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Microfilaria in hydrocele fluid cytology

Chandran PA, Jayaram G, Mahmud R, Anuar AK

Malays J Pathol, 2004 Dec;26(2):119-23.
PMID: 16329565

Filariasis, a parasitic infection endemic in parts of India, Myanmar, islands of the South Pacific, West and East Africa and Saudi Arabia can be diagnosed from various types of cytopathological specimens. This case documents the detection of filarial infection from hydrocele fluid cytology in a 30-year-old Myanmar migrant worker in Malaysia.

Matched MeSH terms: Wuchereria bancrofti/growth & development; Wuchereria bancrofti/isolation & purification*
Factors affecting transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti by anopheline mosquitoes. 4. Facilitation, limitation, proportionality and their epidemiological significance

Southgate BA, Bryan JH

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1992 9 1;86(5):523-30.
PMID: 1475823

Quantitative understanding of the transmission dynamics of lymphatic filarial parasites is essential for the rational planning of control strategies. One of the most important determinants of transmission dynamics is the relationship between parasite yield, the success rate of ingested microfilariae (mf) becoming infective larvae in a mosquito vector, and mf density in the source of the human blood meal. Three types of relationship have been recognized in human filaria/mosquito couples--limitation, facilitation and proportionality; facilitation has hitherto been observed only in the couple Wuchereria bancrofti/Anopheles gambiae in Burkina Faso, in experimental studies on a high density mf carrier. The present paper demonstrates facilitation in W. bancrofti/An. gambiae and W. bancrofti/An. arabiensis in lower mf density carriers in The Gambia and Tanzania, and in W. bancrofti/An. funestus in Tanzania. Facilitation was not found in An. melas in The Gambia nor in An. merus in Tanzania. Analysis of published data shows limitation at low level mf densities in W. bancrofti/Culex quinquefasciatus in Sri Lanka, and in the same couple in India. Limitation also occurs in Brugia malayi/Aedes togoi in experimental cats; proportionality occurs in B. malayi/Mansonia bonneae in Malaysia. The epidemiological significance of these host/parasite relationships is discussed, and supporting evidence for its validity is presented from the published results of large-scale control programmes.

Matched MeSH terms: Wuchereria bancrofti/isolation & purification*
Bancroftian filariasis and malaria in island and hinterland populations in Sabah, Malaysia

Hii J, Kan S, Pereira M, Parmar SS, Campos RL, Chan MK

Trop Geogr Med, 1985 Jun;37(2):93-101.
PMID: 3898498

An epidemiological survey of filariasis and malaria in Banggi Island and Upper Kinabatangan, Sabah, revealed microfilarial rates of 7.2% and 8.6% respectively and malaria prevalence of 9.7% and 16.9% respectively. Wuchereria bancrofti was a rural nocturnally periodic type with a periodicity index of 137.2 and average peak hour at 01.32 hrs; 9.2% of microfilaremic carriers as compared to 2.4% amicrofilaremic subjects had clinical filariasis. The Plasmodium falciparum: P. vivax: P. malariae ratios were 1:1:0.17 and 1.4:1:0.12 for Banggi and Upper Kinabatangan respectively. Anopheles flavirostris was incriminated as a new malaria vector in Banggi where the well-known primary malaria vector is An. balabacensis. The latter was also found for the first time to be a vector of rural W. bancrofti in Upper Kinabatangan. Experimental feeding also showed that L3 larvae of W. bancrofti were recovered at low rates from An. balabacensis. Aedes togoi appeared to be a suitable laboratory vector for W. bancrofti.

Matched MeSH terms: Wuchereria bancrofti
Anopheles (Cellia) balabacensis Baisas is a vector of Wuchereria bancrofti in Sabah, Malaysia

Hii JL, Kan S, Foh CK, Chan MK

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1984;78(2):281-2.
PMID: 6380019
Matched MeSH terms: Wuchereria bancrofti
Anopheles flavirostris incriminated as a vector of malaria and Bancroftian filariasis in Banggi Island, Sabah, Malaysia

Hii JL, Kan S, Vun YS, Chin KF, Lye MS, Mak JW, et al.

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1985;79(5):677-80.
PMID: 3913069

Seven villages in Banggi Island, Sabah, Malaysia, were surveyed four times to evaluate the roles of local mosquitoes as vectors of malaria and Bancroftian filariasis. 11 species of Anopheles were found biting man. 53.9% of the anophelines caught were An. flavirostris, 27.1% An. balabacensis, 6% An. donaldi and 4.2% An. subpictus. Infective malaria sporozoites, probably of human origin, were found in two of 336 An. flavirostris and 12 of 308 An. balabacensis. Sporozoites, probably of a non-human Plasmodium, were found in An. umbrosus. Nine of 1001 An. flavirostris and four of 365 An. balabacensis harboured L2 or L3 filarial larvae identified as those of Wuchereria bancrofti. This is the first record of An. flavirostris as a natural vector of malaria and W. bancrofti in Sabah.

Matched MeSH terms: Wuchereria bancrofti
Heterogeneous response of Wuchereria bancrofti-infected persons to diethylcarbamazine (DEC) and its implications for the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF)

Sankari T, Subramanian S, Hoti SL, Pani SP, Jambulingam P, Das PK

Parasitol Res, 2021 Jan;120(1):311-319.
PMID: 33146778 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06950-7

DEC or ivermectin (IVM) in combination with albendazole (ALB) has been the recommended strategy of the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) since 2000. Despite effective population coverage (> 65%) with several rounds of MDA with DEC or combination of DEC plus ALB, microfilariae persist in few individuals and they continue to be the source of infection for transmitting LF. We report an individual's variability in response to DEC by defining the response as complete absence of microfilaria (mf) (post-treatment mf count = 0) and non-response as presence of mf (post-treatment mf count ≥ 1). We analyzed follow-up data on individual's response to treatment from two randomized clinical trials in which 46 microfilaremic individuals were treated with single-dose DEC (6 mg/kg body weight). They were classified into low, medium, and high mf density categories based on their pre-treatment mf counts. Of the 46 individuals, 65.2% have not responded throughout the 12-month post-treatment period. Application of a logistic regression model with fixed (age, gender, mf density, post-treatment time, and their interactions) and random (individual's response over time) effects indicated that treatment response is independent of age, gender, and time. The overall treatment response increases in low and decreases in high mf density categories. Furthermore, the estimates for the random coefficients model showed that there is a greater variability in response between individuals over post-treatment time. The results substantiate that individual variation in response to DEC exists which indicate the importance of studying the parasite as well as host genetic factors associated with DEC action.

Matched MeSH terms: Wuchereria bancrofti/drug effects*
Fulltext Lymphatic Filariasis Presenting as a Swelling over the Upper Arm: A Case Report

Sharma GM, Bhardwaj AR, Relwani NR, Dubey S

Malays Orthop J, 2018 Mar;12(1):63-65.
PMID: 29725519 DOI: 10.5704/MOJ.1803.016

Filariasis continues to be one of the endemic problems worldwide with 40% of the cases in India. We report a case of lymphatic filariasis in a 32-year old female who presented with a non-tender swelling over left upper arm. Blood sample showed no eosinophilia while the FNAC was diagnostic of W. bancrofti. Patient responded well with oral diethylcarbamazine. High index of suspicion of filariasis is indicated when dealing with a swelling of unknown cause especially in filariasis endemic areas.

Matched MeSH terms: Wuchereria bancrofti
Fulltext A review of progress in the chemotherapy and control of filariasis since 1955

Hawking F

Bull World Health Organ, 1962;27:555-68.
PMID: 13953210

There has been little change since 1955 in the laboratory techniques for seeking new antifilarial compounds, although one valuable addition to laboratory study has been the experimental infection of cats with Brugia malayi.The chief drug for the treatment and control of filariasis-whether caused by Wuchereria bancrofti or by B. malayi-continues to be diethylcarbamazine, and the author reviews the reports recently published on its use. In India and China large-scale campaigns involving the use of this drug have been undertaken; and in Tahiti filariasis has been suppressed and almost eliminated. Campaigns on a smaller scale and pilot projects considered in this survey include those conducted in Pacific islands, Malaya, Ceylon, Brazil, Surinam and East and West Africa.It is generally agreed that the administration of diethylcarbamazine produces a great diminution in the microfilarial counts of those taking it, and in many persons both microfilariae and adult worms are eradicated. The difficulties which arise are due to toxic effects which occur in some recipients and which may adversely affect the acceptability of treatment.

Matched MeSH terms: Wuchereria bancrofti*
Fulltext Lymphatic pathology in asymptomatic and symptomatic children with Wuchereria bancrofti infection in children from Odisha, India and its reversal with DEC and albendazole treatment

Kar SK, Dwibedi B, Das BK, Agrawala BK, Ramachandran CP, Horton J

PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 2017 Oct;11(10):e0005631.
PMID: 29059186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005631

BACKGROUND: Once interruption of transmission of lymphatic filariasis is achieved, morbidity prevention and management becomes more important. A study in Brugia malayi filariasis from India has shown sub-clinical lymphatic pathology with potential reversibility. We studied a Wuchereria bancrofti infected population, the major contributor to LF globally.
METHODS: Children aged 5-18 years from Odisha, India were screened for W. bancrofti infection and disease. 102 infected children, 50 with filarial disease and 52 without symptoms were investigated by lymphoscintigraphy and then randomized to receive a supervised single oral dose of DEC and albendazole which was repeated either annually or semi-annually. The lymphatic pathology was evaluated six monthly for two years.
FINDINGS: Baseline lymphoscintigraphy showed abnormality in lower limb lymphatics in 80% of symptomatic (40/50) and 63·5% (33/52) of asymptomatic children. Progressive improvement in baseline pathology was seen in 70·8, 87·3, 98·6, and 98·6% of cases at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months follow up, while in 4·2, 22·5, 47·9 and 64·8%, pathology reverted to normal. This was independent of age (p = 0·27), symptomatic status (p = 0·57) and semi-annual/bi-annual dosing (p = 0·46). Six of eleven cases showed clinical reduction in lymphedema of legs.
INTERPRETATION: A significant proportion of a young W. bancrofti infected population exhibited lymphatic pathology which was reversible with annual dosage of DEC and albendazole. This provides evidence for morbidity prevention & treatment of early lymphedema. It can also be used as a tool to improve community compliance during mass drug administration.
TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov No CTRI/2013/10/004121.

Matched MeSH terms: Wuchereria bancrofti/isolation & purification
Fulltext Field demonstration of the usefulness of a model of 3D printed mosquito light trap made in Sabah

Shigeharu Sato, Tomonori Hoshi, Bumpei Tojo, Samson Yodot, Joni Jain

Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2019;15(106):80-80.
MyJurnal

Introduction: Collecting mosquitoes is essential for research in mosquito-borne diseases, but the light traps used for that purpose are expensive and often difficult to obtain around research fields. We designed a new 3D-printable mosquito light trap that can be made inexpensively anywhere where electricity is available (Hoshi et al, Scientific Reports, in press). In this study, we produced that trap in Sabah and demonstrated its usefulness in the field. Meth-ods: With a 3D printer, the main parts of the trap - body, lid, lamp stand and collection box - were printed in Kota Kinabalu using black polylactic acid (PLA) filaments purchased online. All other parts such as the computer fan and batteries were commercially available at local shops in Sabah. The parts were assembled into the complete units at Universiti Malaysia Sabah’s Rural Medical Education Centre (RMEC) in Sikuati, Kudat. Demonstration was performed at two sites in the Kudat district: RMEC campus and the premises of a local farm in Kampung Paradason. Results: The 3D traps collected 6 and 7 different species of mosquitoes at RMEC and Paradason sites, respectively. The numbers of mosquito species collected by the commercially-available CDC model-512 traps in parallel experiments were 2 (RMEC) and 10 (Paradason). The species collected by the 3D traps included Aedes albopictus (vector transmitting Dengue virus), Anopheles barbumbrosus (malaria), Culex quinquefasciatus (Wuchereria bancrofti, avian malaria, and arboviruses including Japanese encephalitis and Zika viruses) and Mansonia indiana (Brugia malayi). Conclu-sion: The 3D light trap which was produced in Sabah demonstrated its usefulness in the field tests performed in the Kudat district. This model can be used as an alternative to the rather expensive commercial light traps to collect the vector insects transmitting mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, Zika fever and filariasis.

Matched MeSH terms: Wuchereria bancrofti
Studies on human filariasis in Malaysia: the application of an indirect hemagglutination technique for immunodiagnosis

Singh M, Mackinlay LM, Kane GJ, Mak JW, Yap EH, Ho BC, et al.

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 1980 Jul;29(4):548-52.
PMID: 6996501

The indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test done with turkey red cells was applied to 173 serum samples obtained from patients and persons exposed to Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi in endemic areas of Peninsular Malaysia. A crude extract of adult worms of the rat filaria, Breinlia booliati, was used as the antigen. When a titer of 1:16 was taken as negative, positive IHA test rates in sera from microfilaria-negative persons in endemic areas, microfilaremic cases, and patients with clinical filariasis were 13%, 75%, and 80%, respectively. Results of the IHA test correlated well with results obtained with the indirect fluorescent technique.

Matched MeSH terms: Wuchereria bancrofti/immunology
Studies on human filariasis in Malaysia: immunodiagnosis using indirect immunofluorescence

Singh M, Kane GJ, Yap EH, Ho BC, Mak JW, Kang KL

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1979 Dec;10(4):486-97.
PMID: 395664

The indirect immunofluorescence test using sonicated microfilariae of Brugia malayi has been evaluated on 173 sera from patients and persons exposed to Wuchereria bancrofti and B. malayi in endemic areas of Peninsular Malaysia. In the microfilaria-negative group, without signs and symptoms of filariasis 55/62 sera (89%) had titers of 1:16 and less. In the microfilaremic groups and in the amicrofilaremic cases with clinical filariasis, all the sera tested were positive, with the antibody titers ranging generally from 1:16 - 1:256. Cross-reaction tests were done on 16 samples of onchocerciasis sera from West Africa using sonicated antigen as well as antigen-coated CNB1-activated sepharose. Antibody titers were detected in all the sera. The usefulness of the sonicated microfilarial antigen in serodiagnosis of filariasis is discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Wuchereria bancrofti/immunology
Studies on human filariasis in Malaysia: immunoglobulin and complement levels in persons infected with Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti

Joon-Wah M, Singh M, Yap EH, Ho BC, Kang KL

Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1979;73(4):395-9.
PMID: 400204

Levels of immunoglobulins G, A, M and E as well as complement components C3c and C4 have been determined in populations in various endemic areas in Peninsular Malaysia and also in filariasis patients. High immunoglobulin levels were seen. In the microfilarial-negative group IgG was 2009 mg% while IgE was 3967 I.U./ml. In the filariasis group, Wuchereria bancrofti patients had significantly higher levels of IgG, IgM and IgE, namely, 3314 mg%, 804 mg% and 18400 I.U./ml respectively. The significance of these levels is discussed.

Matched MeSH terms: Wuchereria bancrofti
Fulltext Epidemiological screening of lymphatic filariasis among immigrants using dipstick colloidal dye immunoassay

Wan Omar A, Sulaiman O, Yusof S, Ismail G, Fatmah MS, Rahmah N, et al.

Malays J Med Sci, 2001 Jul;8(2):19-24.
PMID: 22893756

We have recently reported that a dipstick colloidal dye immunoassay (DIA) that detect parasite antigens in human serum is sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of active infection of lymphatic filariasis. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies (RbBmCAg) labelled with a commercial dye, palanil navy blue was used to detect filarial antigenemia among Indonesian and Bangladeshi immigrant workers (N= 630) at oil palm estates at Hulu Trengganu District, Peninsular Malaysia. Microfilaremia with Brugia malayi were detected in 51 (8.10 %) individuals, of which 42 (6.67 %) were among the Indonesians and 9 (1.98 %) among the Bangladeshis. Microfilaremia with Wuchereria bancrofti were detected in 33 (5.24 %) individuals of which 15 (2.38 %) were among the Indonesians and 18 (2.86 %) among the Bangladeshis workers. The DIA detected 96 (15.24 %) antigenemic cases which comprise of all the microfilaremic cases and 15 (2.38 %) amicrofilaremic cases. The amicrofilaremic cases with filarial antigenemia consisted of 9 (1. 43 %) Indonesians and 6 (0.95%) Bangladeshis. We have used 6 ul of the RbBmCAg and diluted (1:10) patients' sera per dipstick which make the DIA reagent conservative. The DIA is a rapid test and can be read in approximate 2 hours.. Additionally, coloured dots developed in the DIA can be qualitatively assessed visually for intensity. The DIA does not require sophisticated equipment or radioactivity, and therefore suitable for field application.

Matched MeSH terms: Wuchereria bancrofti
A new collection record of Anoheles whartoni from the west coast of Peninsula Malaysia

Cheong WH, Mahadevan S, Loong KP

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1978 Sep;9(3):458-9.
PMID: 373133
Matched MeSH terms: Wuchereria bancrofti/isolation & purification
Fulltext Laboratory Evaluation of a Rapid IgG4 Antibody Test (BLF Rapid™) for Bancroftian Filariasis

Noordin R, Yunus MH, Robinson K, Won KY, Babu S, Fischer PU, et al.

Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2018 12;99(6):1587-1590.
PMID: 30350768 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0566

At the end phase of the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis, antibody testing may have a role in decision-making for bancroftian filariasis-endemic areas. This study evaluated the diagnostic performance of BLF Rapid™, a prototype immunochromatographic IgG4-based test using BmSXP recombinant protein, for detection of bancroftian filariasis. The test was evaluated using 258 serum samples, comprising 96 samples tested at Universiti Sains Malaysia (in-house) and 162 samples tested independently at three international laboratories in the USA and India, and two laboratories in Malaysia. The independent testing involved 99 samples from Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria or antigen positive individuals and 63 samples from people who were healthy or had other infections. The in-house evaluation showed 100% diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. The independent evaluations showed a diagnostic sensitivity of 84-100% and 100% specificity (excluding non-lymphatic filarial infections). BLF Rapid has potential as a surveillance diagnostic tool to make "Transmission Assessment Survey"-stopping decisions and conduct post-elimination surveillance.

Matched MeSH terms: Wuchereria bancrofti/immunology*; Wuchereria bancrofti/isolation & purification
Genetic aspects of lymphatic filariasis

Yong HS, Mak JW

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1993;24 Suppl 2:37-9.
PMID: 7973944

The genetics of human susceptibility to lymphatic filariasis, the genetic basis of filarial susceptibility in vector mosquitos, and the genetic constitution of human filarial parasites and their mosquito vectors are reviewed. It is evident that our present knowledge on the genetics of lymphatic filariasis is still very meagre. The need to study various genetic aspects of the disease is highlighted.

Matched MeSH terms: Wuchereria bancrofti/genetics
Advances in immunology and immunopathology of lymphatic filariasis

Mak JW

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1993;24 Suppl 2:76-81.
PMID: 7973952

The lymphatic filarial parasites which affect about 90 million people worldwide have similar host-parasite relationships in man. They are all able to survive, reproduce and cause chronic infections if they can successfully evade the protective responses of the host. Studies to investigate the wide spectrum of clinical manifestations of the infection even among those living in similar endemic areas and with presumed equal exposure to infective larvae, have been hampered by the lack of animal models showing similar host-parasite responses. The recent use of the nude mouse infected with Brugia spp, and the leaf-monkey (Presbytis spp) infected with B. malayi or Wuchereria spp for the study of immune responses and the associated pathology of these infections, has elucidated some of the host protective immune responses as well as the associated immunopathological reactions. The successfully entrenched parasite elicits minimal reactions and pathology, but with the onset of effective host responses, whether assisted by chemotherapy, development of protective immunity or both, severe inflammatory responses may occur. The role of such immune mediated response in determining subsequent pathology will probably be dependent on the frequency and duration of these episodes, but these have yet to be defined. Prenatal and perinatal sensitization by filarial antigens are postulated to result in tolerance and/or modification of immune responses to subsequent infections. A role for genetic predisposition to certain clinical outcomes, for example, the development of elephantiasis, has been postulated but needs further study. Advances have also been achieved in defining those parasite antigens/products involved in eliciting or suppressing protective and other immune responses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Matched MeSH terms: Wuchereria bancrofti/immunology*
Problems in filariasis control and the need for human behaviour and socio-economic research

Mak JW

Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 1986 Sep;17(3):479-85.
PMID: 3551094
Matched MeSH terms: Wuchereria bancrofti
Fulltext Pathology of lymphatic filariasis

Mak JW

International e-Journal of Science, Medicine & Education, 2012;6 Suppl:S80-86.
MyJurnal

Developing and adult worms of the human lymphatic filarial parasites (Wuchereria bancrofti,
Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori) are located mainly in the lymphatic system and occasionally in aberrant sites like subcutaneous and conjunctival cysts. Lymphatic
pathology ranging from dilatation of lymphatic channels and lymphangiectasia are detected on ultrasonography in apparently healthy, amicrofilaraemic, but filarial antigen positive individuals in endemic areas. Microfilariae are distributed in various organs and may be associated with immune mediated pathology at these sites; tropical pulmonary eosinophilia is characterized by intense immune mediated destruction of microfilariae in the lung parenchyma. In the spleen and other sites, nodular granulomatous lesions can occur where microfilariae are trapped and destroyed. The finding of Wolbachia endosymbionts in all stages of lymphatic filarial parasites has provided new insight on the adverse reactions
associated with anti-filarial chemotherapy. Inflammatory molecules mainly lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-like molecules released from endosymbionts on death of the
parasites are largely responsible for the adverse reactions encountered during anti-filarial chemotherapy. Prenatal tolerance or sensitization to parasite derived molecules can immune-modulate and contribute to both pathology and susceptibility/resistance to infection. Pathological responses thus depend not only on exposure to filarial antigens/infection, but also on host-parasiteendosymbiont factors and to intervention with antifilarial treatment. Treatment induced or host mediated death of parasites are associated with various grades of inflammatory response, in which eosinophils and LPS from endosymbionts play prominent roles, leading to death of the parasite, granulomatous formation, organization and fibrosis. The non-human primate (Presbytis spp.) model of
Brugia malayi developed for the tertiary screening of anti-filarial compounds has provided unique opportunities for the longitudinal study of the pathology associated with lymphatic filariasis. The pathology in this non-human primate model closely follows that seen in
human lymphatic filarial infections and correlates with clinical evidence of lymphatic pathology as detected with ultrasonography. These studies also show that successful treatment as detected by loss of motility and calcification of worms on ultrasonography is associated with reversal of early dilatations of lymphatic channels.

Matched MeSH terms: Wuchereria bancrofti

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