaptation was induced following ODHA and TDHA, with reductions in resting rectal temperature and heart rate, and increased plasma volume and sweat rate (P 
    Matched MeSH terms: Sweating
  5. Jung D, Kim YB, Lee JB, Muhamed AMC, Lee JY
    Eur J Appl Physiol, 2018 Dec;118(12):2655-2667.
    PMID: 30209544 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3988-7
    PURPOSE: We investigated the effects of humidity on regional sweating secretion and active sweat gland density on the scalp during passive heating in hot environments.

    METHODS: Eight male subjects shaved their heads prior to expose to dry (30%RH; H30%) and humid (85%RH; H85%) conditions at an air temperature of 32 °C. Total sweat rate, local sweat rates (frontal, vertex, temporal, and occipital regions), active sweat glands on the scalp (2 frontal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, 1 occipital, and 1 vertex), and rectal and skin temperatures were measured during leg immersion in 42 °C water for 60 min.

    RESULTS: (1) Total sweat rates were greater for H30% (179.4 ± 35.6 g h-1) than for H85% (148.1 ± 27.2 g h-1) (P 

    Matched MeSH terms: Sweating*
  6. Mallhi TH, Khan YH, Khan AH, Mahmood Q, Khalid SH, Saleem M
    J Coll Physicians Surg Pak, 2018 Jun;28(6):460-465.
    PMID: 29848424 DOI: 10.29271/jcpsp.2018.06.460
    Hot flushes during menopause are distressing for women and result in poor quality of life. Purpose of the current review was to evaluate the available treatment modalities that should be utilised for the management of hot flushes. Menopause refers to last menses of women life and can be declared after amenorrhea of 12 months. Vasomotor symptoms including hot flushes and night sweats are common after menopause, affecting almost 50 - 85% women older than 45 years. The mean increment in core body and skin temperature is 0.5°C and 0.25 - 3°C during a hot flush attack. Low level of estrogen during menopause and its association in triggering episodes of hot flushes, is still under debate. The most accepted hypothesis is a narrowing of the thermoneutral zone (TNZ) triggered by estrogen fluctuations. Although, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) remains the standard treatment for the alleviation of such symptoms, incidence of life threatening side effects restrained medical professionals from its use. Complications associated with the use of HRT can be avoided by appropriate evaluation of patients before initiating therapy. Several guidelines have also recommended HRT (estrogen and progesterone) to be safe for up to a period of seven years. Both hormonal and non-hormonal treatments are used for the management of hot flushes. Since hot flushes are the least appreciated and neglected complication of menopause, current review provides detailed information on its background, pathophysiology and management, and emphasises the need of its treatment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sweating
  7. Jeong W, Snell GI, Levvey BJ, Westall GP, Morrissey CO, Wolfe R, et al.
    J Antimicrob Chemother, 2018 Mar 01;73(3):748-756.
    PMID: 29211913 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx440
    Objectives: This study describes therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of posaconazole suspension and modified release (MR) tablets in lung transplant (LTx) recipients and evaluates factors that may affect posaconazole trough plasma concentration (Cmin).

    Methods: A single-centre, retrospective study evaluating posaconazole Cmin in LTx recipients receiving posaconazole suspension or MR tablets between January 2014 and December 2016.

    Results: Forty-seven LTx patients received posaconazole suspension, and 78 received the MR tablet formulation; a total of 421 and 617 Cmin measurements were made, respectively. Posaconazole was concurrently administered with proton pump inhibitor in ≥ 90% of patients. The median (IQR) of initial posaconazole Cmin following 300 mg daily of posaconazole tablet was significantly higher than that of 800 mg daily of posaconazole suspension [1.65 (0.97-2.13) mg/L versus 0.81 (0.48-1.15) mg/L, P 

    Matched MeSH terms: Sweating
  8. Abdullah R., Wan Md Adnan W.A.H.
    JUMMEC, 2018;21(2):4-9.
    MyJurnal
    Long-distance running has gathered some momentum among health-conscious participants. However, some
    studies have revealed association between long-distance running and development of acute kidney injury.
    Although the impact usually lasts only for a few days after the event, some participants have been admitted for
    severe acute kidney injury, the minority of which require dialysis treatment. The mechanisms underlying the
    injury may include dehydration, development of rhabdomyolysis, heat stroke and concomitant use of NSAIDS.
    Unfortunately, there is no long-term follow-up study to determine the long-term effect on kidney function.
    Acute hyponatremia may develop in a significant proportion of long-distance runners. Majority of them were
    asymptomatic but a few fatal cases which were supposedly due to cerebral oedema have been reported.
    Excessive intake of hypotonic drinks, excessive sweating and secretion of non-osmotic antidiuretic hormone
    have been postulated to be the causes of hyponatremia. This mini review will discuss the pathophysiology of
    the development of acute kidney injury and hyponatremia. It will also discuss the prevention and treatment
    of both conditions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sweating
  9. Kong Fei Chai, Noranizan Mohd Adzahan, Roselina Karim, Yaya Rukayadi, Hasanah Mohd Ghazali
    Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:2311-2318.
    Sweatings, the exudates that leach out from fermenting fruits during rambutan fruit fermentation are considered as
    a waste by-product and are allowed to be drained off. This could lead to a pollution problem. Besides, it is a waste if
    the sweatings are possible to be transformed into food products and ingredients. However, prior transformation, the
    fundamental knowledge of the sweatings should be understood. Hence, the main aim of this study was to investigate
    the physicochemical properties of sweatings as affected by fermentation time and turning intervals during natural
    fermentation of rambutan fruits. In this study, peeled rambutan fruit was fermented for 8 days and turned. Different
    batches of the fruits were turned every 24, 48 or 72 h and sweatings from the process were collected and analyzed.
    The results showed that fermentation time significantly reduced (p<0.05) the yield, pH and sucrose content of the
    sweatings by 79-84%, 32-33%, 76.5-80.8%, respectively. Fermentation time also significantly increased (p<0.05) the
    titratable acidity, total soluble solids, fructose, glucose, total sugar, citric acid, lactic acid, acetic acid and ascorbic
    acid contents of the sweatings by 5.6-6.0, 1.5-1.6, 2.4-2.6, 2.1-2.5, 1.0-1.1, 5.7-6.5, 2.4-2.6, 2.1-2.5 and 2.6-2.8 folds,
    respectively. However, turning intervals did not significantly affect (p>0.05) the physicochemical properties of the
    sweatings. High concentrations of sugars and organic acids allow the sweatings to have a balance of sweet and sour
    taste and they are suitable to be used in the production of syrup, soft drinks, jam, jelly, marmalade and vinegar.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sweating
  10. Willmott AGB, Hayes M, Waldock KAM, Relf RL, Watkins ER, James CA, et al.
    J Sports Sci, 2017 Nov;35(22):2249-2256.
    PMID: 27935427 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1265142
    Multistage, ultra-endurance events in hot, humid conditions necessitate thermal adaptation, often achieved through short term heat acclimation (STHA), to improve performance by reducing thermoregulatory strain and perceptions of heat stress. This study investigated the physiological, perceptual and immunological responses to STHA prior to the Marathon des Sables. Eight athletes (age 42 ± 4 years and body mass 81.9 ± 15.0 kg) completed 4 days of controlled hyperthermia STHA (60 min·day‒1, 45°C and 30% relative humidity). Pre, during and post sessions, physiological and perceptual measures were recorded. Immunological measures were recorded pre-post sessions 1 and 4. STHA improved thermal comfort (P = 0.02), sensation (P = 0.03) and perceived exertion (P = 0.04). A dissociated relationship between perceptual fatigue and Tre was evident after STHA, with reductions in perceived Physical (P = 0.04) and General (P = 0.04) fatigue. Exercising Tre and HR did not change (P > 0.05) however, sweat rate increased 14% (P = 0.02). No changes were found in white blood cell counts or content (P > 0.05). Four days of STHA facilitates effective perceptual adaptations, without compromising immune status prior to an ultra-endurance race in heat stress. A greater physiological strain is required to confer optimal physiological adaptations.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sweating
  11. Abdullah NRA, Jason WLC, Nasruddin AB
    PMID: 28567291 DOI: 10.1530/EDM-17-0029
    Pachydermoperiostosis is a very rare osteoarthrodermopathic disorder whose clinical and radiographic presentations may mimic those of acromegaly. In the evaluation of patients with acromegaloid appearances, pachydermoperiostosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis. In this article, we report a 17-year-old boy who presented with 2-year history of acral enlargement and facial appearance changes associated with joint pain and excessive sweating. He had been investigated extensively for acromegaly, and the final diagnosis was pachydermoperiostosis.

    LEARNING POINTS: There is a broad range of differential diagnosis for acromegaloid features such as acromegaly, pseudoacromegaly with severe insulin resistance, Marfan's syndrome, McCune-Albright and a rare condition called pachydermoperiostosis.Once a patient is suspected to have acromegaly, the first step is biochemical testing to confirm the clinical diagnosis, followed by radiologic testing to determine the cause of the excess growth hormone (GH) secretion. The cause is a somatotroph adenoma of the pituitary in over 95 percent of cases.The first step is measurement of a serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1). A normal serum IGF1 concentration is strong evidence that the patient does not have acromegaly.If the serum IGF1 concentration is high (or equivocal), serum GH should be measured after oral glucose administration. Inadequate suppression of GH after a glucose load confirms the diagnosis of acromegaly.Once the presence of excess GH secretion is confirmed, the next step is pituitary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Atypical presentation warrants revision of the diagnosis. This patient presented with clubbing with no gigantism, which is expected in adolescent acromegalics as the growth spurt and epiphyseal plate closure have not taken place yet.

    Matched MeSH terms: Sweating
  12. Dharan SS, Kamaruddin NA
    J ASEAN Fed Endocr Soc, 2017;32(2):169-172.
    PMID: 33442102 DOI: 10.15605/jafes.032.02.12
    Acromegaly is a rare disease with an annual incidence of 3 to 4 cases in a million.1 Diagnosis is often delayed due to the slow progression of the disease. Persistent elevation of growth hormone (GH) in acromegaly causes a reduction in life expectancy by 10 years. Aside from multiple cardiovascular, respiratory and metabolic co-morbidities, it has also been proven to cause an increased incidence of cancer. The main treatment of acromegaly is surgical excision of the functioning pituitary adenoma. Multiple comorbidities, including obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and soft tissue swelling, make surgery complicated, if not impossible. Medical therapy to reduce comorbidities may be indicated in certain situations. Somatostatin receptor ligands (SRL) are able to reduce, and possibly normalize, IGF-1 levels.2 Reduction of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), the main mediator of GH, is able to resolve headache, sweating, fatigue and soft tissue swelling, and also reduce ventricular hypertrophy. This case report illustrates the successful use of the SRL octreotide LAR in treating acromegaly. It also confirms the observation from several case series that thyroid cancer is the most common malignancy in acromegaly.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sweating
  13. Sandeep HV, Sarat KS, Ng LT
    Med J Malaysia, 2016 02;71(1):39-40.
    PMID: 27130746
    Extra-adrenal /retroperitoneal paraganglioma is a rare cause of hypertension in young with increased incidence of metastasis as compared to adrenal pheochromocytoma. We present a case of a young female with history of headache, nausea/vomiting, palpitations, uncontrolled hypertension, heat intolerance and diaphoresis. The 24-hour urine catecholamine levels were elevated. Clinical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma was made and further evaluation with Computed Tomography (CT) scan of the adrenals revealed extradrenal para-aortic retroperitoneal mass in keeping with paraganglioma. Gallium-68 DOTATE positron emission tomography-CT scan (PET-CT) confirmed the diagnosis without evidence of metastatic foci.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sweating
  14. Noor Suffiah Md. Zin, Siti Nadzirah Padrilah, Mohd Fadhil Abd. Rahman, Koh, Sim Han, Ariff Khalid, Mohd. Yunus Shukor
    MyJurnal
    2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) is utilized in the production of wood preservatives, dyes, and also
    as a pesticide. Human acute (short-term) exposure to 2,4-DNP in humans by means of oral
    exposure are nausea or vomiting, sweating, headaches, dizziness, and weight reduction. Thus, the
    removal of this compound is highly sought. A 2,4-DNP-degrading bacterium (isolate 1) was
    isolated from a sample soil from Terengganu. This bacterium (isolate 1) was characterized as a
    rod Gram positive, non-sporulated, and non-motile bacterium. The bacterium is oxidase negative
    and had catalase positive activity and was able to grow aerobically on 2,4-dinitrophenol as the
    sole carbon source. This bacterium showed maximal growth on 2,4-DNP at the temperature
    optimum of 30 oC, pH 5.0 and was tolerant to 2,4-DNP concentration of up to 0.5 mM (0.092
    g/L). This bacterium prefers to use urea as the nitrogen source in addition to yeast extract for
    mineral source and vitamin precursors.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sweating
  15. Aina Razlin Mohammad Roose
    MyJurnal
    This paper presents a case study of a 22-year-old female client who came for counselling sessions for the purpose of overcoming her pedaphobia. Symptoms, such as, dizziness, nausea, arousal, sweating palm and body shaking were noticed to be visible not only by the presence of a real child, but also by pictures, stories and imaginations of infants. Systematic desensitization technique, a form of Exposure Therapy, was applied to treat the client. It involved relaxation and breathing techniques, and supported by the application of live modelling guided participation. Along with the interventions, Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy techniques were also applied, such as, thought recording, irrational thoughts identification and disputation, Rational Emotive Imagery (REI), coping self-statement, and forceful self-statement. By the end of the therapy, the client reported to have experienced a decline in the occurrences of symptoms and demonstrated the ability to overcome her phobia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sweating
  16. Wijayanto T, Wakabayashi H, Lee JY, Hashiguchi N, Saat M, Tochihara Y
    Int J Biometeorol, 2011 Jul;55(4):491-500.
    PMID: 20824480 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-010-0358-5
    The objective of this study was to investigate thermoregulatory responses to heat in tropical (Malaysian) and temperate (Japanese) natives, during 60 min of passive heating. Ten Japanese (mean ages: 20.8 ± 0.9 years) and ten Malaysian males (mean ages: 22.3 ± 1.6 years) with matched morphological characteristics and physical fitness participated in this study. Passive heating was induced through leg immersion in hot water (42°C) for 60 min under conditions of 28°C air temperature and 50% RH. Local sweat rate on the forehead and thigh were significantly lower in Malaysians during leg immersion, but no significant differences in total sweat rate were observed between Malaysians (86.3 ± 11.8 g m(-2) h(-1)) and Japanese (83.2 ± 6.4 g m(-2) h(-1)) after leg immersion. In addition, Malaysians displayed a smaller rise in rectal temperature (0.3 ± 0.1°C) than Japanese (0.7 ± 0.1°C) during leg immersion, with a greater increase in hand skin temperature. Skin blood flow was significantly lower on the forehead and forearm in Malaysians during leg immersion. No significant different in mean skin temperature during leg immersion was observed between the two groups. These findings indicated that regional differences in body sweating distribution might exist between Malaysians and Japanese during heat exposure, with more uniform distribution of local sweat rate over the whole body among tropical Malaysians. Altogether, Malaysians appear to display enhanced efficiency of thermal sweating and thermoregulatory responses in dissipating heat loss during heat loading. Thermoregulatory differences between tropical and temperate natives in this study can be interpreted as a result of heat adaptations to physiological function.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sweating/physiology
  17. Wakabayashi H, Wijayanto T, Lee JY, Hashiguchi N, Saat M, Tochihara Y
    Int J Biometeorol, 2011 Jul;55(4):509-17.
    PMID: 20949285 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-010-0374-5
    This study investigated the differences in heat dissipation response to intense heat stress during exercise in hot and humid environments between tropical and temperate indigenes with matched physical characteristics. Ten Japanese (JP) and ten Malaysian (MY) males participated in this study. Subjects performed exercise for 60 min at 55% peak oxygen uptake in 32°C air with 70% relative humidity, followed by 30 min recovery. The increase in rectal temperature (T(re)) was smaller in MY during exercise compared to JP. The local sweat rate and total body mass loss were similar in both groups. Both skin blood flow and mean skin temperature was lower in MY compared to JP. A significantly greater increase in hand skin temperature was observed in MY during exercise, which is attributable to heat loss due to the greater surface area to mass ratio and large number of arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the smaller increase in T(re) in MY may be explained by the presence of a significantly greater core-skin temperature gradient in MY than JP. The thermal gradient is also a major factor in increasing the convective heat transfer from core to skin as well as skin blood flow. It is concluded that the greater core-skin temperature gradient observed in MY is responsible for the smaller increase in T(re).
    Matched MeSH terms: Sweating/physiology
  18. Alwi SA, Rubiah ZS, Lee PY, Mallika PS, Haizal MN
    Climacteric, 2010 Dec;13(6):553-60.
    PMID: 19958163 DOI: 10.3109/13697130903470319
    To determine the usage of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and knowledge about HRT among women of Sarawak in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sweating
  19. Syed Alwi SA, Lee PY, Awi I, Mallik PS, Md Haizal MN
    Climacteric, 2009 Dec;12(6):548-56.
    PMID: 19905907 DOI: 10.3109/13697130902919519
    OBJECTIVES:
    To document the common menopausal symptoms and quality of life in indigenous women of Sarawak in Malaysia.

    METHODS:
    A face-to-face interview using the Menopause-specific Quality of Life questionnaire was conducted with 276 indigenous Sarawakian women aged 40-65 years to determine the mean age of menopause and common symptoms (divided into vasomotor, psychosocial, physical and sexual domains) associated with menopause.

    RESULTS:
    The mean age at menopause of postmenopausal women was 50.78 +/- 2.47 years (range 47.3-58.2 years). The most common symptoms reported were aching in muscles and joints (82.6%), lack of energy (77.5%) and low backache (77.2%). The typical menopausal symptoms of hot flushes, night sweats, sweating and vaginal dryness were experienced by 42.4%, 34.8%, 29.7% and 49.3%, respectively of the women studied. Perimenopausal women (n = 114) experienced the most physical and psychosocial symptoms, while postmenopausal women (n = 102) experienced most sexual symptoms. Perimenopausal and postmenopausal women were reported to suffer more than premenopausal women (p < 0.001) within the four domains of symptoms (vasomotor, psychosocial, physical and sexual).

    CONCLUSIONS:
    The menopausal symptoms in this study correspond to those in other studies on Asian women but the prevalence of typical and classical menopausal symptoms was lower compared to studies on Caucasian women. The perimenopausal women had the most significant decrease in quality of life, followed by postmenopausal women and premenopausal women. Vasomotor symptoms had a predominant influence on the quality of life.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sweating
  20. Lee JB, Bae JS, Matsumoto T, Yang HM, Min YK
    Int J Biometeorol, 2009 Mar;53(2):149-57.
    PMID: 19048305 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-008-0197-9
    Natives of the tropics are able to tolerate high ambient temperatures. This results from their long-term residence in hot and often humid tropical climates. This study was designed to compare the peripheral mechanisms of thermal sweating in tropical natives with that of their temperate counterparts. Fifty-five healthy male subjects including 20 native Koreans who live in the temperate Korean climate (Temperate-N) and 35 native tropical Malaysian men that have lived all of their lives in Malaysia (Tropical-N) were enrolled in this study after providing written informed consent to participate. Quantitative sudomotor axon reflex testing after iontophoresis (2 mA for 5 min) with 10% acetylcholine (ACh) was used to determine directly activated (DIR) and axon reflex-mediated (AXR) sweating during ACh iontophoresis. The sweat rate, activated sweat gland density, sweat gland output per single gland activated, and oral and skin temperature changes were measured. The sweat onset time of AXR (nicotinic-receptor-mediated) was 56 s shorter in the Temperate-N than in the Tropical-N subjects (P < 0.0001). The nicotinic-receptor-mediated sweating activity AXR (1), and the muscarinic-receptor-mediated sweating activity DIR, in terms of sweat volume, were 103% and 59% higher in the Temperate-N compared to the Tropical-N subjects (P < 0.0001). The Temperate-N group also had a 17.8% (P < 0.0001) higher active sweat gland density, 35.4% higher sweat output per gland, 0.24 degrees C higher resting oral temperature, and 0.62 degrees C higher resting forearm skin temperature compared to the Tropical-N subjects (P < 0.01). ACh iontophoresis did not influence oral temperature, but increased skin temperature near where the ACh was administered, in both groups. These results suggest that suppressed thermal sweating in the Tropical-N subjects was, at least in part, due to suppressed sweat gland sensitivity to ACh through both recruitment of active sweat glands and the sweat gland output per each gland. This physiological trait guarantees a more economical use of body fluids, thus ensuring more efficient protection against heat stress.
    Matched MeSH terms: Sweating/drug effects*; Sweating/physiology
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