Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 454 in total

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  1. AINA NADIA NAJWA MOHAMD JAFFAR, MOHD EFFENDI WASLI, MUGUNTHAN PERUMAL
    MyJurnal
    Soil hardness plays a vital role in evaluating the physical properties of soil structure. With regards to the impact of compaction on practical forest management issues, most report and review forms were available. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the soil condition in riparian forest restoration planted with indigenous species along Kayan Ulu River with special reference to soil hardness. Soil hardness was measured by using Hasegawa-type cone penetrometer from the surface soils to 100 cm depth, with a total of 48 random points for both study sites surveyed; restoration sites planted with Shorea macrophylla in year 1996 and 1998 (SPD96 and SPD98, respectively) for both on and between planting lines. Our findings indicated that, soil hardness in SPD98 was harder as compared to SPD96 at shallow depth presented in one drop penetrability. Likewise, soil penetration resistance on planting line in SPD98 was significantly higher than SPD96 at surface soils (0-20 cm) and subsurface soils (20-40 cm). A high number of strikes and soil penetration resistance indicate that the soils were highly compacted. However, there was no significant difference in term of soil penetration resistance between planting line. In order to avoid effects on tree productivity, it is recommended that in future, the evaluation of soil hardness should be determined during the early establishment for future restoration of riparian ecosystem. 
    Matched MeSH terms: Trees
  2. Ab Hamid S, Md Rawi CS
    Trop Life Sci Res, 2017 Jul;28(2):89-105.
    PMID: 28890763 MyJurnal DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2017.28.2.7
    Leaf litter decomposition in a tropical stream was examined in two types of leaf packs; single species leaf packs of Pometia pinnata and two species leaf packs of equal combination of Pometia pinnata and Dolichandrone spathacea leaves. Both leaf packs were immersed in a river and weekly examined for remains of decomposed leaves and presence of EPT. In the control leaf packs, leaves in the two species leaf packs treatments decomposed within 35 days, faster than in single species leaf packs which decomposed after 42 days. In the presence of EPT, the leaf breakdown took 28 days in two species and 35 days for single species leaf packs. Higher abundance of EPT was observed in single species leaf packs but its diversity was higher in two species leaf packs. Litter breakdown in the stream was faster in the presence of EPT and softer leaves of D. spathacea with higher nitrogen content underwent faster decomposition and sustained higher numbers of EPT.
    Matched MeSH terms: Trees
  3. Abdul Kadir FA, Azizan KA, Othman R
    Data Brief, 2020 Feb;28:104987.
    PMID: 32226799 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.104987
    Agarwood is the highly valuable fragrant resin of the wounded Aquilaria spp. trees widely used in fragrances, medicines and incenses. Among the Aquilaria spp., A. malaccensis is the primary producer and is mainly found in Indonesia and Malaysia. In normal condition, agarwood is naturally formed in Aquilaria trees as a defense mechanism upon physical damage or microbial infection on the trees, which is a slow process that occurs over several years. The high demand in agarwood has spurred the development of various artificial inoculation methods where agarwood formation is synthetically induced in a shorter period of time. However, the synthetic induction method produces agarwood with aromas different from the naturally formed agarwood. To understand the changes in the agarwoods produced from different induction conditions, metabolite profiling of agarwood essential oil from A. malaccensis has been performed. The essential oils of healthy undamaged tree trunks and, naturally formed and synthetically induced agarwoods were obtained using hydrodistillation (HS) method and analysed using gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GC-MS). These data will provide valuable resources for chemical components of agarwood produced by the species in the genus Aquilaria.
    Matched MeSH terms: Trees
  4. Abdul-Hamid H, Mencuccini M
    Tree Physiol, 2009 Jan;29(1):27-38.
    PMID: 19203930 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpn001
    Forest growth is an important factor both economically and ecologically, and it follows a predictable trend with age. Generally, growth accelerates as canopies develop in young forests and declines substantially soon after maximum leaf area is attained. The causes of this decline are multiple and may be linked to age- or size-related processes, or both. Our objective was to determine the relative effects of tree age and tree size on the physiological attributes of two broadleaf species. As age and size are normally coupled during growth, an approach based on grafting techniques to separate the effects of size from those of age was adopted. Genetically identical grafted seedlings were produced from scions taken from trees of four age classes, ranging from 4 to 162 years. We found that leaf-level net photosynthetic rate per unit of leaf mass and some other leaf structural and biochemical characteristics had decreased substantially with increasing size of the donor trees in the field, whereas other gas exchange parameters expressed on a leaf area basis did not. In contrast, these parameters remained almost constant in grafted seedlings, i.e., scions taken from donor trees with different meristematic ages show no age-related trend after they were grafted onto young rootstocks. In general, the results suggested that size-related limitations triggered the declines in photosynthate production and tree growth, whereas less evidence was found to support a role of meristematic age.
    Matched MeSH terms: Trees
  5. Abdullah SA
    J Environ Sci (China), 2003 Mar;15(2):267-70.
    PMID: 12765270
    This paper presents the pattern and changes of fragmented forest in relation with changes of total forest cover in the state of Selangor in three decades. In this study, inventoried forest cover maps of Selangor in 1971/1972, 1981/1982 and 1991/1992 produced by the Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia were digitized to examine the changes in area and number of fragmented forest. Results showed that in 1971/1972, 16 fragmented forests were identified in Selangor. All fragmented forests were identified as dipterocarp forest. A decade later the number of fragmented forests increased by approximately 44% (23). Of the 23 fragmented forests, two were peat swamp forests whereas the remaining were dipterocarp forests. In 1991/1992 the number of fragmented forests (12) was reduced by 47.8%. Two of the fragmented forests were identified as peat swamp forest, seven dipterocarp forest and the other three was mixed of dipterocarp forests and plantation forests. Fragmentation of both dipterocarp and peat swamp forests occurred profoundly during the period between 1971/1972 and 1981/1982, which consequently increased the number of fragmented forests compared with before the period of 1971/1972 where fragmentation happened only at dipterocarp forests. However, many fragmented forests vanished between the 1981/1982 and 1991/1992 periods.
    Matched MeSH terms: Trees*
  6. Acharya UR, Mookiah MR, Koh JE, Tan JH, Noronha K, Bhandary SV, et al.
    Comput Biol Med, 2016 06 01;73:131-40.
    PMID: 27107676 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2016.04.009
    Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) affects the central vision of aged people. It can be diagnosed due to the presence of drusen, Geographic Atrophy (GA) and Choroidal Neovascularization (CNV) in the fundus images. It is labor intensive and time-consuming for the ophthalmologists to screen these images. An automated digital fundus photography based screening system can overcome these drawbacks. Such a safe, non-contact and cost-effective platform can be used as a screening system for dry AMD. In this paper, we are proposing a novel algorithm using Radon Transform (RT), Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) coupled with Locality Sensitive Discriminant Analysis (LSDA) for automated diagnosis of AMD. First the image is subjected to RT followed by DWT. The extracted features are subjected to dimension reduction using LSDA and ranked using t-test. The performance of various supervised classifiers namely Decision Tree (DT), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN) and k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) are compared to automatically discriminate to normal and AMD classes using ranked LSDA components. The proposed approach is evaluated using private and public datasets such as ARIA and STARE. The highest classification accuracy of 99.49%, 96.89% and 100% are reported for private, ARIA and STARE datasets. Also, AMD index is devised using two LSDA components to distinguish two classes accurately. Hence, this proposed system can be extended for mass AMD screening.
    Matched MeSH terms: Decision Trees
  7. Adam A, Ibrahim NA, Tah PC, Liu XY, Dainelli L, Foo CY
    JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, 2023 Nov;47(8):1003-1010.
    PMID: 37497593 DOI: 10.1002/jpen.2554
    BACKGROUND: Prevention of enteral feeding interruption (EFI) improves clinical outcomes of critically ill intensive care unit (ICU) patients. This leads to shorter ICU stays and thereby lowers healthcare costs. This study compared the cost of early use of semi-elemental formula (SEF) in ICU vs standard polymeric formula (SPF) under the Ministry of Health (MOH) system in Malaysia.

    METHODS: A decision tree model was developed based on literature and expert inputs. An epidemiological projection model was then added to the decision tree to calculate the target population size. The budget impact of adapting the different enteral nutrition (EN) formulas was calculated by multiplying the population size with the costs of the formula and ICU length of stay (LOS). A one-way sensitivity analysis (OWSA) was conducted to examine the effect each input parameter has on the calculated output.

    RESULTS: Replacing SPF with SEF would lower ICU cost by MYR 1059 (USD 216) per patient. The additional cost of increased LOS due to EFI was MYR 5460 (USD 1114) per patient. If the MOH replaces SPF with SEF for ICU patients with high EFI risk (estimated 7981 patients in 2022), an annual net cost reduction of MYR 8.4 million (USD 1.7 million) could potentially be realized in the MOH system. The cost-reduction finding of replacing SPF with SEF remained unchanged despite the input uncertainties assessed via OWSA.

    CONCLUSION: Early use of SEF in ICU patients with high EFI risk could potentially lower the cost of ICU care for the MOH system in Malaysia.

    Matched MeSH terms: Decision Trees
  8. Adam, M.B., Norazman, N., Mohamad Kasim, M.R.
    MATEMATIKA, 2018;34(1):113-123.
    MyJurnal
    Logging activity is one of the most important activities for tropical countries
    including Malaysia, as it produces quality trees for papers. One of the important tree
    species is the Acacia Mangium which it produces a soft tree for papermaking enterprises.
    The papers are exported to Europe and countries which have high demand for paper
    due to the rapid development of the printing industry. Thus we analyzed the height for
    individual trees. We investigate the maximum height of the trees from 1990 to 2006
    and we fit the data using extreme value model. Some of the data are missing and three
    imputation methods we used to solve this problem.
    Matched MeSH terms: Trees
  9. Adie H, Lawes MJ
    Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc, 2023 Apr;98(2):643-661.
    PMID: 36444419 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12923
    Tree species of Eurasian broadleaved forest possess two divergent trait syndromes with contrasting patterns of resource allocation adapted to different selection environments: short-stature basal resprouters that divert resources to a bud bank adapted to frequent and severe disturbances such as fire and herbivory, and tall trees that delay reproduction by investing in rapid height growth to escape shading. Drawing on theory developed in savanna ecosystems, we propose a conceptual framework showing that the possession of contrasting trait syndromes is essential for the persistence of broadleaved trees in an open ecosystem that burns. Consistent with this hypothesis, trees of modern Eurasian broadleaved forest bear a suite of traits that are adaptive to surface and crown-fire regimes. We contend that limited opportunities in grassland restricts recruitment to disturbance-free refugia, and en masse establishment creates a wooded environment where shade limits the growth of light-demanding savanna plants. Rapid height growth, which involves investment in structural support and the switch from a multi-stemmed to a monopodial growth form, is adaptive in this shaded environment. Although clustering reduces surface fuel loads, these establishment nuclei are vulnerable to high-intensity crown fires. The lethal effects of canopy fire are avoided by seasonal leaf shedding, and aerial resprouting enhances rapid post-fire recovery of photosynthetic capacity. While these woody formations satisfy the structural definition of forest, their constituents are clearly derived from savanna. Contrasting trait syndromes thus represent the shift from consumer to resource regulation in savanna ecosystems. Consistent with global trends, the diversification of most contemporary broadleaved taxa coincided with the spread of grasslands, a surge in fire activity and a decline in wooded ecosystems in the late Miocene-Pliocene. Recognition that Eurasian broadleaved forest has savanna origins and persists as an alternative state with adjacent grassy ecosystems has far-reaching management implications in accordance with functional rather than structural criteria. Shade is a severe constraint to the regeneration and growth of both woody and herbaceous growth forms in consumer-regulated ecosystems. However, these ecosystems are highly resilient to disturbance, an essential process that maintains diversity especially among the species-rich herbaceous component that is vulnerable to shading when consumer behaviour is altered.
    Matched MeSH terms: Trees/physiology
  10. Afiq Ramlee MN, Hussin MF, Roslan A, Rosmidi FH, Pesiu E, Aisyah A Rahim N, et al.
    Data Brief, 2020 Apr;29:105328.
    PMID: 32181296 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2020.105328
    This data article presents the diversity of flora and selected fauna in Tasik Kenyir, Malaysia. This man-made lake once suffered huge loss of biodiversity for allowing an earth-dam construction during 1980s. Series of publications on different types of target taxa have been published separately after the post-dam construction. A biodiversity assessment was conducted in Tasik Kenyir from March 2015 until February 2016. The one year assessment were compiled with the previous published data to document and updated the biodiversity checklist in the lake. The data show that Tasik Kenyir is occupied by 113 tree species, 217 butterfly species, 35 bee species, 26 reptile species, 267 aves species and 153 mammal species. The micro-climate data was downloaded from the Malaysian Meteorological Department and analysed in R Studio to highlight the relationship between climate data and biodiversity data.
    Matched MeSH terms: Trees
  11. Agatonovic-Kustrin S, Wong S, Dolzhenko AV, Gegechkori V, Morton DW
    J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2024 Feb 15;239:115912.
    PMID: 38128161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115912
    Olive trees are one of the most widely cultivated fruit trees in the world. The chemical compositions and biological activities of olive tree fruit and leaves have been extensively researched for their nutritional and health-promoting properties. In contrast, limited data have been reported on olive flowers. The present study aimed to analyse bioactive compounds in olive flower extracts and the effect of fermentation-assisted extraction on phenolic content and antioxidant activity. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) hyphenated with the bioassay-guided detection and spectroscopic identification of bioactive compounds was used for the analysis. Enzymatic and bacterial in situ bioassays were used to detect COX-1 enzyme inhibition and antibacterial activity. Multiple zones of antibacterial activity and one zone of COX-1 inhibition were detected in both, non-fermented and fermented, extracts. A newly developed HPTLC-based experimental protocol was used to measure the high-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) for the assessment of the relative potency of the extracts in inhibiting COX-1 enzyme and antibacterial activity. Strong antibacterial activities detected in zones 4 and 7 were significantly higher in comparison to ampicillin, as confirmed by low IC50 values (IC50 = 57-58 µg in zone 4 and IC50 = 157-167 µg in zone 7) compared to the ampicillin IC50 value (IC50 = 495 µg). The COX-1 inhibition by the extract (IC50 = 76-98 µg) was also strong compared to that of salicylic acid (IC50 = 557 µg). By comparing the locations of the bands to coeluted standards, compounds from detected bioactive bands were tentatively identified. The eluates from bioactive HPTLC zones were further analysed by FTIR NMR, and LC-MS spectroscopy. Multiple zones of antibacterial activity were associated with the presence of triterpenoid acids, while COX-1 inhibition was related to the presence of long-chain fatty acids.
    Matched MeSH terms: Trees
  12. Ahmad A, Rafatullah M, Sulaiman O, Ibrahim MH, Hashim R
    J Hazard Mater, 2009 Oct 15;170(1):357-65.
    PMID: 19464117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.04.087
    Meranti (Philippine mahogany) sawdust, an inexpensive material, showed strong scavenging behaviour through adsorption for the removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution. Batch studies were performed to evaluate and optimize the effects of various parameters such as contact time, pH, initial dye concentrations and adsorbent dosage. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms were used to analyze the equilibrium data at different temperatures. The experimental data fitted well with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, indicating thereby the mono layer adsorption of the dye. The monolayer sorption capacity of meranti sawdust for MB was found to be 120.48, 117.64, 149.25 and 158.73 mg/g at 30, 40, 50 and 60 degrees C, respectively. Thermodynamic calculations showed that the MB adsorption process is endothermic and spontaneous in nature. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The results indicated that the meranti sawdust could be an alternative material in place of more costly adsorbents used for dye removal.
    Matched MeSH terms: Trees
  13. Ahmad Nazarudin M, Tsan F
    Sains Malaysiana, 2018;47:227-233.
    A study was conducted to investigate the duration of growth stages and flowering behaviour of a landscape tree,
    Xanthostemon chrysanthus (F. Muell.) Benth. This species is known as golden penda and locally known as jambu kuning.
    It is widely planted for urban beautification due to its distinctive coloured flowers. Under local climate condition, this
    species flowers throughout the year. However, the flowering of this species has not been studied extensively. In the present
    study, the growth of selected trees aged approximately six years after planting was monitored for a year. The growth
    duration was determined using the extended Biologishe Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt and Chemical Industry (BBCH)
    scale. Percentages of flower and fruit and new leaf abundances were expressed as estimated percentage of each stage as
    compared to total surface area of the tree crown. The vegetative and reproductive stages of the species required 198 and
    176 days, respectively. The flowering period took about 40 days from inflorescence bud swelling to drying and senescence
    of stamens and petals. Unsynchronized flowering was observed among the trees. The occurrence of flowers was also
    influenced by the development of new leaves or fruits. The information on the duration of each growth stage and the
    flowering behaviour of the species may enhance a more detailed study related to flowering of urban trees in Malaysia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Trees
  14. Ahmadi P, Muharam FM, Ahmad K, Mansor S, Abu Seman I
    Plant Dis, 2017 Jun;101(6):1009-1016.
    PMID: 30682927 DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-12-16-1699-RE
    Ganoderma boninense is a causal agent of basal stem rot (BSR) and is responsible for a significant portion of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) losses, which can reach US$500 million a year in Southeast Asia. At the early stage of this disease, infected palms are symptomless, which imposes difficulties in detecting the disease. In spite of the availability of tissue and DNA sampling techniques, there is a particular need for replacing costly field data collection methods for detecting Ganoderma in its early stage with a technique derived from spectroscopic and imagery data. Therefore, this study was carried out to apply the artificial neural network (ANN) analysis technique for discriminating and classifying fungal infections in oil palm trees at an early stage using raw, first, and second derivative spectroradiometer datasets. These were acquired from 1,016 spectral signatures of foliar samples in four disease levels (T1: healthy, T2: mildly-infected, T3: moderately infected, and T4: severely infected). Most of the satisfactory results occurred in the visible range, especially in the green wavelength. The healthy oil palms and those which were infected by Ganoderma at an early stage (T2) were classified satisfactorily with an accuracy of 83.3%, and 100.0% in 540 to 550 nm, respectively, by ANN using first derivative spectral data. The results further indicated that the sensitive frond number modeled by ANN provided the highest accuracy of 100.0% for frond number 9 compared with frond 17. This study showed evidence that employment of ANN can predict the early infection of BSR disease on oil palm with a high degree of accuracy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Trees
  15. Ahmed Asrity, S.M., Tsan, F.Y., Ding, P., Syed Aris, S.R.
    MyJurnal
    Functional property changes in Phaleria macrocarpa fruit during ripening on tree were studied. Results showed that juice extracted from fruit flesh had low acidity and soluble solid content. Fruit acidity decreased but soluble solids increased as the fruit ripened. In terms of antioxidant content, ascorbic acid, DPPH free radical scavenging activities and total phenolic content were, however, the lowest in fully ripe fruit flesh while the unripe fruit flesh had the highest. High percentage of these antioxidants was water soluble. This study suggests that the unripe fruits should be harvested for valuable medicinal product development instead of the fully ripe fruits.
    Matched MeSH terms: Trees
  16. Ahmed S, Othman NH
    Malays J Med Sci, 2013 May;20(3):6-13.
    PMID: 23966819 MyJurnal
    Tualang honey (TH) is a Malaysian multifloral jungle honey. In recent years, there has been a marked increase in the number of studies published in medical databases regarding its potential health benefits. The honey is produced by the rock bee (Apis dorsata), which builds hives on branches of tall Tualang trees located mainly in the north-western region of Peninsular Malaysia. This review collates the results of the various studies of TH that range from research on tissue culture to randomised control clinical trials. Findings thus far show that, TH has antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimutagenic, antitumor, and antidiabetic properties, in addition to wound-healing attributes. Some of its properties are similar to the well-researched Manuka honey (New Zealand and/or Australian monofloral honey). Distinct differences include higher phenolics, flavonoids, and 5-(hydroxymethyl) furfural (HMF). Compared with Manuka honey, TH is also more effective against some gram-negative bacterial strains in burn wounds.
    Matched MeSH terms: Trees
  17. Alam MZ, Muyibi SA, Mansor MF, Wahid R
    J Environ Sci (China), 2007;19(1):103-8.
    PMID: 17913162
    Activated carbons derived from oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) were investigated to find the suitability of its application for removal of phenol in aqueous solution through adsorption process. Two types of activation namely; thermal activation at 300, 500 and 800 degrees C and physical activation at 150 degrees C (boiling treatment) were used for the production of the activated carbons. A control (untreated EFB) was used to compare the adsorption capacity of the activated carbons produced from these processes. The results indicated that the activated carbon derived at the temperature of 800 degrees C showed maximum absorption capacity in the aqueous solution of phenol. Batch adsorption studies showed an equilibrium time of 6 h for the activated carbon at 800 degrees C. It was observed that the adsorption capacity was higher at lower values of pH (2-3) and higher value of initial concentration of phenol (200-300 mg/L). The equilibrium data fitted better with the Freundlich adsorption isotherm compared to the Langmuir. Kinetic studies of phenol adsorption onto activated carbons were also studied to evaluate the adsorption rate. The estimated cost for production of activated carbon from EFB was shown in lower price (USD 0.50/kg of activated carbon) compared the activated carbon from other sources and processes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Trees/chemistry*
  18. Albani A, Ibrahim MZ, Yong KH
    Data Brief, 2019 Aug;25:104306.
    PMID: 31406911 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.104306
    The measurement of this data aims to evaluate the wind shear variability at three selected sites in Malaysia. The sites are Kudat in Sabah, Kijal in Terengganu and Langkawi in Kedah. Both sites in Kudat and Kijal is located in coastal areas with few buildings or trees, while the site in Langkawi is a coastal area with many buildings or trees. The variables were measured using the sensors that mounted on the wind mast with the maximum height from 55 m to 70 m from ground level. The variables measured were wind speed, wind direction, temperature, and pressure, while the wind shear data were directly generated using the power law equation. The averaged wind shear based on measured multiple height wind speed at selected sites is larger than the 1/7 law (0.143). Also, the value of wind shear was higher in order Langkawi > Kudat > Kijal. Ultimately, the wind shear data are essential and can be reused in the wind energy potential study, especially for data extrapolation to desired wind turbine hub height.
    Matched MeSH terms: Trees
  19. Alfred R, Ahmad AH, Payne J, Williams C, Ambu LN, How PM, et al.
    PLoS One, 2012;7(2):e31400.
    PMID: 22347469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031400
    Home range is defined as the extent and location of the area covered annually by a wild animal in its natural habitat. Studies of African and Indian elephants in landscapes of largely open habitats have indicated that the sizes of the home range are determined not only by the food supplies and seasonal changes, but also by numerous other factors including availability of water sources, habitat loss and the existence of man-made barriers. The home range size for the Bornean elephant had never been investigated before.
    Matched MeSH terms: Trees
  20. Alimon, H, Abdullah Sani, A., Syed Abdul Azziz, S. S., Daud, N., Mohd Arriffin, N., Mhd Bakri, Y.
    MyJurnal
    Lansium domesticum Corr. is a fruit tree of the Meliaceae family, which is commonly found in SouthEast Asia with a wide range of varieties. This study investigated three varieties of L. domesticum; Duku, Langsat and Dokong for the phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity. Seeds from the matured fruits were extracted using hexane, methanol and water. The crude extracts were screened for antimicrobial activities toward three bacteria, namely, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. The findings showed that Langsat seed extracts contained more groups of compounds compared with the other two varieties, and its methanol extract demonstrated the highest inhibition zones against the three bacteria. The crude methanol extract of Duku seeds showed inhibition zones only towards Bacillus subtilis at a high concentration (1.0 mgL-1), whilst the seed extracts of Dokong showed no inhibition zones towards any of the tested bacteria.
    Matched MeSH terms: Trees
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