Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 516 in total

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  1. Moosavi S, Lai CW, Gan S, Zamiri G, Akbarzadeh Pivehzhani O, Johan MR
    ACS Omega, 2020 Aug 25;5(33):20684-20697.
    PMID: 32875202 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01905
    Since the turn of the 21st century, water pollution has been a major issue, and most of the pollution is generated by dyes. Adsorption is one of the most commonly used dye-removal methods from aqueous solution. Magnetic-particle integration in the water-treatment industry is gaining considerable attention because of its outstanding physical and chemical properties. Magnetic-particle adsorption technology shows promising and effective outcomes for wastewater treatment owing to the presence of magnetic material in the adsorbents that can facilitate separation through the application of an external magnetic field. Meanwhile, the introduction of activated carbon (AC) derived from various materials into a magnetic material can lead to efficient organic-dye removal. Therefore, this combination can provide an economical, efficient, and environmentally friendly water-purification process. Although activated carbon from low-cost and abundant materials has considerable potential in the water-treatment industry, the widespread applications of adsorption technology are limited by adsorbent recovery and separation after treatment. This work specifically and comprehensively describes the use of a combination of a magnetic material and an activated carbon material for dye adsorption in wastewater treatment. The literature survey in this mini-review provides evidence of the potential use of these magnetic adsorbents, as well as their magnetic separation and recovery. Future directions and challenges of magnetic activated carbon in wastewater treatment are also discussed in this paper.
    Matched MeSH terms: Water Purification
  2. Kandasamy, R., Azme, Hashim, I., Ismoen, M.
    ASM Science Journal, 2008;2(1):23-33.
    MyJurnal
    The effect of chemical reaction and variable viscosity on mixed convection heat and mass transfer for Hiemenz flow over a porous wedge plate was studied in the presence of heat radiation. The wall of the wedge was embedded in a uniform Darcian porous medium to allow for possible fluid wall suction or injection and had a power-law variation of both the wall temperature and concentration. The fluid was assumed to be viscous and incompressible. Numerical calculations were carried out for different values of dimensionless parameters and an analysis of the results obtained showed that the flow field was influenced appreciably by the buoyancy ratio between species, thermal diffusion and suction/injection at wall surface. The effects of these major parameters on the transport behaviours were investigated methodically and typical results illustrated to reveal the tendency of the solutions. Representative results are presented for the velocity, temperature, and concentration distributions. Comparisons with previously published works were performed and excellent agreement between the results were obtained. It is predicted that this research might prove to be useful for study of the movement of oil or gas and water through the reservoir of an oil or gas field, in the migration of underground water, in filtration, and water purification processes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Water Purification
  3. Mehamod, F.S., Kadir, M.A., Jusoh, N., Yusof, N.F., Suah, F.B.
    ASM Science Journal, 2018;11(101):114-123.
    MyJurnal
    The development of new adsorbent has rapidly increased in order to overcome the problem
    of waste water treatment from heavy metal pollution. The ability of nickel (II)-ion imprinted
    polymer (Ni-IIP) as an alternative adsorbent for the removal of nickel ion from aqueous has
    been investigated. The Ni-IIP was prepared via bulk polymerization by using functional
    monomers; methylacrylic acid (MAA) with picolinic acid as a co-monomer. Nickel ion was
    used as template, AIBN as initiator and EGDMA as cross-linking agent. Non-imprinted control
    polymer (NIP) was prepared in the same manner as Ni-IIP but in the absence of nickel
    ion. The resultant of Ni-IIP and NIP were characterized by using Fourier Transform Infrared
    (FTIR) spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Result showed that, the adsorption
    of nickel ion onto Ni-IIP increased as the adsorbent dosage increased and contact
    time is prolonged. The adsorption isotherm model for Ni-IIP and NIP were fitted well with
    Freundlich and Langmuir, respectively. Kinetic study for both Ni-IIP and NIP were followed
    the pseudo-second order, indicates that the rate-limiting step is the surface adsorption that
    involves chemisorption. Selectivity studies showed that the distribution coefficient of Ni2+
    was higher compared to Zn2+, Mg2+ and Pb2+. The present work has successfully synthesized
    Ni-IIP particles with good potential in recognition of Ni2+ ions in an aqueous medium.
    Matched MeSH terms: Water Purification
  4. Foo KY, Hameed BH
    Adv Colloid Interface Sci, 2010 Sep 15;159(2):130-43.
    PMID: 20673570 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2010.06.002
    Water scarcity and pollution rank equal to climate change as the most urgent environmental turmoil for the 21st century. To date, the percolation of textile effluents into the waterways and aquifer systems, remain an intricate conundrum abroad the nations. With the renaissance of activated carbon, there has been a steadily growing interest in the research field. Recently, the adoption of titanium dioxide, a prestigious advanced photo-catalyst which formulates the new growing branch of activated carbon composites for enhancement of adsorption rate and discoloration capacity, has attracted stern consideration and supports worldwide. Confirming the assertion, this paper presents a state of art review of titanium dioxide/activated carbon composites technology, its fundamental background studies, and environmental implications. Moreover, its major challenges together with the future expectation are summarized and discussed. Conclusively, the expanding of activated carbons composites material represents a potentially viable and powerful tool, leading to the plausible improvement of environmental conservation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Water Purification
  5. Vigneswari S, Amelia TSM, Hazwan MH, Mouriya GK, Bhubalan K, Amirul AA, et al.
    Antibiotics (Basel), 2021 Feb 24;10(3).
    PMID: 33668352 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10030229
    Nanobiotechnology has undoubtedly influenced major breakthroughs in medical sciences. Application of nanosized materials has made it possible for researchers to investigate a broad spectrum of treatments for diseases with minimally invasive procedures. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been a subject of investigation for numerous applications in agriculture, water treatment, biosensors, textiles, and the food industry as well as in the medical field, mainly due to their antimicrobial properties and nanoparticle nature. In general, AgNPs are known for their superior physical, chemical, and biological properties. The properties of AgNPs differ based on their methods of synthesis and to date, the biological method has been preferred because it is rapid, nontoxic, and can produce well-defined size and morphology under optimized conditions. Nevertheless, the common issue concerning biological or biobased production is its sustainability. Researchers have employed various strategies in addressing this shortcoming, such as recently testing agricultural biowastes such as fruit peels for the synthesis of AgNPs. The use of biowastes is definitely cost-effective and eco-friendly; moreover, it has been reported that the reduction process is simple and rapid with reasonably high yield. This review aims to address the developments in using fruit- and vegetable-based biowastes for biologically producing AgNPs to be applied as antimicrobial coatings in biomedical applications.
    Matched MeSH terms: Water Purification
  6. Hashim SA, Samsudin FN, Wong CS, Abu Bakar K, Yap SL, Mohd Zin MF
    Arch Biochem Biophys, 2016 09 01;605:34-40.
    PMID: 27056469 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.03.032
    A modular typed dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) device is designed and tested for air and water remediation. The module is made of a number of DBD tubes that can be arranged in series or parallel. Each of the DBD tubes comprises inner electrode enclosed with dielectric barrier and arranged as such to provide a gap for the passage of gases. Non-thermal plasma generated in the gap effectively creates gaseous chemical reactions. Its efficacy in the remediation of gas stream containing high NOx, similar to diesel emission and wastewater containing latex, are presented. A six tubes DBD module has successfully removed more than 80% of nitric oxide from the gas stream. In another arrangement, oxygen was fed into a two tubes DBD to generate ozone for treatment of wastewater. Samples of wastewater were collected from a treatment pond of a rubber vulcanization pilot plant. The water pollution load was evaluated by the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD5) values. Preliminary results showed some improvement (about 13%) on the COD after treatment and at the same time had increased the BOD5 by 42%. This results in higher BOD5/COD ratio after ozonation which indicate better biodegradability of the wastewater.
    Matched MeSH terms: Water Purification/methods*
  7. Mashitah, Zulfadhly Z, Bhatia S
    PMID: 10595446
    Non-living biomass of Pycnoporus sanguineus has an ability to take up lead,copper and cadmium ions from an aqueous solution. The role played by various functional groups in the cell wall and the mechanism uptake of lead, copper and cadmium by Pycnoporus sanguineus were investigated. Modification of the functional groups such as lipids, carboxylic and amino was done through chemical pretreatment in order to study their role in biosorption of metal ions. Results showed that the chemical modification of these functional groups has modified the ability of biomass to remove lead, copper and cadmium ions from the solution. Scanning electron microscopy was also used to study the morphological structure of the biomass before and after adsorption. The electron micrograph indicated that the structure of biomass changed due to the adsorption of the metals onto the cell walls. Furthermore, the X-ray energy dispersion analysis (EDAX) showed that the calcium ion present in the cell wall of biomass was released and replaced by lead ions. This implied that an ion exchange is one of the principal mechanisms for metal biosorption.
    Matched MeSH terms: Water Purification/methods*
  8. Mashitah, Zulfadhly Z, Bhatia S
    Artif Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol, 1999 Sep-Nov;27(5-6):429-33.
    PMID: 10595444
    The equilibrium sorption capacity of a macro-fungi, Pycnoporus sanguineus biomass was studied using a single-metal system comprising copper ions. The rate and extent for the removal of copper were subjected to environmental parameters such as pH, biomass loading, temperature, and contact time. Results showed that the uptake of copper increased as the pH increased. However, as the biomass loading increased, the amount of metal uptake decreased. Instead, temperature does not have a significant effect on the metal uptake, especially between 30 to 40 degrees C. A maximum adsorption of copper ions was also observed within 15 minutes of reaction time for the entire sample tested. Furthermore, pre-treatment with sodium bicarbonate and boiling water significantly improved the sorption capacity of copper by Pycnoporus sanguineus.
    Matched MeSH terms: Water Purification/methods*
  9. Wang J, Mahmood Q, Qiu JP, Li YS, Chang YS, Chi LN, et al.
    Biomed Res Int, 2015;2015:617861.
    PMID: 25685798 DOI: 10.1155/2015/617861
    Palm oil is one of the most important agroindustries in Malaysia. Huge quantities of palm oil mill effluent (POME) pose a great threat to aqueous environment due to its very high COD. To make full use of discharged wastes, the integrated "zero discharge" pilot-scale industrial plant comprising "pretreatment-anaerobic and aerobic process-membrane separation" was continuously operated for 1 year. After pretreatment in the oil separator tank, 55.6% of waste oil in raw POME could be recovered and sold and anaerobically digested through 2 AnaEG reactors followed by a dissolved air flotation (DAF); average COD reduced to about 3587 mg/L, and biogas production was 27.65 times POME injection which was used to generate electricity. The aerobic effluent was settled for 3 h or/and treated in MBR which could remove BOD3 (30°C) to less than 20 mg/L as required by Department of Environment of Malaysia. After filtration by UF and RO membrane, all organic compounds and most of the salts were removed; RO permeate could be reused as the boiler feed water. RO concentrate combined with anaerobic surplus sludge could be used as biofertilizer.
    Matched MeSH terms: Water Purification/methods*
  10. Bilung LM, Tahar AS, Yunos NE, Apun K, Lim YA, Nillian E, et al.
    Biomed Res Int, 2017;2017:4636420.
    PMID: 29234679 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4636420
    Cryptosporidiosis and cyclosporiasis are caused by waterborne coccidian protozoan parasites of the genera Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora, respectively. This study was conducted to detect Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora oocysts from environmental water abstracted by drinking water treatment plants and recreational activities in Sarawak, Malaysia. Water samples (12 each) were collected from Sungai Sarawak Kanan in Bau and Sungai Sarawak Kiri in Batu Kitang, respectively. In addition, 6 water samples each were collected from Ranchan Recreational Park and UNIMAS Lake at Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, respectively. Water physicochemical parameters were also recorded. All samples were concentrated by the iron sulfate flocculation method followed by the sucrose floatation technique. Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora were detected by modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique. Correlation of the parasites distribution with water physicochemical parameters was analysed using bivariate Pearson correlation. Based on the 24 total samples of environmental water abstracted by drinking water treatment plants, all the samples (24/24; 100%) were positive with Cryptosporidium, and only 2 samples (2/24; 8.33%) were positive with Cyclospora. Based on the 12 total samples of water for recreational activities, 4 samples (4/12; 33%) were positive with Cryptosporidium, while 2 samples (2/12; 17%) were positive with Cyclospora. Cryptosporidium oocysts were negatively correlated with dissolved oxygen (DO).
    Matched MeSH terms: Water Purification
  11. Oruganti RK, Katam K, Show PL, Gadhamshetty V, Upadhyayula VKK, Bhattacharyya D
    Bioengineered, 2022 Apr;13(4):10412-10453.
    PMID: 35441582 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2056823
    The scarcity of water resources and environmental pollution have highlighted the need for sustainable wastewater treatment. Existing conventional treatment systems are energy-intensive and not always able to meet stringent disposal standards. Recently, algal-bacterial systems have emerged as environmentally friendly sustainable processes for wastewater treatment and resource recovery. The algal-bacterial systems work on the principle of the symbiotic relationship between algae and bacteria. This paper comprehensively discusses the most recent studies on algal-bacterial systems for wastewater treatment, factors affecting the treatment, and aspects of resource recovery from the biomass. The algal-bacterial interaction includes cell-to-cell communication, substrate exchange, and horizontal gene transfer. The quorum sensing (QS) molecules and their effects on algal-bacterial interactions are briefly discussed. The effect of the factors such as pH, temperature, C/N/P ratio, light intensity, and external aeration on the algal-bacterial systems have been discussed. An overview of the modeling aspects of algal-bacterial systems has been provided. The algal-bacterial systems have the potential for removing micropollutants because of the diverse possible interactions between algae-bacteria. The removal mechanisms of micropollutants - sorption, biodegradation, and photodegradation, have been reviewed. The harvesting methods and resource recovery aspects have been presented. The major challenges associated with algal-bacterial systems for real scale implementation and future perspectives have been discussed. Integrating wastewater treatment with the algal biorefinery concept reduces the overall waste component in a wastewater treatment system by converting the biomass into a useful product, resulting in a sustainable system that contributes to the circular bioeconomy.
    Matched MeSH terms: Water Purification*
  12. Amirah Mohd Napi NN, Ibrahim N, Adli Hanif M, Hasan M, Dahalan FA, Syafiuddin A, et al.
    Bioengineered, 2023 Dec;14(1):2276391.
    PMID: 37942779 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2023.2276391
    Microplastic (MP) is an emerging contaminant of concern due to its abundance in the environment. Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) can be considered as one of the main sources of microplastics in freshwater due to its inefficiency in the complete removal of small MPs. In this study, a column-based MP removal which could serve as a tertiary treatment in WWTPs is evaluated using granular activated carbon (GAC) as adsorbent/filter media, eliminating clogging problems commonly caused by powder form activated carbon (PAC). The GAC is characterized via N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and contact angle measurement to determine the influence of its properties on MP removal efficiency. MPs (40-48 μm) removal up to 95.5% was observed with 0.2 g/L MP, which is the lowest concentration tested in this work, but still higher than commonly used MP concentration in other studies. The performance is reduced with further increase in MP concentration (up to 1.0 g/L), but increasing the GAC bed length from 7.5 to 17.5 cm could lead to better removal efficiencies. MP particles are immobilized by the GAC predominantly by filtration process by being entangled with small GAC particles/chips or stuck between the GAC particles. MPs are insignificantly removed by adsorption process through entrapment in GAC porous structure or attachment onto the GAC surface.
    Matched MeSH terms: Water Purification*
  13. Nor Fadhillah Mohmaed Azmin, N Shofia A’yun Syafie, Azlin Suhaida Azmi, Mimi Fina Hamidon, Ani Liza Asnawi
    MyJurnal
    Sg. Papar is one of the rivers in Kota Kinabalu which is mainly used for water supply especially in Papar district. For the past years, many pollution cases concerning Sg. Papar have been reported which originated from various sources including pig farm, agricultural run-off and deforestation. These resulted in a frequent shutdown of the water treatment plants in Papar district leading to water supply disturbance and water supply deficiency in the affected area. The data utilized in this study were obtained from water quality tests performed on river water samples taken from Limbahau water treatment plant recorded from September 2013 to September 2016. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used in this study to analyze and correlate the physicochemical parameters with the water treatment plant shutdown. The results revealed that eight parameters (pH, alum, nitrate, TDS, DO, conductivity, colour and chloride) analysed in this study correlate with each other and the parameter that mostly caused the drastic change in the river water and as pollution index is turbidity. This study is critical for understanding the relationship between the water quality paramters and environmental issues.
    Matched MeSH terms: Water Purification
  14. Liau KF, Shoji T, Ong YH, Chua AS, Yeoh HK, Ho PY
    Bioprocess Biosyst Eng, 2015 Apr;38(4):729-37.
    PMID: 25381606 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-014-1313-3
    A recently reported stable and efficient EBPR system at high temperatures around 30 °C has led to characterization of kinetic and stoichiometric parameters of the Activated Sludge Model no. 2d (ASM2d). Firstly, suitable model parameters were selected by identifiability analysis. Next, the model was calibrated and validated. ASM2d was found to represent the processes well at 28 and 32 °C except in polyhyroxyalkanoate (PHA) accumulation of the latter. The values of the kinetic parameters for PHA storage (q PHA), polyphosphate storage (q PP) and growth (μ PAO) of polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) at 28 and 32 °C were found to be much higher than those reported by previous studies. Besides, the value of the stoichiometric parameter for the requirement of polyphosphate for PHA storage (Y PO4) was found to decrease as temperature rose from 28 to 32 °C. Values of two other stoichiometric parameters, i.e. the growth yield of heterotrophic organisms (Y H) and PAOs (Y PAO), were high at both temperatures. These calibrated parameters imply that the extremely active PAOs of the study were able to store PHA, store polyphosphate and even utilize PHA for cell growth. Besides, the parameters do not follow the Arrhenius correlation due to the previously reported unique microbial clade at 28 and 32 °C, which actively performs EBPR at high temperatures.
    Matched MeSH terms: Water Purification/methods*
  15. Oon YS, Ong SA, Ho LN, Wong YS, Oon YL, Lehl HK, et al.
    Bioprocess Biosyst Eng, 2016 Jun;39(6):893-900.
    PMID: 26894384 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-016-1568-y
    The main aim of this study is to investigate the performance of organic oxidation and denitrification of the system under long-term operation. The MFC reactor was operated in continuous mode for 180 days. Nitrate was successfully demonstrated as terminal electron acceptor, where nitrate was reduced at the cathode using electron provided by acetate oxidation at the anode. The removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and nitrate were higher in the closed circuit system than in open circuit system. Both COD and nitrate reduction improved with the increase of organic loading and subsequently contributed to higher power output. The maximum nitrate removal efficiency was 88 ± 4 % (influent of 141 ± 14 mg/L). The internal resistant was 50 Ω, which was found to be low for a double chambered MFC. The maximum power density was 669 mW/m(3) with current density of 3487 mA/m(3).
    Matched MeSH terms: Water Purification
  16. Fan S, Ji B, Abu Hasan H, Fan J, Guo S, Wang J, et al.
    Bioprocess Biosyst Eng, 2021 Aug;44(8):1733-1739.
    PMID: 33772637 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-021-02556-0
    Microalgal-bacterial granular sludge (MBGS) process has become a focal point in treating municipal wastewater. However, it remains elusive whether the emerging process can be applied for the treatment of aquaculture wastewater, which contains considerable concentrations of nitrate and nitrite. This study evaluated the feasibility of MBGS process for aquaculture wastewater treatment. Result showed that the MBGS process was competent to remove respective 64.8%, 84.9%, 70.8%, 50.0% and 84.2% of chemical oxygen demand, ammonia-nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, nitrite-nitrogen and phosphate-phosphorus under non-aerated conditions within 8 h. The dominant microalgae and bacteria were identified to be Coelastrella and Rhodobacteraceae, respectively. Further metagenomics analysis implied that microbial assimilation was the main contributor in organics, nitrogen and phosphorus removal. Specifically, considerable nitrate and nitrite removals were also obtained with the synergy between microalgae and bacteria. Consequently, this work demonstrated that the MBGS process showed a prospect of becoming an environmentally friendly and efficient alternative in aquaculture wastewater treatment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Water Purification/methods*
  17. Gafar, A.A., Khayat, M.E., Abdul Rahim, M.B.H., Shukor, M.Y.
    MyJurnal
    Acrylamide is a synthetic monomer that has been classified as toxic and carcinogenic apart
    from its diverse application in the industry. Its application is in the formation of
    polyacrylamide. Polyacrylamide usage is diverse and is found as herbicide formulation, as soil
    treatment agent and in water treatment plants. Deaths and sickness due to the accidental
    exposure to acrylamide have been reported while chronic toxicity is also a source of the
    problem. This review highlighted the toxic effect of acrylamide to various organisms like
    human, animal and plant. This review also discusses on the potential use of biological
    technologies to remediate acrylamide pollution in the environment and the degradation
    pathways these microorganisms utilize to assimilate acrylamide as a nitrogen, carbon or both as
    carbon and nitrogen sources.
    Matched MeSH terms: Water Purification
  18. Oon YL, Ong SA, Ho LN, Wong YS, Dahalan FA, Oon YS, et al.
    Bioresour Technol, 2016 Mar;203:190-7.
    PMID: 26724550 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.12.011
    This study demonstrated a successful operation of up-flow constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell (UFCW-MFC) in wastewater treatment and energy recovery. The goals of this study were to investigate the effect of circuit connection, organic loading rates, and electrode spacing on the performance of wastewater treatment and bioelectricity generation. The average influent of COD, NO3(-) and NH4(+) were 624 mg/L, 142 mg/L, 40 mg/L, respectively and their removal efficiencies (1 day HRT) were 99%, 46%, and 96%, respectively. NO3(-) removal was relatively higher in the closed circuit system due to lower dissolved oxygen in the system. Despite larger electrode spacing, the voltage outputs from Anode 2 (A2) (30 cm) and Anode 3 (A3) (45 cm) were higher than from Anode 1 (A1) (15 cm) as a result of insufficient fuel supply to A1. The maximum power density and Coulombic efficiency were obtained at A2, which were 93 mW/m(3) and 1.42%, respectively.
    Matched MeSH terms: Water Purification
  19. Li J, Shimizu K, Akasako H, Lu Z, Akiyama S, Goto M, et al.
    Bioresour Technol, 2015 Jan;175:463-72.
    PMID: 25459856 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.047
    This study revealed the biotic and abiotic parameters driving the variations in microcystins (MCs) biodegradability of a practical biological treatment facility (BTF). Results showed that similar trends of seasonal variation were seen for microcystin-LR (MCLR) biodegradability of biofilms on the BTF and indigenous MCLR-degrader population, where both peaks co-occurred in October, following the peaks of natural MCLR concentration and water temperature observed in August. The lag period might be required for accumulation of MCLR-degraders and MCLR-degrading enzyme activity. The MCLR-degrader population was correlated to temperature, MCLR and chlorophyll-a concentration in water where the biofilms submerged, indicating that these abiotic and biotic parameters exerted direct and/or indirect influences on seasonal variation in MCLR-biodegradability. In comparison, no effect of other co-existing MCs on biodegradation of one MC was observed. However, proliferation of MC-degraders along biodegradation processes positively responded to total amount of MCs, suggesting that multiple MCs contributed additively to MC-degrader proliferation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Water Purification/methods*
  20. Aljuboori AH, Uemura Y, Osman NB, Yusup S
    Bioresour Technol, 2014 Nov;171:66-70.
    PMID: 25189510 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.08.038
    This study evaluated the potential of bioflocculant production from Aspergillus niger using palm oil mill effluent (POME) as carbon source. The bioflocculant named PM-5 produced by A. niger showed a good flocculating capability and flocculating rate of 76.8% to kaolin suspension could be achieved at 60 h of culture time. Glutamic acid was the most favorable nitrogen source for A. niger in bioflocculant production at pH 6 and temperature 35 °C. The chemical composition of purified PM-5 was mainly carbohydrate and protein with 66.8% and 31.4%, respectively. Results showed the novel bioflocculant (PM-5) had high potential to treat river water from colloids and 63% of turbidity removal with the present of Ca(2+) ion.
    Matched MeSH terms: Water Purification/methods*
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