Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 342 in total

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  1. Khoo, Suan Phaik, Shanmuhasuntharam, P., Mahadzir, W.M., Tay, K.K., Latif, A., Nair, S.
    Ann Dent, 1996;3(1):-.
    MyJurnal
    The diagnosis of oral cancer have been variously reported as being due to delay by clinicians, patients or both. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the referral pattern of 65 patients eventually diagnosed as having oral squamous cell carcinoma. The results showed that 50% of the patients delayed seeking professional help for more than 3 months after being aware of the lesion. The majority of the patients consulted medical practitioners as the first source of help. The mean clinicians' and patients' delay were 10.3 weeks and 28.9 weeks respectively. Dental practitioners showed a tendency to refer on more advanced lesions compared to the medical practitioners. The findings raise the concern that lack of patients' awareness, misdiagnosis by clinicians and late detection by dental practitioners prevail thus calling for urgent measures towards early detection of the disease.
    Matched MeSH terms: Early Detection of Cancer
  2. Ghazali MM, Mohd Zan MS, Yusof AA, Abdullah JM, Jaffar H, Ariff AR, et al.
    Malays J Med Sci, 2005 Jul;12(2):27-33.
    PMID: 22605955 MyJurnal
    Neoplastic transformation appears to be a multi-step process in which the normal controls of cell proliferation and cell-cell interaction are lost, thus transforming normal cells into cancer. The tumorigenic process involves the interplay between oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes. In this study, we have selected the ras family, c-myc and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) genes to detect whether their abnormalities are associated with the expression and progression of glioma cases in Malay patients. We have used the polymerase chain reaction-single stranded conformation polymorphism followed by direct sequencing for the study. For the ras gene family, we screened the point mutations in codons 12 and 61 of the H-, K-, and N-ras gene; for EGFR and c-myc, we analyzed only the exon 1 in glioma samples. In mutational screening analyses of the ras family, c-myc and EGFR gene, there was no mobility shift observed in any tumour analyzed. All patterns of single stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) band observed in tumour samples were normal compared to those in normal samples. The DNA sequencing results in all high-grade tumours showed that all base sequences were normal. All 48 patients survived after five years of treatment. In simple logistic regression analysis, variables which were found to be significant were hemiplegia (p=0.047) and response radiotherapy (p=0.003). Hemiplegics were 25 times more likely to have high pathological grade compared to those without. Patients with vascular involvement were 5.5 times more likely to have higher pathological grade. However, these findings were not significant in multivariate analysis. Patients who had radiotherapy were nearly 14 times more likely to have higher pathological grade. Multivariate analysis revealed that patients with hemiplegia were more likely to have higher pathological grade (p= 0.008). Those with higher pathological grading were 80 times more likely to have radiotherapy (p=0.004).
    Matched MeSH terms: Early Detection of Cancer
  3. Das BK, Biswal BM, Bhavaraju M
    Malays J Med Sci, 2006 Jan;13(1):52-7.
    PMID: 22589591 MyJurnal
    X-ray mammography has been the backbone of early detection of breast cancer. Several large scale systematic studies have shown that judicious use of X-ray mammography can indeed save life. However, though reasonably sensitive, X-ray mammography lacks in specificity leading to many unnecessary biopsies. Scintimammography is a relatively new imaging method to demonstrate cancer tissue in the breast. A radiopharmaceutical agent (Tc-99m Sestamibi) is administered intravenously and images of the breast are taken under a Gamma Camera. There is no need for any manipulation like compression of the breast as required to be done during mammography. The radiopharmaceutical accumulates in the breast in the presence of cancer tissue which can easily be seen in the images. The affinity of the cancer tissue to this radiopharmaceutical is up to 9 times in comparison to normal breast tissue. Several multi centric studies with blinded image interpretation have established the sensitivity and specificity of scintimammography to be above 85 and 90 % respectively as compared to 89 and 14 % respectively for X-ray mammography. The positive and negative predictive values of scintimamography are 70 and 83 % as against 49 and 57 % respectively for X-ray mammography. With the increasing availability of Nuclear Medicine facilities it is expected that more and more patients will benefi with the use of this new imaging modality .
    Matched MeSH terms: Early Detection of Cancer
  4. Chuah, U.C., Kamarul, T., Sara, T.
    JUMMEC, 2006;9(2):28-31.
    MyJurnal
    Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue is a highly malignant condition and results in high mortality and morbidity in patients despite its early detection (1). Early surgical interventions have been found to reduce mortality but in many reports, tongue reconstructions using live grafts have been found to reduce normal tongue function of speech, swallow and taste. In contrast, our report using free radial forearm flap (FRFF) to reconstruct the defect left over after a radical tongue resection in a 38-year-old gentleman with oral cancer has shown promising results. This type of reconstruction has left the patient with a functional and cosmetically acceptable tongue with minimal alteration in recognizable speech.
    Matched MeSH terms: Early Detection of Cancer
  5. Leelavathi, M., Yasmin, S.A.K., Gomez, P.A., Aznida, F.A.A.
    Medicine & Health, 2006;1(1):1-4.
    MyJurnal
    This is a retrospective descriptive study done to look at common presentation and method of detection of breast cancer. A total of 366 case records of patients attending the Breast and Endocrine Clinic at Hospital Kuala Lumpur were reviewed. The peak age of breast cancer presentation was 40 to 49 years (39.6%). Most (81.4%) patients presented with a lump in the breast and the lump was mainly self-detected (97.3%). The mean tumour diameter on presentation was 4.7± 3 cm. Medical staff detected the disease in 1.6% cases and 1.1% of cases were detected by mammogram. Most women detected the lump themselves, suggesting that Breast Self Examination (BSE) can be used for detection of the disease in places where there is cost and availability constrains for mammogram. Early detection with BSE can possibly offer better treatment options and quality of life despite the evidence that it does not reduce the mortality due to breast cancer.
     
    Study site: Breast and Endocrine Clinic at Hospital Kuala Lumpur
    Matched MeSH terms: Early Detection of Cancer
  6. Amran, A.R., Fatimah, M.
    MyJurnal
    Introduction: Mammography is commonly regarded as the single most important tool for screening and for early detection of breast cancer. However it is not generally recommended for women under 40 years of age and in those taking hormone replacement therapy as the increased density of the breast parenchyma may make mammography more difficult to read and interpret. The limitations of mammography have spurred attempts to find new techniques that can be used either separately or in conjunction with mammography. Purpose: The aim of this study was to quantify the clinical value of using electrical impedance scanning (EIS) or Trans Scan as an adjunct to mammography in order to identify cancerous tissue based upon its inherent altered local dielectric properties. Methods and Materials: The patients were examined using Trans Scan (Trans Scan Medical, Ltd., distributed by Siemens AG. The study population was derived from patients with suspicious breast lesions categorized as BIRADS 3 or 4 detected during mammography or ultrasound. Results: Fifty-three women with 53 mammographically and/or sonographically suspicious findings were examined using EIS. With respect to the histopathological findings (15 malignant and 38 benign lesions) 13 of 15 (86.6% sensitivity) malignant lesions were correctly identified using EIS whereas, 33 of 38 (81.5% specificity) benign lesions were correctly identified. Negative and positive predictive values of 93.9% and 65% were observed respectively. Two benign lesions were correctly identified in a dense breast. The smallest lesion detected in this study measured 20 x 14 mm, which was an infiltrating ductal carcinoma. Conclusion: Electrical impedance scanning as an adjunct to mammography or ultrasound in classifying suspicious lesions is promising because it increases the sensitivity for cancer detection and may reduce biopsy of equivocal lesions. The additional use of EIS with negative predictive value of 93.9% may be useful to exclude some benign lesions from further diagnostic or invasive procedures. Artifacts, such as signals from superficial skin lesions, poor contact and bubbles are currently a limitation
    Matched MeSH terms: Early Detection of Cancer
  7. Aishah Knight, A.S.
    MyJurnal
    Cancer screening is an important part of any cancer control program and the success of any screening program is partly dependent on having large numbers of the high risk population availing themselves of the service. The purpose of this study was to assess the cancer screening behavior of fulbtime employed women staff of an institute of higher learning using the Health Belief Model (HBM) construct. The results showed that the rate of reported regular cancer screening behavior (Pap smear screening, breast self examination (BSE), clinical breast examination (CBE) and mammography screening) were low. The rates for regular screening were 42.5% (Pap smear), 20.9% (BSE), 15.5% (CBE) and 9.4% (mammography). There were differences in the dimensions of the HBM between the women who reported regular screening and those that did not. The perceived barriers", "perceived benefits” and “motivation” dimensions were different in Pap smear screening, whereas the "confidence” dimension was different in BSE. Recommendations were made for a health education program targeting both women and men to increase uptake of cancer screening services by women.
    Matched MeSH terms: Early Detection of Cancer
  8. Ho E, Abdullah B, Tang A, Nordin A, Nair A, Lim G, et al.
    Biomed Imaging Interv J, 2008 Oct;4(4):e44.
    PMID: 21611021 DOI: 10.2349/biij.4.4.e44
    To date, the College of Radiology (CoR) does not see any clear benefit in performing whole body screening computed tomography (CT) examinations in healthy asymptomatic individuals. There are radiation risk issues in CT and principles of screening should be adhered to. There may be a role for targeted cardiac screening CT that derives calcium score, especially for asymptomatic medium-risk individuals and CT colonography when used as part of a strategic programme for colorectal cancer screening in those 50 years and older. However, population based screening CT examinations may become appropriate when evidence emerges regarding a clear benefit for the patient outweighing the associated radiation risks.
    Matched MeSH terms: Early Detection of Cancer
  9. Yip CH, Smith RA, Anderson BO, Miller AB, Thomas DB, Ang ES, et al.
    Cancer, 2008 Oct 15;113(8 Suppl):2244-56.
    PMID: 18837017 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23842
    A key determinant of breast cancer outcome in any population is the degree to which cancers are detected at early stages of disease. Populations in which cancers are detected at earlier stages have lower breast cancer mortality rates. The Breast Health Global Initiative (BHGI) held its third Global Summit in Budapest, Hungary in October 2007, bringing together internationally recognized experts to address the implementation of breast healthcare guidelines for early detection, diagnosis, and treatment in low- and middle-income countries (LMCs). A multidisciplinary panel of experts specifically addressed the implementation of BHGI guidelines for the early detection of disease as they related to resource allocation for public education and awareness, cancer detection methods, and evaluation goals. Public education and awareness are the key first steps, because early detection programs cannot be successful if the public is unaware of the value of early detection. The effectiveness and efficiency of screening modalities, including screening mammography, clinical breast examination (CBE), and breast self-examination, were reviewed in the context of resource availability and population-based need by the panel. Social and cultural barriers should be considered when early detection programs are being established, and the evaluation of early detection programs should include the use of well developed, methodologically sound process metrics to determine the effectiveness of program implementation. The approach and scope of any screening program will determine the success of any early detection program as measured by cancer stage at diagnosis and will drive the breadth of resource allocation needed for program implementation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Early Detection of Cancer*
  10. Parsa P, Kandiah M, Mohd Nasir MT, Hejar AR, Nor Afiah MZ
    Singapore Med J, 2008 Nov;49(11):897-903.
    PMID: 19037556
    Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in Malaysian women, and the use of breast self-examination (BSE), clinical breast examination (CBE) and mammography remain low in Malaysia. Therefore, there is a need to develop a valid and reliable tool to measure the beliefs that influence breast cancer screening practices. The Champion's Health Belief Model Scale (CHBMS) is a valid and reliable tool to measure beliefs about breast cancer and screening methods in the Western culture. The purpose of this study was to translate the use of CHBMS into the Malaysian context and validate the scale among Malaysian women.
    Matched MeSH terms: Early Detection of Cancer
  11. Ngah, U.K., Aziz, S.A., Aziz, M.E., Murad, M., Mahdi, N.M.N., Shakaff, A.Y.M., et al.
    ASM Science Journal, 2008;2(1):1-11.
    MyJurnal
    The incidences of breast cancer have been rising at an alarming rate. Mass breast screening programmes involving mammography and ultrasound in certain parts of the world have also proven their benefits in early detection. However, radiologists may be confronted with increased workload. An attempt has been made in this paper to rectify part of the problems faced in this area. Expert systems based on the interpretation of mammographic and ultrasound images for classifying patient cases could be utilized by doctors (expert and non-expert) in screening. These softwares consist of MAMMEX (for mammogram) and SOUNDEX (for breast ultrasound) could be used to deduce cases according to Breast Imaging Recording and Data System (BI-RADS), based on patients’ history, physical and clinical assessment, mammograms and breast ultrasound images. A total of 179 retrospective cases from the Radiology Department, hospital of the University of Science Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan were used in this study. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was implemented, based on the usage of a two-class forced choice of classifying suspicious and malignant findings as positive with normal, benign and probably benign classified as negative. Results yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.997 with the least standard error value of 0.003 for MAMMEX while an AUC of 0.996 with the least standard error of 0.004 was accomplished for SOUNDEX. A system which very closely simulated radiologists was also successfully developed in this study. The ROC curve analysis indicated that the expert systems developed were of high performance and reliability.
    Matched MeSH terms: Early Detection of Cancer
  12. Wong LP, Wong YL, Low WY, Khoo EM, Shuib R
    Singapore Med J, 2009 Jan;50(1):49-53.
    PMID: 19224084
    INTRODUCTION: Cervical cancer is one of the commonest cancers in women worldwide. Despite the existence of effective screening using Pap smear, the uptake of screening is poor. A qualitative study was undertaken using face-to-face in-depth interviews to investigate knowledge, attitudes and beliefs on cervical cancer screening of Malaysian women.
    METHODS: In-depth interviews were conducted with 20 Malaysian women aged 21-56 years and who have never had a Pap smear test, with the aim to explore their knowledge and awareness of cervical cancer and its screening.
    RESULTS: A lack of knowledge on cervical cancer and the Pap smear test was found among the respondents. Many women did not have a clear understanding of the meaning of an abnormal cervical smear and the need for the early detection of cervical cancer. Many believe the purpose of the Pap smear test is to detect existing cervical cancer, leading to the belief that Pap smear screening is not required because the respondents had no symptoms. Despite considerable awareness of a link between cervical cancer and sexual activity, as well as the role of a sexually-transmitted infection, none of the respondents had heard of the human papillomavirus.
    CONCLUSION: The findings highlight the importance of emphasising accurate information about cervical cancer and the purpose of Pap smear screening when designing interventions aimed at improving cervical cancer screening for Malaysian women.
    Matched MeSH terms: Early Detection of Cancer
  13. Leong BD, Chuah JA, Kumar VM, Rohamini S, Siti ZS, Yip CH
    Singapore Med J, 2009 Aug;50(8):772-6.
    PMID: 19710974
    Sabah, formerly known as North Borneo, is part of East Malaysia. 52.2 percent of patients with breast cancer in Sabah presented at advanced stages and up to 20.4 percent of patients defaulted proper treatment, opting for traditional therapy. We performed a two-year prospective study looking at the treatment trends of breast cancer in Sabah.
    Matched MeSH terms: Early Detection of Cancer
  14. Al-Naggar RA, Isa ZM, Shah SA, Chen R, Kadir SY
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2009;10(5):743-6.
    PMID: 20104962
    A cross-sectional study was conducted at the main hospitals in Sana'a, Yemen to determine the attitude and practice of Yemen female doctors on mammography screening. Study subjects were all female doctors who were on duty during the questionnaire distribution. Those who agreed to participate were given the questionnaire to complete. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse socio-demographic variables and variables related to general health. Participants in this study were 105 female doctors with mean age of 32.1 years (SD = 7.17). Thirty-four respondents (36.6%) did not send asymptomatic women for mammography screening. The reasons were because of high cost (58.0%, n= 25), availability of other methods (23.3%, n= 10), instrument not available (11.6%, n= 5) and high risk of radiation (7.0%, n= 3). Twenty-five participants (26.9%) sent patients on regular basis if there was a family or personal history of breast cancer. Twenty-three participants (24.7%) sent the patients for mammogram screening every year regardless of the patients'history or symptoms. Although most doctors (36.5%) do not refer patients for mammography screening, seventy-seven (74.0%) indicated that they would refer patients for mammography screening on personal request by the patients. This study showed a low percentage of doctors who referred patients for routine mammography. The major reason given was the high cost of the procedure.
    Matched MeSH terms: Early Detection of Cancer
  15. Hadi MA, Hassali MA, Shafie AA, Awaisu A
    Pharm Pract (Granada), 2010 Jan;8(1):29-34.
    PMID: 25152790
    Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among women of all ethnic and age groups in Malaysia.

    OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the knowledge of breast cancer risk factors, symptoms and methods of screening among female university students and their perception towards the disease treatment outcomes.

    METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from February to March 2008 at Universiti Sains Malaysia. Two hundred participants from 10 randomly selected faculties were interviewed face to face by a trained pharmacist using a validated questionnaire. In addition to their demographic characteristics, participants were required to answer 22 questions concerning knowledge of breast cancer and five questions related to their perception of breast cancer management and treatment outcomes. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 15.

    RESULTS: The mean age of the respondents was 26.7 (SD=1.9) years. The results showed that the vast majority of the female university students had inadequate knowledge of breast cancer. The mean total knowledge score of the students was 60.7%. Indian students had significantly less knowledge of breast cancer compared to their Chinese and Malay counterparts (p<0.05). However, more than two third of the students were aware of breast self examination (BSE) and clinical breast examination (CBE) recommendations. Furthermore, the students had positive perceptions towards the treatment outcomes of breast cancer.

    CONCLUSION: This study has highlighted the need of a breast cancer awareness campaign, which should also stress the importance of early detection and reporting of breast cancer.
    Matched MeSH terms: Early Detection of Cancer
  16. Lee HP, Chew CT, Consigliere DT, Heng D, Huang DT, Khoo J, et al.
    Singapore Med J, 2010 Feb;51(2):170-3; quiz 174-5.
    PMID: 20358158
    The Ministry of Health publishes national clinical practice guidelines to provide doctors and patients in Singapore with evidence-based guidance on managing important medical conditions. This article reproduces the introduction and executive summary (with key recommendations from the guidelines) from the Ministry of Health clinical practice guidelines on cancer screening, for the information of readers of the Singapore Medical Journal. Chapters and page numbers mentioned in the reproduced extract refer to the full text of the guidelines, which are available from the Ministry of Health website (http://www.moh.gov. sg/mohcorp/publications.aspx?id=24018). The recommendations should be used with reference to the full text of the guidelines. Following this article are multiple choice questions based on the full text of the guidelines.
    Matched MeSH terms: Early Detection of Cancer/standards*
  17. Sulong S
    Malays J Med Sci, 2010 Jul;17(3):5-12.
    PMID: 22135543
    Screening of the entire human genome using high-density single nucleotide polymorphism array (SNPA) has become a powerful technique used in cancer genetics and population genetics studies. The GeneChip® Mapping Array, introduced by Affymetrix, is one SNPA platform utilised for genotyping studies. This GeneChip system allows researchers to gain a comprehensive view of cancer biology on a single platform for the quantification of chromosomal amplifications, deletions, and loss of heterozygosity or for allelic imbalance studies. Importantly, this array analysis has the potential to reveal novel genetic findings involved in the multistep development of cancer. Given the importance of genetic factors in leukaemogenesis and the usefulness of screening the whole genome, SNPA analysis has been utilised in many studies to characterise genetic aberrations in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.
    Matched MeSH terms: Early Detection of Cancer
  18. Dunn RA, Tan AKG
    Soc Sci Med, 2010 Sep;71(6):1089-93.
    PMID: 20685019 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.06.016
    This study examines the determinants of Papanicolaou Smear Test (PST) screening for cervical cancer among women in Malaysia. Attention is focused on the reasons different population subgroups give for non-screening. We find that Indian women are the least likely to have had a PST and also the least likely to know the reasons why one is screened. Malay women are less likely than Chinese women to have received a PST and are more likely to report embarrassment as the reason for not being tested. Urban women are less likely than rural women to have been tested and more likely to state lack of time as the reason. These results suggest targeted interventions may be necessary to increase screening rates in Malaysia.
    Study name: Malaysia Non-Communicable Disease Surveillance-1 (MyNCDS-1) survey
    Matched MeSH terms: Early Detection of Cancer/psychology*; Early Detection of Cancer/utilization
  19. Hilmi I, Hartono JL, Goh KL
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2010;11(3):815-22.
    PMID: 21039060
    INTRODUCTION: Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is the second commonest malignancy in Malaysia, with the highest incidence seen in the Chinese. The aim of this study is to examine the knowledge of CRC and to identify potential barriers for screening, which has yet to be carried out on a nationwide scale.
    METHODS: Subjects were recruited consecutively from friends and relatives accompanying patients to the general medical clinic in a tertiary hospital in Kuala Lumpur. Interviews were carried out using a standardized questionnaire for the Asia Pacific CRC working group based on the Health Belief Model (HBM).
    RESULTS: 991 subjects were interviewed. From our study, 414 (41.8%), 500 (50.5%) and 646 (65.2%) could not identify any of the symptoms, risk factors and screening methods for CRC respectively. Only 384 (38.7%) were agreeable to undergo screening. Independent factors associated with willingness to undergo screening were as follows; Malay and Indian race compared to the Chinese [aOR 2.73 (1.87, 3.98) and 3.04 (2.02, 4.59) respectively], perceived susceptibility, perceived barriers to screening, doctor's recommendation and personal contact with CRC.
    CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of CRC and CRC screening is low among the Malaysian population. The majority are not willing to undergo screening, the Chinese paradoxically being the least willing despite being at greatest risk
    Study site: Medical clinics, University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
    Matched MeSH terms: Early Detection of Cancer*
  20. Rosmawati NH
    Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2010;11(3):767-71.
    PMID: 21039051
    INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer is the leading cancer in women today and the major challenge is late presentation then later contributes to poor outcome and high fatality rate. Mammography is effective in early detection of breast cancer and consequently significantly improves the breast cancer survival.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was used to study the knowledge and awareness towards mammogram amongst women aged 15 years old and above. A systemic random sampling was applied and information gathered through guided interview by using a structured questionnaire.

    RESULTS: Eighty-six respondents were recruited. The mean age of respondents was 40.5 years (SD: 15.51) and more than 80% had secondary and tertiary level of education. The percentage of respondents ever performed mammogram was 10.5% (95% CI: 4.0%-17.0%). The rate of correct answers was between 8.1% and 48.8%. Most of the respondents do not sure the answer (45.3%-61.6%) rather than wrongly answer (4.7%-43.0%). Only about 8% truly answer that mammogram should be done once in a life. There are 10.5% of women claimed that mammogram had no serious side effect and not a painful procedure. Nearly half of respondents (48.8%) correctly mentioned that Mammogram can detect breast cancer in early stage.

    CONCLUSION: Only a small percentage of women ever performed mammogram and there are seriously unaware and poor knowledge pertaining to mammography screening for breast cancer among women in sub urban area. A massive health education campaign through multiple methods and agencies are needed to enhance the knowledge and awareness on mammogram.
    Matched MeSH terms: Early Detection of Cancer
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