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  1. de Vries M, de Ruiter MA, Oostrom KJ, Schouten-Van Meeteren AYN, Maurice-Stam H, Oosterlaan J, et al.
    Child Neuropsychol, 2018 08;24(6):844-858.
    PMID: 28693404 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2017.1350262
    Pediatric brain tumor survivors (PBTS) suffer from cognitive late effects, such as deteriorating executive functioning (EF). We explored the suitability of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) to screen for these late effects. We assessed the relationship between the BRIEF and EF tasks, and between the BRIEF-Parent and BRIEF-Teacher, and we explored the clinical utility. Eighty-two PBTS (8-18 years) were assessed with EF tasks measuring attention, cognitive flexibility, inhibition, visual-, and working memory (WM), and with the BRIEF-Parent and BRIEF-Teacher. Pearson's correlations between the BRIEF and EF tasks, and between the BRIEF-Parent and BRIEF-Teacher were calculated. The BRIEF-Parent related poorly to EF tasks (rs < .26, ps > .01), but of the BRIEF-Teacher the WM-scale, Monitor-scale, Behavioral-Regulation-Index, and Meta-cognition-Index, and Total-score (rs > .31, ps < .01) related significantly to some EF tasks. When controlling for age, only the WM scale and Total score related significantly to the attention task (ps < .01). The inhibit scales of the BRIEF-Parent and BRIEF-Teacher correlated significantly (r = .33, p < .01). Children with clinically elevated scores on BRIEF scales that correlated with EF tasks performed worse on all EF tasks (ds 0.56-1.23, ps < .05). The BRIEF-Teacher Total and Index scores might better screen general EF in PBTS than the BRIEF-Parent. However, the BRIEF-Teacher is also not specific enough to capture separate EFs. Solely relying on the BRIEF as a screening measure of EFs in BPTS is insufficient. Questionnaires and tasks give distinctive, valuable information.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brain Neoplasms/diagnosis*; Brain Neoplasms/mortality; Brain Neoplasms/pathology
  2. Zurin AA, Houkin K, Asano T, Ishikawa T, Abe H
    Neurol. Med. Chir. (Tokyo), 1997 Jul;37(7):542-5.
    PMID: 9259154
    An 8-year-old girl presented with fibromuscular dysplasia of the intracranial vessels manifesting as ischemic stroke. Neuroimaging showed infarction of the right putamen and ipsilateral frontal white matter. Angiography revealed "string of beads" sign involving the terminal portion of the right internal carotid artery and the horizontal segment of the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery. She was treated conservatively. Magnetic resonance angiography at 2 months post ictus showed similar findings in the middle cerebral artery but improvement of the stenosis of the internal carotid artery. Her neurological deficits had almost resolved. Fibromuscular dysplasia should be part of the differential diagnosis of ischemia in children.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brain Ischemia/etiology*
  3. Zuraini Jusoh, Nur Amirah Zainal, Nurhidayah Abu Bakar, Dina Adriana Mohd Rahmatullah, Nur Zulaikha Ab Rahman, Farah Adibah Ahmad Zaifuddin, et al.
    Jurnal Inovasi Malaysia, 2020;4(1):132-149.
    MyJurnal
    Students need the used of reference materials because they want to save their money for daily expenses. It is also as their side income if they become as a seller. However, the available buying and selling process using Whatsapp as a medium seen inefficient because the user was faced with several problems. Among the problems were incomplete advertisements information, sale status cannot be updated automatically and the process of buying and selling takes too long. Therefore, the construction of the BOOKU webpage is recommended to solve the problems. There was a several methods used in problem selection phase such as brain storming, preliminary study of problems, verification and validation as well as T-shape Matrix. Ishikawa diagram has been used to identify the cause and effect of the problem in terms of material, process, human and environmental factors. A review from user also was carried out to obtain an endorsement of the problem in hand. Then the SWOT analysis method was used to assess the suggestion solution. After the completion construction of BOOKU webpage, a few trials were carried out to ensure the BOOKU webpage functioned properly. Again, a review from the user was carried out based on the trials results. The result showed majority of users was agreed on the BOOKU webpage as a good solution for identified problems. The BOOKU webpage can provide a completed advertisement, automatically updated the sale status and the buying and selling process has been shorten from seven days to one day. For the spin-off project, the BOOKU website is planned to be devoted to the borrowing service for used of reference materials. Meanwhile for the purpose of replicating, the BOOKU webpage can be adapted in the school level. In conclusion, the BOOKU webpage can increase the quality of available process. It also can optimize the use of manpower and time.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brain
  4. Zulkifli, A.F., Tham, L.G., Perumal, N., Azzeme, A., Shukor, M.Y., Shaharuddin, N.A., et al.
    MyJurnal
    Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is usually used as an inhibitive assay for insecticides. A lesser
    known property of AChE is its inhibition by heavy metals. In this work we evaluate an AChE
    from brains of striped snakehead (Channa striatus) wastes from aquaculture industry as an
    inhibitive assay for heavy metals. We discovered that the AChE was inhibited almost completely
    by Hg2+, Ag2+ and Cu2+ during an initial screening. When tested at various concentrations, the
    heavy metals exhibited exponential decay type inhibition curves. The calculated IC50 for the
    heavy metals Hg2+, Ag2+, Pb2+, Cu2+ and Cr6+ were 0.08432, 0.1008, 0.1255, 0.0871, and 0.1771,
    respectively. The IC50 for these heavy metals are comparable and some are lower than the IC50
    values from the cholinesterases from previously studied fish. The assay can be carried out in less
    than 30 minutes at ambient temperature.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brain
  5. Zulkifli I, Che Norma MT, Israf DA, Omar AR
    Br Poult Sci, 2002 Mar;43(1):141-5.
    PMID: 12003331
    1. This study was conducted to determine the effect of early-age food restriction on heat shock protein (hsp) 70 synthesis in the brains of female broiler chickens exposed to high ambient temperatures. 2. Chicks were brooded for 3 weeks and then maintained at 24+/-1 degrees C. 3. On d 0, chicks were assigned to one of 4 feeding regimens; each regimen was applied to 4 cages of chicks. The regimens were: (1) ad libitum feeding (AL); (2) 80% food restriction at 4, 5 and 6 d of age (F80); (3) 60% food restriction at 4, 5, and 6 d of age (F60); and (4) 40% food restriction at 4, 5 and 6 d of age (F40). From d 35 to d 41, all chicks were subjected to 38+/-1 degrees C for 2 h/d. 4. One day following food restriction (d 7), hsp 70 expression in the brain samples of F60 and F40 chicks was augmented but not those fed AL and F80. 5. Prior to the heat challenge (d 35), all chicks had similar hsp 70 response. Irrespective of feeding regimen, there was a marked increase in hsp 70 expression after 4 d of heat treatment (d 38). Following 7 d of heat exposure (d 41), except for the F60 chicks, the augmented hsp 70 expression in the brains of AL, F80 and F40 birds was not maintained. 6. Enhancement of hsp 70 expression was noted in birds subjected to F60, but not AL, F80 or F40, throughout the period of heat exposure.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brain Chemistry/physiology*
  6. Zulkifli I, Akmal AF, Soleimani AF, Hossain MA, Awad EA
    Poult Sci, 2018 Apr 01;97(4):1306-1314.
    PMID: 29381776 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex436
    A study with a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement was conducted to investigate the effects of 4 dietary protein levels and 2 environmental conditions on acute phase proteins (APP), brain heat shock protein (HSP) 70 density, and growth performance of broiler chickens. Day-old broiler chicks (Cobb 500) were fed isocaloric diets but with various levels of crude protein (CP), namely, (1) 21.0 and 19.0% CP in starter and finisher diets, respectively (control), (2) 19.5 and 17.5% CP in starter and finisher diets, respectively (Diet A), (3) 18.0 and 16.0% CP in starter and finisher diets, respectively (Diet B), and (4) 16.5 and 14.5% CP in starter and finisher diets, respectively (Diet C). Equal numbers of birds from each diet were subjected to either 23±1°C throughout or 33±1°C for 6 h per d from 22 to 35 d of age. From d 1 to 21, feed intake (FI) and weight gain (WG) decreased linearly (P = 0.021 and P = 0.009, respectively), as CP level was reduced. During the heat treatment period (d 22 to 35), there were significant (P = 0.04) diet × heat treatment interactions for FCR. Diet had no effect on FCR among the unheated birds, but the ratio increased linearly (P = 0.007) as dietary CP level decreased. Irrespective of ambient temperature, there was a significant linear decrease in FI (P = 0.032) and WG (P < 0.001) as dietary CP level decreased. Low-CP diets improved the survivability of heat-stressed broilers when compared to those fed control diets. Low-CP diets linearly decreased (P < 0.01) APP (ovotransferrin and alpha-acid glycoprotein) responses. Both APP and HSP 70 reactions were elevated following heat treatment. In conclusion, feeding broilers with low-CP diets adversely affect the growth performance of broilers under heat stress condition. However, low-CP diets were beneficial in improving the survivability. Because APP are involved in the restoration of homeostasis, the adverse effect of low-CP diet on the synthesis of these proteins could be of concern.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brain/metabolism
  7. Zulkarnain S, Yunus N, Kandasamy R, Zun AB, Mat Zin AA
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2020 Oct 01;21(10):3085-3091.
    PMID: 33112571 DOI: 10.31557/APJCP.2020.21.10.3085
    OBJECTIVE: Glioma is the commonest primary malignant brain tumour. Diagnosis is made based on cytology smear, frozen section and histopathological examination. Intraoperative pathological diagnosis using either cytology smear, frozen section or combination of both, plays a crucial role in patient's future management and prognosis. This study aims to determine the accuracy of cytology smear and frozen section in glioma, and to compare the difference between both techniques.

    METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 22 cases of glioma diagnosed intraoperatively from January 2013 until August 2019 in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. The selected tissues were processed for cytology smear and frozen section. The remaining tissues were proceeded for paraffin section. The diagnosis was categorized as either low-grade or high-grade glioma based on cellularity, nuclear pleomorphism, mitotic count, microvascular proliferation and necrosis. The sensitivity and specificity of frozen section and cytology smears were determined based on paraffin section being as the gold standard. The accuracy of both techniques was compared using statistical analysis.

    RESULTS: The overall sensitivity and specificity of cytology smear were 100% and 76.9%, respectively. Meanwhile, the sensitivity and specificity of frozen section were 100% and 84.6%. There was no significant difference in diagnostic accuracy between cytology smear and frozen section in glioma (p>0.05).

    CONCLUSION: Cytology smears provides an alternative method for frozen section due to good cellularity and morphology on smear. Cytology smear is rapid, inexpensive, small amount of tissue requirement and less technical demand. This finding may benefit to the hospital or treatment centres where frozen section facility is unavailable.

    Matched MeSH terms: Brain Neoplasms/epidemiology; Brain Neoplasms/pathology*; Brain Neoplasms/surgery
  8. Zulazmi NA, Arulsamy A, Ali I, Zainal Abidin SA, Othman I, Shaikh MF
    CNS Neurosci Ther, 2021 04;27(4):381-402.
    PMID: 33539662 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13590
    Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide and has complicated underlying pathophysiology. Numerous TBI animal models have been developed over the past decade to effectively mimic the human TBI pathophysiology. These models are of mostly mammalian origin including rodents and non-human primates. However, the mammalian models demanded higher costs and have lower throughput often limiting the progress in TBI research. Thus, this systematic review aims to discuss the potential benefits of non-mammalian TBI models in terms of their face validity in resembling human TBI. Three databases were searched as follows: PubMed, Scopus, and Embase, for original articles relating to non-mammalian TBI models, published between January 2010 and December 2019. A total of 29 articles were selected based on PRISMA model for critical appraisal. Zebrafish, both larvae and adult, was found to be the most utilized non-mammalian TBI model in the current literature, followed by the fruit fly and roundworm. In conclusion, non-mammalian TBI models have advantages over mammalian models especially for rapid, cost-effective, and reproducible screening of effective treatment strategies and provide an opportunity to expedite the advancement of TBI research.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brain Injuries, Traumatic/pathology*; Brain Injuries, Traumatic/physiopathology*
  9. Zolkefley MKI, Firwana YMS, Hatta HZM, Rowbin C, Nassir CMNCM, Hanafi MH, et al.
    J Phys Ther Sci, 2021 Jan;33(1):75-83.
    PMID: 33519079 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.33.75
    [Purpose] Understanding the essential mechanisms in post-stroke recovery not only provides important basic insights into brain function and plasticity but can also guide the development of new therapeutic approaches for stroke patients. This review aims to give an overview of how various variables of Magnetic Resonance-Diffusion Tensor Imaging (MR-DTI) metrics of fractional anisotropy (FA) can be used as a reliable quantitative measurement and indicator of corticospinal tract (CST) changes, particularly in relation to functional motor outcome correlation with a Fugl-Meyer assessment in stroke rehabilitation. [Methods] PubMed electronic database was searched for the relevant literature, using key words of diffusion tensor imaging (dti), corticospinal tract, and stroke. [Results] We reviewed the role of FA in monitoring CST remodeling and its role of predicting motor recovery after stroke. We also discussed the mechanism of CST remodeling and its modulation from the value of FA and FMA-UE. [Conclusion] Heterogeneity of post-stroke brain disorganization and motor impairment is a recognized challenge in the development of accurate indicators of CST integrity. DTI-based FA measurements offer a reliable and evidence-based indicator for CST integrity that would aid in predicting motor recovery within the context of stroke rehabilitation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brain
  10. Zhukova N, Rajagopal R, Lam A, Coleman L, Shipman P, Walwyn T, et al.
    Cancer Med, 2019 01;8(1):40-50.
    PMID: 30569607 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1799
    In pediatric low-grade gliomas not amenable to complete resection, various chemotherapy regimens are the mainstream of treatment. An excellent overall survival of these patients makes justification of the intensification of chemotherapy difficult and calls for the development of new strategies. Bevacizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), has been successfully used in combination with irinotecan in a number of adult and pediatric studies and reports. Fifteen patients at median age of 7 years old (range 3 months to 15 years) were treated with bevacizumab in combination with conventional low-toxicity chemotherapy. The majority had chiasmatic/hypothalamic and midline tumors, seven had confirmed BRAF pathway alterations including neurofibromatosis type 1 (2). Fourteen patients had more than one progression and three had radiotherapy. No deaths were documented, PFS at 11 and 15 months was 71.5% ± 13.9% and 44.7% ± 17.6% respectively. At the end of follow-up 40% of patients has radiologically stable disease, three patients progressed shortly after completion of bevacizumab and two showed mixed response with progression of cystic component. Rapid visual improvement was seen in 6/8 patients, resolution of endocrine symptoms in 2/4 and motor function improvement in 4/6. No relation between histology or BRAF status and treatment response was observed. Treatment-limiting toxicities included grade 4 proteinuria (2) and hypertension (2) managed with cessation (1) and pausing of therapy plus antihypertensives (1). In conclusion, bevacizumab is well tolerated and appears most effective for rapid tumor control to preserve vision and improve morbidity.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brain Neoplasms/drug therapy*
  11. Zhou K, He S, Zhou Y, Popeska B, Kuan G, Chen L, et al.
    PMID: 33401384 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18010272
    This study aimed to examine the effects of three-months of classroom-based Brain Breaks Physical Activity Solution (Brain Breaks®) on attitudes toward physical activity levels of primary school children in Henan Province, China. The participants were 704 children enrolled in grades 3-5 who were randomly assigned to either an experimental or a control group. The experimental group participated in Brain Breaks® video intervention for 3-5 min daily, at low-to-moderate intensity for three consecutive months. The control group resumed their normal routine. The children's attitudes in both groups towards physical activity (PA) were evaluated using the self-reported Attitudes toward Physical Activity Scale (APAS), before and after the intervention. The effects of the intervention on APAS scores were analyzed using mixed model analysis of variance with Time as within-subject, and Group as between-subject factors. The analysis revealed evidence in support of the positive effect of classroom video interventions such as Brain Break on children's attitudes toward importance, fun, and trying to do their personal best in physical activity. Also revealed was the important role the teacher plays in this process.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brain
  12. Zhang YZ, Xiong CL, Lin XD, Zhou DJ, Jiang RJ, Xiao QY, et al.
    Infect Genet Evol, 2009 Jan;9(1):87-96.
    PMID: 19041424 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2008.10.014
    There have been three major rabies epidemics in China since the 1950s. To gain more insights into the molecular epidemiology of rabies viruses (RVs) for the third (the current) epidemic, we isolated RV from dogs and humans in major endemic areas, and characterized these isolates genetically by sequencing the entire glycoprotein (G) gene and the G-L non-coding region. These sequences were also compared phylogenetically with RVs isolated in China during previous epidemics and those around the world. Comparison of the entire G genes among the Chinese isolates revealed up to 21.8% divergence at the nucleotide level and 17.8% at the amino acid level. The available Chinese isolates could be divided into two distinct clades, each of which could be further divided into six lineages. Viruses in clade I include most of the Chinese viruses as well as viruses from southeast Asian countries including Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam. The viruses in the other clade were found infrequently in China, but are closely related to viruses distributed worldwide among terrestrial animals. Interestingly, most of the viruses isolated during the past 10 years belong to lineage A viruses within clade I whereas most of the viruses isolated before 1996 belong to other lineages within clades I and II. Our results indicated that lineages A viruses have been predominant during the past 10 years and thus are largely responsible for the third and the current epidemic in China. Our results also suggested that the Chinese RV isolates in clade I share a common recent ancestor with those circulating in southeast Asia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brain/virology
  13. Zhang T, Zhou Y, Su G, Shi D, Gopinath SCB, Lakshmipriya T, et al.
    J Anal Methods Chem, 2019;2019:5872347.
    PMID: 31662948 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5872347
    Hydrocephalus is widely known as "hydrocephaly" or "water in the brain," a building up of abnormal cerebrospinal fluid in the brain ventricles. Due to this abnormality, the size of the head becomes larger and increases the pressure in the skull. This pressure compresses the brain and causes damage to the brain. Identification by imaging techniques on the hydrocephalus is mandatory to treat the disease. Various methods and equipment have been used to image the hydrocephalus. Among them, computerized tomography (CT) scan and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are the most considered methods and gives accurate result of imaging. Apart from imaging, cerebrospinal fluid-based biomarkers are also used to identify the condition of hydrocephalus. This review is discussed on "hydrocephalus" and its imaging captured by CT scan and NMR to support the biomarker analysis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brain
  14. Zhang L, Feng XK, Ng YK, Li SC
    BMC Genomics, 2016 Aug 18;17 Suppl 4:430.
    PMID: 27556418 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2791-2
    BACKGROUND: Accurately identifying gene regulatory network is an important task in understanding in vivo biological activities. The inference of such networks is often accomplished through the use of gene expression data. Many methods have been developed to evaluate gene expression dependencies between transcription factor and its target genes, and some methods also eliminate transitive interactions. The regulatory (or edge) direction is undetermined if the target gene is also a transcription factor. Some methods predict the regulatory directions in the gene regulatory networks by locating the eQTL single nucleotide polymorphism, or by observing the gene expression changes when knocking out/down the candidate transcript factors; regrettably, these additional data are usually unavailable, especially for the samples deriving from human tissues.

    RESULTS: In this study, we propose the Context Based Dependency Network (CBDN), a method that is able to infer gene regulatory networks with the regulatory directions from gene expression data only. To determine the regulatory direction, CBDN computes the influence of source to target by evaluating the magnitude changes of expression dependencies between the target gene and the others with conditioning on the source gene. CBDN extends the data processing inequality by involving the dependency direction to distinguish between direct and transitive relationship between genes. We also define two types of important regulators which can influence a majority of the genes in the network directly or indirectly. CBDN can detect both of these two types of important regulators by averaging the influence functions of candidate regulator to the other genes. In our experiments with simulated and real data, even with the regulatory direction taken into account, CBDN outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches for inferring gene regulatory network. CBDN identifies the important regulators in the predicted network: 1. TYROBP influences a batch of genes that are related to Alzheimer's disease; 2. ZNF329 and RB1 significantly regulate those 'mesenchymal' gene expression signature genes for brain tumors.

    CONCLUSION: By merely leveraging gene expression data, CBDN can efficiently infer the existence of gene-gene interactions as well as their regulatory directions. The constructed networks are helpful in the identification of important regulators for complex diseases.

    Matched MeSH terms: Brain/metabolism; Brain/pathology
  15. Zamzuri I, Badrisyah I, Rahman GI, Pal HK, Muzaimi M, Jafri AM, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 2011 Oct;66(4):346-9.
    PMID: 22299555 MyJurnal
    Stereotactic radiosurgery uses a single fraction high dose radiation while stereotactic radiotherapy uses multifractionated lower dose focused radiation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brain Neoplasms/radiotherapy*; Brain Neoplasms/surgery*
  16. Zamzuri I, Rahman GI, Muzaimi M, Jafri AM, Nik Ruzman NI, Lutfi YA, et al.
    Med J Malaysia, 2012 Feb;67(1):121-2.
    PMID: 22582564 MyJurnal
    High grade gliomas, frequently with their infiltrative nature, often make the outcome from neurosurgical intervention alone unsatisfactory. It is recognized that adjuvant radiochemotherapy approaches offer an improved prognosis. For these reasons, we opted for surgical debulking, intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) in combination with whole brain irradiation therapy and chemotherapy (temozolamide cycles) in the management of a 42 year-old lady with Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM). Her troublesome symptoms improved after 3 months of this polymodal therapy and remained independently functional for more than two years.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brain Neoplasms/therapy*
  17. Zamzuri I, Idris NR, Mar W, Abdullah JM, Zakaria A, Biswal BM
    Med J Malaysia, 2006 Dec;61(5):621-5.
    PMID: 17623965 MyJurnal
    Precision Radiotherapy at high doses require a fixed, referable target point. The frame system fulfills the required criteria by making the target point relocatable and fixed within a stereotactic space. Since December 2001, we have treated 28 central and peripheral nervous system lesions using either radiosurgery as a single high dose fraction or fractionated 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy using a lower dose and a multi-leaf collimator. Various pathological lesions either benign or malignant were treated. Eighty six percent of our treated lesions showed growth restraint, preventing them from causing new symptoms with a median follow-up duration of 20.5 months. However, the true benefit from this technique would require a long-term follow-up to document the progress.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brain Neoplasms/radiotherapy*
  18. Zakir H, Fathilah A, Bakri M, Kitagawa J
    Sains Malaysiana, 2015;44:593-597.
    The fundamental pattern of chewing induced by the network of neurons called central pattern generator has been reported
    to be modified by the information arising from the various oro-facial sensory receptors including muscle spindles of jaw
    closing muscles. The cell bodies of primary afferent neurons from these muscle spindles lie in mesencephalic trigeminal
    nucleus (MTN) in the brainstem. The aim of the study was to understand whether muscle spindles from jaw-closing
    muscles play any role in hard food chewing. Single neuronal discharge of muscle spindle afferents was recorded from the
    MTN simultaneous with jaw-movement and electromyograpic (EMG) activities of the left masseter (jaw-closing) muscle
    during chewing soft and hard foods (apple and pellet) in awake rabbits. Ten consecutive chewing cycles were taken for
    analysis. Discharge of nineteen muscle spindles from seven rabbits was successfully recorded. Muscle-spindle discharge
    was significantly higher during the closing phase of jaw-movement for the hard food chewing than for the soft food. The
    jaw-closing muscle EMG activity was significantly higher during hard food chewing compared to soft food. The spindle
    discharge was higher when the masseter muscle activity was greater for chewing hard food. Significant positive (r=0.822,
    p=<0.001) correlation was found between the difference of muscle activity between apple and pellet and the difference
    of spindle discharge between apple and pellet. Above findings suggest that the increase of spindle discharge during
    hard food chewing may play a role for facilitating jaw-closing muscle activities and thereby provides servo-assistance
    to jaw-closing muscles to compensate the hardness of food.
    Matched MeSH terms: Brain Stem
  19. Zakaria MN, Jalaei B, Wahab NA
    Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 2016 Feb;273(2):349-54.
    PMID: 25682179 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-015-3555-3
    For estimating behavioral hearing thresholds, auditory steady state response (ASSR) can be reliably evoked by stimuli at low and high modulation frequencies (MFs). In this regard, little is known regarding ASSR thresholds evoked by stimuli at different MFs in female and male participants. In fact, recent data suggest that 40-Hz ASSR is influenced by estrogen level in females. Hence, the aim of the present study was to determine the effect of gender and MF on ASSR thresholds in young adults. Twenty-eight normally hearing participants (14 males and 14 females) were enrolled in this study. For each subject, ASSR thresholds were recorded with narrow-band chirps at 500, 1,000, 2,000, and 4,000 Hz carrier frequencies (CFs) and at 40 and 90 Hz MFs. Two-way mixed ANOVA (with gender and MF as the factors) revealed no significant interaction effect between factors at all CFs (p > 0.05). The gender effect was only significant at 500 Hz CF (p < 0.05). At 500 and 1,000 Hz CFs, mean ASSR thresholds were significantly lower at 40 Hz MF than at 90 Hz MF (p < 0.05). Interestingly, at 2,000 and 4,000 Hz CFs, mean ASSR thresholds were significantly lower at 90 Hz MF than at 40 Hz MF (p < 0.05). The lower ASSR thresholds in females might be due to hormonal influence. When recording ASSR thresholds at low MF, we suggest the use of gender-specific normative data so that more valid comparisons can be made, particularly at 500 Hz CF.
    Matched MeSH terms: Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem/physiology*
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