Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 42 in total

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  1. Yuandani, Jantan I, Husain K
    BMC Complement Altern Med, 2017 Apr 11;17(1):211.
    PMID: 28399868 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1726-z
    BACKGROUND: Gynura segetum is used traditionally to treat various ailments related to the immune system, which include cancer, inflammation, rheumatism, diabetes, hypertension, and viral infections but little studies have been carried out to validate their ethnopharmacological aspects. In this study the immunosuppressive effects of G. segetum and its constituents were investigated.

    METHODS: Isolation of compounds from G. segetum leaves was conducted using vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) and column chromatography (CC). Two new compounds, namely 4,5,4'-trihydroxychalcone and 8,8'-(ethene-1,2-diyl)-dinaphtalene-1,4,5-triol, together with stigmasterol and β-sitosterol were isolated from G. segetum methanol extract and their structures were determined spectroscopically. The presence of gallic acid and rutin in the extract was determined quantitatively by a validated HPLC method. G. segetum methanol extract and its constituents were investigated for their effects on chemotaxis, phagocytosis, β2 integrin (CD18) expression, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), lymphocytes proliferation, cytokine release and nitric oxide (NO) production of phagocytes.

    RESULTS: All the samples significantly inhibited all the innate immune responses tested except CD 18 expression on surface of leukocytes. Among the samples, 8,8'-(ethene-1,2-diyl)-dinaphtalene-1,4,5-triol exhibited the strongest inhibitory on chemotaxis, phagocytosis, ROS and NO production. The compound exhibited exceptionally strong inhibitions on ROS and chemotaxis activities with IC50 values lower than the positive controls, aspirin and ibuprofen, respectively. 4,5,4'-Trihydroxychalcone revealed the strongest immunosuppressive activity on proliferation of lymphocytes (IC50 value of 1.52 μM) and on release of IL-1β (IC50 value of 6.69 μM). Meanwhile rutin was the most potent sample against release of TNF-α from monocytes (IC50, 16.96 μM).

    CONCLUSION: The extract showed strong immunosuppressive effects on various components of the immune system and these activities were possibly contributed mainly by 4,5,4'-trihydroxychalcone, 8,8'-(ethene-1,2-diyl)-dinaphtalene-1,4,5-triol and rutin.

    Matched MeSH terms: Chalcone/pharmacology*
  2. Alias Y, Awang K, Hadi AH, Thoison O, Sévenet T, Païs M
    J Nat Prod, 1995 Aug;58(8):1160-6.
    PMID: 7595585
    Bioassay-guided fractionation of an ethyl acetate extract of Fissistigma lanuginosum led to the isolation of the known chalcone pedicin [1], which inhibited tubulin assembly into microtubules (IC50 value of 300 microM). From the same EtOAc fraction, two new condensed chalcones, fissistin [2] and isofissistin [3], which showed cytotoxicity against KB cells, were also obtained, together with the inactive dihydropedicin [4] and 6,7-dimethoxy-5,8-dihydroxyflavone [5]. In addition, the aminoquinones 6, 8, and 9 were isolated from the alkaloid extract. These compounds were artifacts, prepared by treatment of 1, 4, and 2, respectively, with NH4OH. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by spectral methods, especially 2D nmr.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chalcone/analogs & derivatives*; Chalcone/isolation & purification; Chalcone/pharmacology
  3. Bukhari SN, Jantan I, Jasamai M
    Mini Rev Med Chem, 2013 Jan;13(1):87-94.
    PMID: 22876943
    Chalcones (1, 3-Diphenyl-2-propen-1-one) are constituted by a three carbon α, β-unsaturated carbonyl system. The biosynthesis of flavonoids and isoflavonoids is initiated by chalcones. Notable pharmacological activities of chalcones and its derivatives include anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antibacterial, antimalarial, antituberculosis, antitumor, antimicrobial and antiviral effects respectively. Owing to simplicity of the chemical structures and a huge variety of pharmacological actions exhibited, the entities derived from chalcones are subjected to extensive consideration. This review article is an effort to sum up the anti-inflammatory activities of chalcone derived chemical entities. Effect of chalcones on lipid peroxidation, heme oxygenase 1(HO-1), cyclooxygenase (COX), interleukin 5 (IL-5), nitric oxide (NO) and expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAM) is summarized stepwise.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chalcone/analogs & derivatives*; Chalcone/pharmacology*; Chalcone/therapeutic use
  4. Badroon NA, Abdul Majid N, Alshawsh MA
    Nutrients, 2020 Jun 12;12(6).
    PMID: 32545423 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061757
    Liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer in terms of incidence and the fourth in terms of mortality. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents almost 90% of primary liver cancer and has become a major health problem globally. Cardamonin (CADMN) is a natural bioactive chalcone found in several edible plants such as cardamom and Alpinia species. Previous studies have shown that CADMN possesses anticancer activities against breast, lung, prostate and colorectal cancer. In the present study, the mechanisms underlying the anti-hepatocellular carcinoma effects of CADMN were investigated against HepG2 cells. The results demonstrated that CADMN has anti-proliferative effects and apoptotic action on HepG2 cells. CADMN showed potent cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells with an IC50 of 17.1 ± 0.592 μM at 72 h. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that CADMN arrests HepG2 cells in G1 phase and induces a significant increase in early and late apoptosis in a time-dependent manner. The mechanism by which CADMN induces apoptotic action was via activation of both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. Moreover, the findings of this study showed the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which inhibit the NF-κB pathway and further enhance the apoptotic process. Together, our findings further support the potential anticancer activity of CADMN as an alternative therapeutic agent against HCC.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chalcone; Chalcones
  5. Sambasevam Y, Omar Farouk AA, Tengku Mohamad TA, Sulaiman MR, Bharatham BH, Perimal EK
    Eur J Pharmacol, 2017 Feb 05;796:32-38.
    PMID: 27988285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.12.020
    Neuropathic pain arises from the injury of nervous system. The condition is extremely difficult to be treated due to the ineffectiveness and presence of various adverse effects of the currently available drugs. In the present study, we investigated the antiallodynic and antihyperlagesic properties of cardamonin, a naturally occurring chalcone in chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced neuropathic pain mice model. Our findings showed that single and repeated dose of intra-peritoneal administration of cardamonin (3, 10, 30mg/kg) significantly inhibited (P<0.001) the chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain using the Hargreaves plantar test, Randall-Selitto analgesiometer test, dynamic plantar anesthesiometer test and the cold plate test in comparison with the positive control drug used (amitriptyline hydrochloride, 20mg/kg, i.p.). Pre-treatment with naloxone hydrochloride (1mg/kg, i.p.) and naloxone methiodide (1mg/kg, s.c) significantly reversed the antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic effects of cardamonin in dynamic plantar anesthesiometer test and Hargreaves plantar test, respectively. In conclusion, the current findings demonstrated novel antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic effects of cardamonin through the activation of the opioidergic system both peripherally and centrally and may prove to be a potent lead compound for the development of neuropathic pain drugs in the future.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chalcone; Chalcones
  6. Moshawih S, Hadikhani P, Fatima A, Goh HP, Kifli N, Kotra V, et al.
    J Mol Graph Model, 2022 Dec;117:108307.
    PMID: 36096064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2022.108307
    A Laplacian scoring algorithm for gene selection and the Gini coefficient to identify the genes whose expression varied least across a large set of samples were the state-of-the-art methods used here. These methods have not been trialed for their feasibility in cheminformatics. This was a maiden attempt to investigate a complete comparative analysis of an anthraquinone and chalcone derivatives-based virtual combinatorial library. This computational "proof-of-concept" study illustrated the combinatorial approach used to explain how the structure of the selected natural products (NPs) undergoes molecular diversity analysis. A virtual combinatorial library (1.6 M) based on 20 anthraquinones and 24 chalcones was enumerated. The resulting compounds were optimized to the near drug-likeness properties, and the physicochemical descriptors were calculated for all datasets including FDA, Non-FDA, and NPs from ZINC 15. UMAP and PCA were applied to compare and represent the chemical space coverage of each dataset. Subsequently, the Laplacian score and Gini coefficient were applied to delineate feature selection and selectivity among properties, respectively. Finally, we demonstrated the diversity between the datasets by employing Murcko's and the central scaffolds systems, calculating three fingerprint descriptors and analyzing their diversity by PCA and SOM. The optimized enumeration resulted in 1,610,268 compounds with NP-Likeness, and synthetic feasibility mean scores close to FDA, Non-FDA, and NPs datasets. The overlap between the chemical space of the 1.6 M database was more prominent than with the NPs dataset. A Laplacian score prioritized NP-likeness and hydrogen bond acceptor properties (1.0 and 0.923), respectively, while the Gini coefficient showed that all properties have selective effects on datasets (0.81-0.93). Scaffold and fingerprint diversity indicated that the descending order for the tested datasets was FDA, Non-FDA, NPs and 1.6 M. Virtual combinatorial libraries based on NPs can be considered as a source of the combinatorial compound with NP-likeness properties. Furthermore, measuring molecular diversity is supposed to be performed by different methods to allow for comparison and better judgment.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chalcone*; Chalcones*
  7. Konidala SK, Kotra V, Danduga RCSR, Kola PK
    Bioorg Chem, 2020 11;104:104207.
    PMID: 32947135 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104207
    Four series of thirteen new coumarin-chalcone hybrids (DPCU 1-13, DPCT 1-13, DCCU 1-13 and DCCT 1-13) were designed and synthesized using Biginelli synthesis, Pechmann condensation, Acetylation, and Claisen-Schmidt reactions. Synthesized compounds were tested for insulin receptor in silico docking studies (PDB ID: 1IR3); DCCU 13 and DCCT 13 derivatives received the lowest docking score; Streptozocin (STZ) and Nicotinamide (NA) induced type II diabetes was tested for their anti-diabetic activity in rats. In vivo tests suggested that fasting blood glucose levels of animals treated with DCCU 13 (30 mg/kg body weight) and DCCT 13 (30 mg/kg body weight) were significantly and moderately suppressed, respectively, relative to fasting blood glucose levels of diabetic control animals. Similarly, therapy with DCCU 13 and DCCT 13 attenuated oxidative stress parameters such as lipid peroxidation (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and increased the glutathione (GSH) in the liver and pancreas in a dose-dependent manner. In comparison, therapy with DCCU 13 (30 mg/kg body weight) mitigated alterations in the histological architecture of the liver and pancreatic tissue. These results indicated that the hybrids DUUC 13 and DCCT 13 at 30 mg/kg had an anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant impact on STZ + NA mediated type II diabetes in rats. Further detailed work could be required to determine the precise mode of action of the anti-diabetic behavior of hybrids.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chalcone/administration & dosage; Chalcone/pharmacology*; Chalcone/chemistry
  8. Sanjeeva Murthy TN, Naveen S, Chidan Kumar CS, Veeraiah MK, Quah CK, Siddaraju BP, et al.
    Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun, 2018 Aug 01;74(Pt 8):1134-1137.
    PMID: 30116578 DOI: 10.1107/S2056989018010216
    In the title chalcone-thio-phene derivative, C13H6Cl3FOS, the aromatic rings are inclined to one another by 12.9 (2)°, and the thio-phene ring is affected by π-conjugation. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by C-H⋯F hydrogen bonds, forming an R22(8) ring motif. A Hirshfeld surface analysis was conducted to verify the contribution of the different inter-molecular inter-actions. The shape-index surface clearly shows that the two sides of the mol-ecules are involved in the same contacts with neighbouring mol-ecules and the curvedness plots show flat surface patches characteristic of planar stacking.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chalcone; Chalcones
  9. Hassan NH, Abdullah AA, Arshad S, Khalib NC, Razak IA
    Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun, 2016 May 1;72(Pt 5):716-9.
    PMID: 27308026 DOI: 10.1107/S2056989016006526
    In the title chalcone derivative, C16H11ClF2O2, the enone group adopts an E conformation. The dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 0.47 (9)° and an intra-molecular C-H⋯F hydrogen bond closes an S(6) ring. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked into a three-dimensional network by C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and aromatic π-π stacking inter-actions are also observed [centroid-centroid separation = 3.5629 (18) Å]. The inter-molecular inter-actions in the crystal structure were qu-anti-fied and analysed using Hirshfeld surface analysis.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chalcone; Chalcones
  10. Bindya S, Chidan Kumar CS, Naveen S, Siddaraju BP, Quah CK, Raihan MA
    Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun, 2019 Feb 01;75(Pt 2):264-267.
    PMID: 30800464 DOI: 10.1107/S205698901900104X
    In the title chalcone derivative, C15H9BrCl2O, the aryl rings are inclined to each by 14.49 (17)°, and the configuration about the C=C bond is E. There is a short intra-molecular C-H⋯Cl contact present resulting in the formation of an S(6) ring motif. In the crystal, the shortest inter-molecular contacts are Cl⋯O contacts [3.173 (3) Å] that link the mol-ecules to form a 21 helix propagating along the b-axis direction. The helices stack up the short crystallographic a axis, and are linked by offset π-π inter-actions [inter-centroid distance = 3.983 (1) Å], forming layers lying parallel to the ab plane. A qu-anti-fication of the inter-molecular contacts in the crystal were estimated using Hirshfeld surface analysis and two-dimensional fingerprint plots.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chalcone; Chalcones
  11. Wong QA, Chia TS, Kwong HC, Chidan Kumar CS, Quah CK, Arafath MA
    Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun, 2019 Jan 01;75(Pt 1):53-57.
    PMID: 30713733 DOI: 10.1107/S2056989018017450
    The mol-ecular structure of the title chalcone derivative, C15H10FNO3, is nearly planar and the mol-ecule adopts a trans configuration with respect to the C=C double bond. The nitro group is nearly coplanar with the attached benzene ring, which is nearly parallel to the second benzene ring. In the crystal, mol-ecules are connected by pairs of weak inter-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into inversion dimers. The dimers are further linked by another C-H⋯O hydrogen bond and a C-H⋯F hydrogen bond into sheets parallel to (104). π-π inter-actions occur between the sheets, with a centroid-centroid distance of 3.8860 (11) Å. Hirshfeld surface analysis was used to investigate and qu-antify the inter-molecular inter-actions.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chalcone; Chalcones
  12. Bukhari SN, Franzblau SG, Jantan I, Jasamai M
    Med Chem, 2013 Nov;9(7):897-903.
    PMID: 23305394
    Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is amongst the foremost infectious diseases. Treatment of tuberculosis is a complex process due to various factors including a patient's inability to persevere with a combined treatment regimen, the difficulty in eradicating the infection in immune-suppressed patients, and multidrug resistance (MDR). Extensive research circumscribing molecules to counteract this disease has led to the identification of many inhibitory small molecules. Among these are chalcone derivatives along with curcumin analogs. In this review article, we summarize the reported literature regarding anti tubercular activity of chalcone derivatives and synthetic curcumin analogs. Our goal is to provide an analysis of research to date in order to facilitate the synthesis of superior antitubercular chalcone derivatives and curcumin analogs.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chalcone/pharmacology*; Chalcone/therapeutic use; Chalcone/chemistry
  13. Suwito H, Jumina, Mustofa, Pudjiastuti P, Fanani MZ, Kimata-Ariga Y, et al.
    Molecules, 2014 Dec 19;19(12):21473-88.
    PMID: 25532844 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191221473
    Some chalcones have been designed and synthesized using Claisen-Schmidt reactions as inhibitors of the ferredoxin and ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase interaction to pursue a new selective antimalaria agent. The synthesized compounds exhibited inhibition interactions between PfFd-PfFNR in the range of 10.94%-50%. The three strongest inhibition activities were shown by (E)-1-(4-aminophenyl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (50%), (E)-1-(4-aminophenyl)-3-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (38.16%), and (E)-1-(4-aminophenyl)-3-(2,3-dimethoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (31.58%). From the docking experiments we established that the amino group of the methoxyamino chlacone derivatives plays an important role in the inhibition activity by electrostatic interaction through salt bridges and that it forms more stable and better affinity complexes with FNR than with Fd.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chalcone/analogs & derivatives*; Chalcone/chemical synthesis*
  14. Tan BC, Tan SK, Wong SM, Ata N, Rahman NA, Khalid N
    PMID: 25883671 DOI: 10.1155/2015/451870
    The distribution patterns of flavonoids and cyclohexenyl chalcone derivatives in conventional propagated (CP) and in vitro-derived (CPA) field-grown plants of an important medicinal ginger, Boesenbergia rotunda, are described. A total of eight compounds were extracted from six organs (rootlet, rhizome, shoot base, maroon stem, stalk, and leaf) of the CP and CPA plants. Five major chromatographic peaks, namely, alpinetin, pinocembrin, pinostrobin, 4-hydroxypanduratin A, and panduratin A, were consistently observed by high performance liquid chromatography. Nonaerial organs had higher levels of flavonoids than the aerial ones for all types of samples. Among the compounds detected, pinostrobin and 4-hydroxypanduratin A were the most abundant flavonoid and cyclohexenyl chalcone derivative, respectively. The distribution and abundance of the bioactive compounds suggested that the shoot base could be more potentially useful for medicinal application than other organs of the plant and may be the site of storage or occurrence of biosynthetic enzymatic activities.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chalcone; Chalcones
  15. Liew YJM, Lee YK, Khalid N, Rahman NA, Tan BC
    PeerJ, 2020;8:e9094.
    PMID: 32391211 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9094
    Flavonoids and prenylated flavonoids are active components in medicinal plant extracts which exhibit beneficial effects on human health. Prenylated flavonoids consist of a flavonoid core with a prenyl group attached to it. This prenylation process is catalyzed by prenyltranferases (PTs). At present, only a few flavonoid-related PT genes have been identified. In this study, we aimed to investigate the roles of PT in flavonoid production. We isolated a putative PT gene (designated as BrPT2) from a medicinal ginger, Boesenbergia rotunda. The deduced protein sequence shared highest gene sequence homology (81%) with the predicted homogentisate phytyltransferase 2 chloroplastic isoform X1 from Musa acuminata subsp. Malaccensis. We then cloned the BrPT2 into pRI vector and expressed in B. rotunda cell suspension cultures via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The BrPT2-expressing cells were fed with substrate, pinostrobin chalcone, and their products were analyzed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. We found that the amount of flavonoids, namely alpinetin, pinostrobin, naringenin and pinocembrin, in BrPT2-expressing cells was higher than those obtained from the wild type cells. However, we were unable to detect any targeted prenylated flavonoids. Further in-vitro assay revealed that the reaction containing the BrPT2 protein produced the highest accumulation of pinostrobin from the substrate pinostrobin chalcone compared to the reaction without BrPT2 protein, suggesting that BrPT2 was able to accelerate the enzymatic reaction. The finding of this study implied that the isolated BrPT2 may not be involved in the prenylation of pinostrobin chalcone but resulted in high yield and production of other flavonoids, which is likely related to enzyme promiscuous activities.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chalcone; Chalcones
  16. Abu Bakar NA, Sulaiman MR, Lajis N, Akhtar MN, Mohamad AS
    J Pharm Bioallied Sci, 2020 Nov;12(Suppl 2):S711-S717.
    PMID: 33828366 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_344_19
    Introduction: Pain is a major global health issue, where its pharmacotherapy prompts unwanted side effects; hence, the development of effective alternative compounds from natural derivatives with lesser side effects is clinically needed. Chalcone; the precursors of flavonoid, and its derivatives have been widely investigated due to its pharmacological properties.

    Objective: This study addressed the therapeutic effect of 3-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(5-methyl furan-2-yl) prop-2-en-1-one (DMPF-1); synthetic chalcone derivative, on antinociceptive activity in vivo.

    Materials and Methods: The antinociceptive profile was evaluated using acetic-acid-induced abdominal writhing, hot plate, and formalin-induced paw licking test. Capsaicin, phorbol 12-myristate 12 acetate (PMA), and glutamate-induced paw licking test were carried out to evaluate their potential effects toward different targets.

    Results: It was shown that the doses of 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 5 mg/kg of DMPF-1 given via intraperitoneal injection showed significant reduction in writhing responses and increased the latency time in hot-plate test where reduced time spent on licking the injected paw in formalin and dose contingency inhibition was observed. The similar results were observed in capsaicin, PMA, and glutamate-induced paw licking test. In addition, the challenge with nonselective opioid receptor antagonist (naloxone) aimed to evaluate the involvement of the opioidergic system, which showed no reversion in analgesic profile in formalin and hot-plate test.

    Conclusion: Collectively, this study showed that DMPF-1 markedly inhibits both peripheral and central nociception through the mechanism involving an interaction with vanilloid and glutamatergic system regardless of the activation of the opioidergic system.

    Matched MeSH terms: Chalcone; Chalcones
  17. Bukhari SNA, Alotaibi NH, Ahmad W, Alharbi KS, Abdelgawad MA, Al-Sanea MM, et al.
    Med Chem, 2020 Sep 05.
    PMID: 32888274 DOI: 10.2174/1573406416666200905125038
    BACKGROUND: Ligustrazine and chalcones have been reported previously for various biological activities including anticancer effects.

    OBJECTIVES: Based on the multitargeted biological activities approach of ligustrazine based chalcones, in current study 18 synthetic ligustrazine-containing α, β-unsaturated carbonyl-based 1, 3-Diphenyl-2-propen-1-one derivatives were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on growth of five different types of cancer cells.

    METHODS: All compounds were evaluated for anticancer effects on various cancer cell lines by propidium iodide fluorescence assay and various other assays were performed for mechanistic studies.

    RESULTS: Majority of compounds exhibited strong inhibition of cancer cells especially synthetic compounds 4a and 4b bearing 1-Pyridin-3-yl-ethanone as a ketone moiety in main structural backbone were found most powerful inhibitors of cancer cell growth. Most active 9 compounds among whole series were selected for further studies related to different cancer targets including EGFR TK kinases, tubulin polymerization, KAF and BRAFV600E.

    CONCLUSION: Synthetic derivatives including 4a-b and 5a-b showed multitarget approach and showed strong inhibitory effects on EGFR, FAK and BRAF while three compounds including 3e bearing methoxy substitution, 4a and 4b with 1- pyridin-3-yl-ethanone moiety showed the inhibition of tubulin polymerization.

    Matched MeSH terms: Chalcone; Chalcones
  18. Safdar MH, Hasan H, Afzal S, Hussain Z
    Mini Rev Med Chem, 2018;18(12):1047-1063.
    PMID: 29173165 DOI: 10.2174/1389557517666171123212039
    The immune system is an intricate and coordinated nexus serving as a natural defense to preclude internal and external pathogenic insults. The deregulation in the natural balance of immunological functions as a consequence of either over expression or under expression of immune cells tends to cause disruption of homeostasis in the body and may lead to development of numerous immune system disorders. Chalcone moieties (1,3-diphenyl-2-propen-1-one) have been well-documented as ideal lead compounds or precursors to design a wide range of pharmacologically active agents to down-regulate various immune disorders. Owing to their unique structural and molecular framework, these α, β-unsaturated carbonyl-based moieties have also gained remarkable recognition due to their other multifarious pharmacological properties including antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-malarial, antibacterial, anti-tuberculosis, and anticancer potential. Though a great number of methodologies are currently being employed for their synthesis, this review mainly focuses on the natural and synthetic chalcone derivatives that are exclusively synthesized via Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction and their immunomodulatory prospects. We have critically reviewed the literature and provided convincing evidence for the promising efficacy of chalcone derivatives to modulate functioning of various innate and adaptive immune players including granulocytes, mast cells, monocytes, macrophages, platelets, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and T-lymphocytes.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chalcone/chemical synthesis; Chalcone/pharmacology*; Chalcone/chemistry
  19. Abu N, Akhtar MN, Yeap SK, Lim KL, Ho WY, Zulfadli AJ, et al.
    PLoS One, 2014;9(10):e105244.
    PMID: 25286005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105244
    INTRODUCTION: The kava-kava plant (Piper methsyticum) is traditionally known as the pacific elixir by the pacific islanders for its role in a wide range of biological activities. The extract of the roots of this plant contains a variety of interesting molecules including Flavokawain A and this molecule is known to have anti-cancer properties. Breast cancer is still one of the leading diagnosed cancers in women today. The metastatic process is also very pertinent in the progression of tumorigenesis.

    METHODS: MCF-7 and MDA-MB231 cells were treated with several concentrations of FKA. The apoptotic analysis was done through the MTT assay, BrdU assay, Annexin V analysis, cell cycle analysis, JC-1 mitochondrial dye, AO/PI dual staining, caspase 8/9 fluorometric assay, quantitative real time PCR and western blot. For the metastatic assays, the in vitro scratch assay, trans-well migration/invasion assay, HUVEC tube formation assay, ex vivo rat aortic ring assay, quantitative real time PCR and western blot were employed.

    RESULTS: We have investigated the effects of FKA on the apoptotic and metastatic process in two breast cancer cell lines. FKA induces apoptosis in both MCF-7 and MDA-MB231 in a dose dependent manner through the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. Additionally, FKA selectively induces a G2/M arrest in the cell cycle machinery of MDA-MB231 and G1 arrest in MCF-7. This suggests that FKA's anti-cancer activity is dependent on the p53 status. Moreover, FKA also halted the migration and invasion process in MDA-MB231. The similar effects can be seen in the inhibition of the angiogenesis process as well.

    CONCLUSIONS: FKA managed to induce apoptosis and inhibit the metastatic process in two breast cancer cell lines, in vitro. Overall, FKA may serve as a promising candidate in the search of a new anti-cancer drug especially in halting the metastatic process but further in vivo evidence is needed.

    Matched MeSH terms: Chalcone/analogs & derivatives*; Chalcone/chemical synthesis; Chalcone/pharmacology; Chalcone/therapeutic use
  20. Fu X, Sévenet T, Remy F, Païs M, Hamid A, Hadi A, et al.
    J Nat Prod, 1993 Jul;56(7):1153-63.
    PMID: 8377019
    Four complex flavanones, kurziflavolactones A [2], B [3], C [4], and D [5] and a complex chalcone 6 with an unprecedented carbon side chain on the flavanone or chalcone A ring have been isolated from a Malaysian plant, Cryptocarya kurzii (Lauraceae). Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis, especially 2D nmr experiments. Compounds 3 and 6 showed slight cytotoxicity against KB cells, with IC50 values of 4 and 15 micrograms/ml, respectively. A biosynthetic pathway for the formation of these compounds is suggested.
    Matched MeSH terms: Chalcone/isolation & purification*; Chalcone/pharmacology; Chalcone/chemistry
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