Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 153 in total

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  1. Naqvi SR, Hameed Z, Tariq R, Taqvi SA, Ali I, Niazi MBK, et al.
    Waste Manag, 2019 Feb 15;85:131-140.
    PMID: 30803566 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.12.031
    This study investigates the thermal decomposition, thermodynamic and kinetic behavior of rice-husk (R), sewage sludge (S) and their blends during co-pyrolysis using thermogravimetric analysis at a constant heating rate of 20 °C/min. Coats-Redfern integral method is applied to mass loss data by employing seventeen models of five major reaction mechanisms to calculate the kinetics and thermodynamic parameters. Two temperature regions: I (200-400 °C) and II (400-600 °C) are identified and best fitted with different models. Among all models, diffusion models show high activation energy with higher R2(0.99) of rice husk (66.27-82.77 kJ/mol), sewage sludge (52.01-68.01 kJ/mol) and subsequent blends (45.10-65.81 kJ/mol) for region I and for rice husk (7.31-25.84 kJ/mol), sewage sludge (1.85-16.23 kJ/mol) and blends (4.95-16.32 kJ/mol) for region II, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters are calculated using kinetics data to assess the co-pyrolysis process enthalpy, Gibbs-free energy, and change in entropy. Artificial neural network (ANN) models are developed and employed on co-pyrolysis thermal decomposition data to study the reaction mechanism by calculating Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R2). The co-pyrolysis results from a thermal behavior and kinetics perspective are promising and the process is viable to recover organic materials more efficiently.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thermogravimetry
  2. Ali G, Nisar J, Iqbal M, Shah A, Abbas M, Shah MR, et al.
    Waste Manag Res, 2019 Aug 13.
    PMID: 31405341 DOI: 10.1177/0734242X19865339
    Due to a huge increase in polymer production, a tremendous increase in municipal solid waste is observed. Every year the existing landfills for disposal of waste polymers decrease and the effective recycling techniques for waste polymers are getting more and more important. In this work pyrolysis of waste polystyrene was performed in the presence of a laboratory synthesized copper oxide. The samples were pyrolyzed at different heating rates that is, 5°Cmin-1, 10°Cmin-1, 15°Cmin-1 and 20°Cmin-1 in a thermogravimetric analyzer in inert atmosphere using nitrogen. Thermogravimetric data were interpreted using various model fitting (Coats-Redfern) and model free methods (Ozawa-Flynn-Wall, Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose and Friedman). Thermodynamic parameters for the reaction were also determined. The activation energy calculated applying Coats-Redfern, Ozawa-Flynn-Wall, Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose and Friedman models were found in the ranges 105-148.48 kJmol-1, 99.41-140.52 kJmol-1, 103.67-149.15 kJmol-1 and 99.93-141.25 kJmol-1, respectively. The lowest activation energy for polystyrene degradation in the presence of copper oxide indicates the suitability of catalyst for the decomposition reaction to take place at lower temperature. Moreover, the obtained kinetics and thermodynamic parameters would be very helpful in determining the reaction mechanism of the solid waste in a real system.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thermogravimetry
  3. Azmi NA, Idris A, Yusof NSM
    Ultrason Sonochem, 2018 Oct;47:99-107.
    PMID: 29908610 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.04.016
    Feather keratin is a biomass generated in excess from various livestock industries. With appropriate processing, it holds potential as a green source for degradable biopolymer that could potentially replace current fossil fuel based materials. Several processing methods have been developed, but the use of ultrasonication has not been explored. In this study, we focus on (i) comparing and optimizing the dissolution process of turkey feather keratin through sonication and conventional processes, and (ii) generating a biodegradable polymer material, as a value added product, from the dissolved keratin that could be used in packaging and other applications. Sonication of feather keratin in pure ionic liquids (ILs) and a mixture containing ILs and different co-solvents was conducted under different applied acoustic power levels. It was found that ultrasonic irradiation significantly improved the rate of dissolution of feather keratin as compared to the conventional method, from about 2 h to less than 20 min. The amount of ILs needed was also reduced by introducing a suitable co-solvent. The keratin was then regenerated, analyzed and characterized using various methods. This material holds the potential to be reused in various appliances.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thermogravimetry
  4. Mohamed Saat A, Johan MR
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:439839.
    PMID: 25506069 DOI: 10.1155/2014/439839
    Partially phosphorylated polyvinyl alcohol (PPVA) with aluminum phosphate (ALPO4) composites was synthesized by solution casting technique to produce (PPVA)(100-y) - (ALPO4)(y) (y = 0, 1, and 2). The surface structure and thermal properties of the films were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that the films have higher thermal stability with strong bonding between PPVA and ALPO4.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thermogravimetry
  5. Nasrullah A, Khan H, Khan AS, Man Z, Muhammad N, Khan MI, et al.
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2015;2015:562693.
    PMID: 25705714 DOI: 10.1155/2015/562693
    The ash of C. polygonoides (locally called balanza) was collected from Lakki Marwat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, and was utilized as biosorbent for methylene blue (MB) removal from aqueous solution. The ash was used as biosorbent without any physical or chemical treatment. The biosorbent was characterized by using various techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The particle size and surface area were measured using particle size analyzer and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller equation (BET), respectively. The SEM and BET results expressed that the adsorbent has porous nature. Effects of various conditions such as initial concentration of methylene blue (MB), initial pH, contact time, dosage of biosorbent, and stirring rate were also investigated for the adsorption process. The rate of the adsorption of MB on biomass sample was fast, and equilibrium has been achieved within 1 hour. The kinetics of MB adsorption on biosorbent was studied by pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order kinetic models and the pseudo-second-order has better mathematical fit with correlation coefficient value (R (2)) of 0.999. The study revealed that C. polygonoides ash proved to be an effective, alternative, inexpensive, and environmentally benign biosorbent for MB removal from aqueous solution.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thermogravimetry
  6. Eng CC, Ibrahim NA, Zainuddin N, Ariffin H, Yunus WM
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:213180.
    PMID: 25254230 DOI: 10.1155/2014/213180
    Natural fiber as reinforcement filler in polymer composites is an attractive approach due to being fully biodegradable and cheap. However, incompatibility between hydrophilic natural fiber and hydrophobic polymer matrix restricts the application. The current studies focus on the effects of incorporation of silane treated OPMF into polylactic acid (PLA)/polycaprolactone (PCL)/nanoclay/OPMF hybrid composites. The composites were prepared by melt blending technique and characterize the composites with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FTIR spectra indicated that peak shifting occurs when silane treated OPMF was incorporated into hybrid composites. Based on mechanical properties results, incorporation of silane treated OPMF enhances the mechanical properties of unmodified OPMF hybrid composites with the enhancement of flexural and impact strength being 17.60% and 48.43%, respectively, at 10% fiber loading. TGA thermogram shows that incorporation of silane treated OPMF did not show increment in thermal properties of hybrid composites. SEM micrographs revealed that silane treated OPMF hybrid composites show good fiber/matrix adhesion as fiber is still embedded in the matrix and no cavity is present on the surface. Water absorption test shows that addition of less hydrophilic silane treated OPMF successfully reduces the water uptake of hybrid composites.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thermogravimetry
  7. Saifullah B, Arulselvan P, El Zowalaty ME, Fakurazi S, Webster TJ, Geilich B, et al.
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:401460.
    PMID: 25050392 DOI: 10.1155/2014/401460
    Tuberculosis is a lethal epidemic, difficult to control disease, claiming thousands of lives every year. We have developed a nanodelivery formulation based on para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) and zinc layered hydroxide using zinc nitrate salt as a precursor. The developed formulation has a fourfold higher efficacy of PAS against mycobacterium tuberculosis with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) found to be at 1.40 μg/mL compared to the free drug PAS with a MIC of 5.0 μg/mL. The newly developed formulation was also found active against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and Candida albicans. The formulation was also found to be biocompatible with human normal lung cells MRC-5 and mouse fibroblast cells-3T3. The in vitro release of PAS from the formulation was found to be sustained in a human body simulated phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution at pH values of 7.4 and 4.8. Most importantly the nanocomposite prepared using zinc nitrate salt was advantageous in terms of yield and free from toxic zinc oxide contamination and had higher biocompatibility compared to one prepared using a zinc oxide precursor. In summary, these promising in vitro results are highly encouraging for the continued investigation of para-aminosalicylic acid and zinc layered hydroxide nanocomposites in vivo and eventual preclinical studies.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thermogravimetry
  8. Nurdin I, Johan MR, Yaacob II, Ang BC
    ScientificWorldJournal, 2014;2014:589479.
    PMID: 24963510 DOI: 10.1155/2014/589479
    Maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles have been synthesized using a chemical coprecipitation method at different nitric acid concentrations as an oxidizing agent. Characterization of all samples performed by several techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), alternating gradient magnetometry (AGM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and zeta potential. The XRD patterns confirmed that the particles were maghemite. The crystallite size of all samples decreases with the increasing concentration of nitric acid. TEM observation showed that the particles have spherical morphology with narrow particle size distribution. The particles showed superparamagnetic behavior with decreased magnetization values at the increasing concentration of nitric acid. TGA measurement showed that the stability temperature decreases with the increasing concentration of nitric acid. DLS measurement showed that the hydrodynamic particle sizes decrease with the increasing concentration of nitric acid. Zeta potential values show a decrease with the increasing concentration of nitric acid. The increasing concentration of nitric acid in synthesis of maghemite nanoparticles produced smaller size particles, lower magnetization, better thermal stability, and more stable maghemite nanoparticles suspension.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thermogravimetry
  9. Toibah AR, Sopyan I, Mel M
    Med J Malaysia, 2008 Jul;63 Suppl A:83-4.
    PMID: 19024995
    The incorporation of magnesium ions into the calcium phosphate structure is of great interest for the development of artificial bone implants. This paper investigates the preparation of magnesium-doped biphasic calcium phosphate (Mg-BCP) via sol gel method at various concentrations of added Mg. The effect of calcinations temperature (ranging from 500 degrees C to 900 degrees C) and concentrations of Mg incorporated into BCP has been studied by the aid of XRD, TGA and infrared spectroscopy (IR) in transmittance mode analysis. The study indicated that the powder was pure BCP and Mg-BCP with 100% purity and high crystallinity. The results also indicated that beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP) phase can be observed when the powder was calcined at 800 degrees C and above.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thermogravimetry
  10. Dewo P, Sharma PK, van der Tas HF, van der Houwen EB, Timmer M, Magetsari R, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 2008 Jul;63 Suppl A:21-2.
    PMID: 19024964
    The enormous need of orthopaedic (surgical) implants such as osteosynthesis plates is difficult to be fulfilled in developing countries commonly rely on imported ones. One of the alternatives is utilization of local resources, but only after they have been proven safe to use, to overcome this problem. Surface properties are some of the determining factors of safety for those implants. We have succeeded in developing prototype of osteosynthesis plate and the results indicate that Indonesian-made plates need improvement with regards to the surface quality of physical characterization.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thermogravimetry
  11. Kusrini E, Saleh MI, Lecomte C
    Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc, 2009 Sep 15;74(1):120-6.
    PMID: 19560960 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2009.05.024
    (1)H NMR evidence for direct coordination between the Ln(III) ion and the oxygen atoms of the pentaethylene glycol (EO5) ligand and the picrate anion (Pic) in [Ln(Pic)(2)(EO5)][Pic] {Ln=Ce and Nd} complexes are confirmed by single X-ray diffraction. No dissociation of Ln-O bonds in dimethyl sulfoxide-d solution was observed in NMR studies conducted at different temperatures ranging 25-100 degrees C. The Ln(III) ion was chelated to nine oxygen atoms from the EO5 ligand in a hexadentate manner and the two Pic anions in each bidentate and monodentate modes. Both compounds are isostructural and crystallized in monoclinic with space group P2(1)/c. Coordination environment around the Ce1 and Nd1 atoms can be described as tricapped trigonal prismatic and monocapped square antiprismatic geometries, respectively. The crystal packing of the complexes have stabilized by one dimensional (1D) chains along the [001] direction to form intermolecular O-Hcdots, three dots, centeredO and C-Hcdots, three dots, centeredO hydrogen bonding. The molar conductance of the complexes in DMSO solution indicated that both compounds are ionic. The complexes had a good thermal stability. Under the UV-excitation, these complexes exhibited the red-shift emission.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thermogravimetry
  12. Ebrahimiasl S, Yunus WM, Kassim A, Zainal Z
    Sensors (Basel), 2011;11(10):9207-16.
    PMID: 22163690 DOI: 10.3390/s111009207
    Nanocrystalline SnO(x) (x = 1-2) thin films were prepared on glass substrates by a simple chemical bath deposition method. Triethanolamine was used as complexing agent to decrease time and temperature of deposition and shift the pH of the solution to the noncorrosive region. The films were characterized for composition, surface morphology, structure and optical properties. X-ray diffraction analysis confirms that SnO(x) thin films consist of a polycrystalline structure with an average grain size of 36 nm. Atomic force microscopy studies show a uniform grain distribution without pinholes. The elemental composition was evaluated by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The average O/Sn atomic percentage ratio is 1.72. Band gap energy and optical transition were determined from optical absorbance data. The film was found to exhibit direct and indirect transitions in the visible spectrum with band gap values of about 3.9 and 3.7 eV, respectively. The optical transmittance in the visible region is 82%. The SnO(x) nanocrystals exhibit an ultraviolet emission band centered at 392 nm in the vicinity of the band edge, which is attributed to the well-known exciton transition in SnO(x). Photosensitivity was detected in the positive region under illumination with white light.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thermogravimetry
  13. Nizamuddin S, Jadhav A, Qureshi SS, Baloch HA, Siddiqui MTH, Mubarak NM, et al.
    Sci Rep, 2019 Apr 01;9(1):5445.
    PMID: 30931991 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41960-1
    Polymer composites are fabricated by incorporating fillers into a polymer matrix. The intent for addition of fillers is to improve the physical, mechanical, chemical and rheological properties of the composite. This study reports on a unique polymer composite using hydrochar, synthesised by microwave-assisted hydrothermal carbonization of rice husk, as filler in polylactide matrix. The polylactide/hydrochar composites were fabricated by incorporating hydrochar in polylactide at 5%, 10%, 15% and 20 wt% by melt processing in a Haake rheomix at 170 °C. Both the neat polylactide and polylactide/hydrochar composite were characterized for mechanical, structural, thermal and rheological properties. The tensile modulus of polylactide/hydrochar composites was improved from 2.63 GPa (neat polylactide) to 3.16 GPa, 3.33 GPa, 3.54 GPa, and 4.24 GPa after blending with hydrochar at 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, respectively. Further, the incorporation of hydrochar had little effect on storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G″). The findings of this study reported that addition of hydrochar improves some characteristics of polylactide composites suggesting the potential of hydrochar as filler for polymer/hydrochar composites.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thermogravimetry
  14. Jau CL, Wan Aizan Wan Abdul Rahman, Avérous L, Teck HL
    Sains Malaysiana, 2016;45:633-641.
    This paper reports the post-processing ageing phenomena of thermoplastic sago starch (TPS) and plasticised sago pith waste (SPW), which were processed using twin-screw extrusion and compression moulding techniques. Wide angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses showed that after processing, starch molecules rearranged into VH-type (which was formed rapidly right post processing and concluded within 4 days) and B-type (which was formed slowly over a period of months) crystallites. Evidence from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses corroborated the 2-stage crystallisation process, which observed changes in peak styles and peak intensities (at 1043 and 1026 cm-1) and bandnarrowing. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) studies showed that the thermal stability of plasticised SPW declined continuously for 90 days before gradual increments ensued. For all formulations tested, post-processing ageing led to drastic changes in the tensile strength (increased) and elongation at break (decreased). Glycerol and fibres restrained the retrogradation of starch molecules in TPS and SPW.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thermogravimetry
  15. Nur Hanis Adila Azhar, Nur Hanis Adila Azhar Hamizah Md Rasid, Siti Fairus M. Yusoff
    Sains Malaysiana, 2017;46:485-491.
    Liquid natural rubber (LNR) was functionalized into liquid epoxidized natural rubber (LENR) and hydroxylated LNR (LNROH)
    via oxidation using a Na2
    WO4
    /CH3
    COOH/H2
    O2
    catalytic system. Microstructures of LNR and functionalized LNRs
    were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. The
    effect of CH3
    COOH, H2
    O2
    , Na2
    WO4
    , reaction time and temperature. reaction time and temperature on epoxy content were
    investigated. LNR-OH was obtained when oxidation reaction was conducted at a longer reaction time, higher temperature
    or excess amount of catalyst. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) reported the thermal behavior of functionalized LNRs.
    Molecular weight and polydispersity index (PDI) were determined using gel permeation chromatography (GPC).
    Matched MeSH terms: Thermogravimetry
  16. Atikah Ismail, Azman Hassan, Aznizam Abu Bakar, Jawaid M
    Sains Malaysiana, 2013;42:429-434.
    The effects of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as flame retardant and kenaf as fillers on flammability, thermal and mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP) composites were determined. Test specimens were prepared by using a corotating twin screw extruder for the compounding process followed by injection molding. The flame retardancy of the composites was determined by using limiting oxygen index (LOI) test. Addition of flame retardant into kenaf-PP composites significantly increased the LOI values that indicated the improvement of flame retardancy. Thermogravimetric analysis was done to examine the thermal stability of the composites. The addition of kenaf fiber in PP composites decreased the thermal stability significantly but the influence of APP on thermal properties of the kenaf-filled PP composites was not significant. The flexural strength and modulus of the composites increased with the addition of APP into kenaf filled
    PP composite. The addition of APP into kenaf filled PP causes increase in the impact strength while increasing the APP content in the kenaf filled PP composite show decrease in impact strength.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thermogravimetry
  17. Roslinda Shamsudin, Abdul Razak Daud, Muhammad Azmi Abdul Hamid, Saiful Rizam Shamsudin
    Sains Malaysiana, 2007;36:195-200.
    Nitridation behaviour of Al-Mg-Si alloys was studied as a function of temperature by means of thermogravimetry method. A reactive gas, N2-4%H2 at a rate of 10 ml/min was purged into the thermogravimetry analyser chamber. The Al alloys were heated from 25oC to 625oC at the heating rate of 15oC/min and then reduced to 3oC/min until it reached 1500oC. It was found that by varying the amount of Mg and Si in Al-Mg-Si alloys significantly influenced the growth of the composites. A differential thermogravimetric curve shows the Mg containing alloys experienced many steps of chemical reactions. This indicates that besides AlN presence as a major phase, other compounds also exist in the final product. The X-ray diffraction results confirmed the existence of oxide phases such as a-Al2O3, MgAl2O4 and MgO in addition to residual Si and Al metal. The presence of oxide compounds is believed to be due to the reaction between the alloying elements and residual oxygen gas left in the reaction atmosphere. It was also found that Si could play a role in promoting the weight gain of the composite produced. The heating rate has also a profound effect on the weight gain, whereby higher heating rate resulted in low yielded of AlN during the nitridation reaction of the Al-Mg-Si alloys.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thermogravimetry
  18. Saiful Bahari Bakarudin, Sarani Zakaria, Ching HC, Mohd Jani S
    Sains Malaysiana, 2012;41:225-231.
    Liquefactions of kenaf core wood were carried out at different phenol-kenaf (P/k) ratios. Characterizations of kenaf core wood liquefied residue were carried out to measure the degree of liquefaction. This provides a new approach to understand some fundamental aspects of the liquefaction reaction. Functional groups on the raw kenaf core wood and liquefied residue were examined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The crystallinity index of the kenaf wood liquefied residue, which represents crystallinity changes of the cellulose component after the liquefaction process, was studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The surface morphology of the wood residue was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermal behavior of the residues was analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Abroad peak around 3450-3400 cm-1 representing OH stretching in lignin start to disappear as P/K ratio increases. The results showed that the higher the P/K ratio the greater the liquefaction of the lignin component in the kenaf core wood. The crystallinity index (CrI) on the kenaf liquefied residues increased with the increase in P/K ratio. SEM images showed that the small fragments attached on the liquefied kenaf residue surface were gradually removed as the P/K ratio was increased from 1.5/1.0 to 2.5/1.0, which is mainly attributed to the greater chemical penetration toward reactive site of the kenaf fibres. Residue content decreased as the P/K ratio increased from 1.5/1.0 to 2.5/1.0. TGA results showed the increase of heat resistance in the residue as the P/K ratio was increased.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thermogravimetry
  19. Toussi SM, Fakhru’L-Razi A, Luqman Chuah A, Suraya A
    Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were synthesized by catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CCVD) of ethanol (C2H5OH) over Fe-Mo-MgO catalyst by using argon as a carrier gas. The reaction conditions are important factors that influence the yield and quality of carbon nanotubes. The effects of temperature and flow rate of carrier gas were investigated to increase the yield of carbon nanotubes. The synthesized carbon nanotubes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-Ray diffraction and thermo-gravimetric analysis. The results showed that the growth of carbon nanotubes was effectively influenced by the reaction ambience and the synthesis condition. The temperature and flow rate of carrier gas played a key role in the yield and quality of synthesized CNTs. The estimated yield of synthesized carbon nanotubes was almost over 70%.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thermogravimetry
  20. Ooi SY, Ishak Ahmad, Mohd Cairul Iqbal Mohd Amin
    Sains Malaysiana, 2015;44:793-799.
    In this research, a novel method was performed to obtain hydrogel with superior thermal stability by incorporation
    of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) into gelatin based hydrogel. Glutaraldehyde was used as cross-linker due to its high
    chemical reactivity towards NH2
    group on gelatin. Different ratio of gelatin/CNC hydrogel was produced in order to study
    the effects of CNC towards the swelling behaviour and thermal stability of gelatin based hydrogel. The obtained hydrogel
    was subjected to Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) to verify that gelatin had been cross-linked, swelling test with different
    pH for swelling behaviour and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) for thermal stability. The presence of C=N stretching
    group in the FTIR spectrum for gelatin/CNC hydrogel indicated that the cross-linking reaction between gelatin monomer
    had been successfully carried out. The hydrogel showed impressive pH sensitivity and maximum swelling was obtained
    at pH3. The TGA results clearly showed that the incorporation of CNC into gelatin was able to produce hydrogel with
    higher thermal stability compare to neat gelatin.
    Matched MeSH terms: Thermogravimetry
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