Displaying publications 1 - 20 of 270 in total

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  1. Vijayan V, Joseph CG, Taufiq-Yap YH, Gansau JA, Nga JLH, Li Puma G, et al.
    Environ Pollut, 2024 Feb 01;342:123099.
    PMID: 38070640 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123099
    Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is regarded as deleterious to the environment, primarily owing to the substantial volume of waste it produces during palm oil extraction. In terms of contaminant composition, POME surpasses the pollutant content typically found in standard municipal sewage, therefore releasing it without treatment into water bodies would do irreparable damage to the environment. Main palm oil mills are normally located in the proximity of natural rivers in order to take advantage of the cheap and abundant water source. The same rivers are also used as a water source for many villages situated along the river banks. As such, it is imperative to degrade POME before its disposal into the water bodies for obvious reasons. The treatment methods used so far include the biological processes such as open ponding/land application, which consist of aerobic as well as anaerobic ponds, physicochemical treatment including membrane technology, adsorption and coagulation are successful for the mitigation of contaminants. As the above methods require large working area and it takes more time for contaminant degradation, and in consideration of the strict environmental policies as well as palm oil being the most sort of vegetable oil in several countries, numerous researchers have concentrated on the emerging technologies such as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) to remediate POME. Methods such as the photocatalysis, Fenton process, sonocatalysis, sonophotocatalysis, ozonation have attained special importance for the degradation of POME because of their efficiency in complete mineralization of organic pollutants in situ. This review outlines the AOP technologies currently available for the mineralization of POME with importance given to sonophotocatalysis and ozonation as these treatment process removes the need to transfer the pollutant while possibly degrading the organic matter sufficiently to be used in other industry like fertilizer manufacturing.
    Matched MeSH terms: Industrial Waste/analysis
  2. Cheng YW, Chong CC, Cheng CK, Wang CH, Ng KH, Witoon T, et al.
    J Environ Manage, 2024 Feb;351:119919.
    PMID: 38157572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119919
    To replace the obsolete ponding system, palm oil mill effluent (POME) steam reforming (SR) over net-acidic LaNiO3 and net-basic LaCoO3 were proposed as the POME primary treatments, with promising H2-rich syngas production. Herein, the long-term evaluation of POME SR was scrutinized with both catalysts under the optimal conditions (600 °C, 0.09 mL POME/min, 0.3 g catalyst, & 74-105 μm catalyst particle size) to examine the catalyst microstructure changes, transient process stability, and final effluent evaluation. Extensive characterization proved the (i) adsorption of POME vapour on catalysts before SR, (ii) deposition of carbon and minerals on spent SR catalysts, and (iii) dominance of coking deactivation over sintering deactivation at 600 °C. Despite its longer run, spent LaCoO3 (50.54 wt%) had similar carbon deposition with spent LaNiO3 (50.44 wt%), concurring with its excellent coke resistance. Spent LaCoO3 (6.12 wt%; large protruding crystals) suffered a harsher mineral deposition than spent LaNiO3 (3.71 wt%; thin film coating), confirming that lower reactivity increased residence time of reactants. Transient syngas evolution of both SR catalysts was relatively steady up to 4 h but perturbed by coking deactivation thereafter. La2O2CO3 acted as an intermediate species that hastened the coke removal via reverse Boudouard reaction upon its decarbonation. La2O2CO3 decarbonation occurred continuously in LaCoO3 system but intermittently in LaNiO3 system. LaNiO3 system only lasted for 13 h as its compact ash blocked the gas flow. LaCoO3 system lasted longer (17 h) with its porous ash, but it eventually failed because KCl crystallites blocked its active sites. Relatively, LaCoO3 system offered greater net H2 production (72.78%) and POME treatment volume (30.77%) than LaNiO3 system. SR could attain appreciable POME degradation (>97% COD, BOD5, TSS, & colour intensity). Withal, SR-treated POME should be polished to further reduce its incompliant COD and BOD5.
    Matched MeSH terms: Industrial Waste
  3. Sirimewan D, Bazli M, Raman S, Mohandes SR, Kineber AF, Arashpour M
    J Environ Manage, 2024 Feb;351:119908.
    PMID: 38169254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119908
    The construction industry generates a substantial volume of solid waste, often destinated for landfills, causing significant environmental pollution. Waste recycling is decisive in managing waste yet challenging due to labor-intensive sorting processes and the diverse forms of waste. Deep learning (DL) models have made remarkable strides in automating domestic waste recognition and sorting. However, the application of DL models to recognize the waste derived from construction, renovation, and demolition (CRD) activities remains limited due to the context-specific studies conducted in previous research. This paper aims to realistically capture the complexity of waste streams in the CRD context. The study encompasses collecting and annotating CRD waste images in real-world, uncontrolled environments. It then evaluates the performance of state-of-the-art DL models for automatically recognizing CRD waste in-the-wild. Several pre-trained networks are utilized to perform effectual feature extraction and transfer learning during DL model training. The results demonstrated that DL models, whether integrated with larger or lightweight backbone networks can recognize the composition of CRD waste streams in-the-wild which is useful for automated waste sorting. The outcome of the study emphasized the applicability of DL models in recognizing and sorting solid waste across various industrial domains, thereby contributing to resource recovery and encouraging environmental management efforts.
    Matched MeSH terms: Industrial Waste/analysis
  4. Jadhav P, Krishnan S, Kamyab H, Khalid ZB, Bhuyar P, Zularism AW, et al.
    Chemosphere, 2024 Jan;346:140512.
    PMID: 37879373 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140512
    The augmentation of biogas production can be achieved by incorporating metallic nanoparticles as additives within anaerobic digestion. The objective of this current study is to examine the synthesis of Fe-Ni-Zn and Fe-Co-Zn trimetallic nanoparticles using the co-precipitation technique and assess its impact on anaerobic digestion using palm oil mill effluent (POME) as carbon source. The structural morphology and size of the synthesised trimetallic nanoparticles were analysed using a range of characterization techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) . The average size of Fe-Ni-Zn and Fe-Co-Zn were 19-25.5 nm and 19.1-30.5 nm respectively. Further, investigation focused on examining the diverse concentrations of trimetallic nanoparticles, ranging from 0 to 50 mgL-1. The biogas production increased by 55.55% and 60.11% with Fe-Ni-Zn and Fe-Co-Zn trimetallic nanoparticles at 40 mgL-1 and 20 mgL-1, respectively. Moreover, the lowest biogas of 11.11% and 38.11% were found with 10 mgL-1 of Fe-Ni-Zn and Fe-Co-Zn trimetallic nanoparticles. The findings of this study indicated that the trimetallic nanoparticles exhibited interactions with anaerobes, thereby enhancing the degradation process of palm oil mill effluent (POME) and biogas production. The study underscores the potential efficacy of trimetallic nanoparticles as a viable supplement for the promotion of sustainable biogas generation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Industrial Waste/analysis
  5. Nuid M, Aris A, Krishnen R, Chelliapan S, Muda K
    J Environ Manage, 2023 Oct 15;344:118501.
    PMID: 37418913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118501
    This study was to develop biogranules using a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and to evaluate the effect of pineapple wastewater (PW) as a co-substrate for treating real textile wastewater (RTW). The biogranular system cycle was 24 h (2 stages of phase), with an anaerobic phase (17.8 h) followed by an aerobic phase (5.8 h) for every stage of the phase. The concentration of pineapple wastewater was the main factor studied in influencing COD and color removal efficiency. Pineapple wastewater with different concentrations (7, 5, 4, 3, and 0% v/v) makes a total volume of 3 L and causes the OLRs to vary from 2.90 to 0.23 kg COD/m3day. The system achieved 55% of average color removal and 88% of average COD removal at 7%v/v PW concentration during treatment. With the addition of PW, the removal increased significantly. The experiment on the treatment of RTW without any added nutrients proved the importance of co-substrate in dye degradation.
    Matched MeSH terms: Industrial Waste/analysis
  6. Kumar R, Basu A, Bishayee B, Chatterjee RP, Behera M, Ang WL, et al.
    Environ Res, 2023 Jul 15;229:115881.
    PMID: 37084947 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115881
    Tanning and other leather processing methods utilize a large amount of freshwater, dyes, chemicals, and salts and produce toxic waste, raising questions regarding their environmental sensitivity and eco-friendly nature. Total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, chemical oxygen demand, and ions such as chromium, sulfate, and chloride turn tannery wastewater exceedingly toxic for any living species. Therefore, it is imperative to treat tannery effluent, and existing plants must be examined and upgraded to keep up with recent technological developments. Different conventional techniques to treat tannery wastewater have been reported based on their pollutant removal efficiencies, advantages, and disadvantages. Research on photo-assisted catalyst-enhanced deterioration has inferred that both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis can be established as green initiatives, the latter being more efficient at degrading organic pollutants. However, the scientific community experiences significant problems developing a feasible treatment technique owing to the long degradation times and low removal efficiency. Hence, there is a chance for an improved solution to the problem of treating tannery wastewater through the development of a hybrid technology that uses flocculation as the primary treatment, a unique integrated photo-catalyst in a precision-designed reactor as the secondary method, and finally, membrane-based tertiary treatment to recover the spent catalyst and reclaimable water. This review gives an understanding of the progressive advancement of a cutting-edge membrane-based system for the management of tanning industrial waste effluents towards the reclamation of clean water. Adaptable routes toward sludge disposal and the reviews on techno-economic assessments have been shown in detail, strengthening the scale-up confidence for implementing such innovative hybrid systems.
    Matched MeSH terms: Industrial Waste/analysis
  7. Chai A, Wong YS, Ong SA, Lutpi NA, Sam ST, Wirach T, et al.
    Bioprocess Biosyst Eng, 2023 Jul;46(7):995-1009.
    PMID: 37160769 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-023-02879-0
    Anaerobic co-digestion (co-AD) of agro-industrial waste, namely, palm oil mill effluent (POME) and sugarcane vinasse (Vn), with water hyacinth (WH) as co-substrate was carried out in two separate Anaerobic Suspended Growth Closed Bioreactors (ASGCBs) under thermophilic (55 °C) conditions. The highest chemical oxygen demand (COD) and soluble COD reduction in co-AD of POME-WH (78.61%, 78.86%) is slightly higher than co-AD of Vn-WH (75.75%, 78.24%). However, VFA reduction in co-AD of POME-WH (96.41%) is higher compared to co-AD of Vn-WH (85.94%). Subsequently, biogas production peaked at 13438 mL/day values and 16122 mL/day for co-AD of POME-WH and Vn-WH, respectively. However, the methane content was higher in the co-AD of POME-WH (72.04%) than in the co-AD of Vn-WH (69.86%). Growth yield (YG), maximum specific substrate utilization rate (rx,max) and maximum specific biomass growth rate (μmax) are higher in co-AD of POME-WH, as supported by the higher mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) and COD reduction efficiency compared to co-AD of Vn-WH. However, methane yield ([Formula: see text]) reported in the co-AD of POME-WH and Vn-WH are 0.2748 and 0.3112 L CH4/g CODreduction, respectively, which suggests that WH is a more suitable co-substrate for Vn compared to POME.
    Matched MeSH terms: Industrial Waste*
  8. Shar IA, Memon FA, Bheel N, Benjeddou O, Alwetaishi M
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2023 Jun;30(30):75879-75893.
    PMID: 37227640 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27803-7
    Every day, more and more binding materials are being used in the construction industry all over the world. However, Portland cement (PC) is used as a binding material, and its production discharges a high amount of undesirable greenhouse gases into the environment. This research work is done to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases discharged during PC manufacturing and to reduce the cost and energy incurred in the cement manufacturing process by making effective consumption of industrial/agricultural wastes in the construction sector. Therefore, wheat straw ash (WSA) as an agricultural waste is utilized as cement replacement material, while used engine oil as an industrial waste is utilized as an air-entraining admixture in concrete. This study's main goal was to examine the cumulative impact of both waste materials on fresh (slump test) and hardened concrete (compressive strength, split tensile strength, water absorption, and dry density). The cement was replaced by up to 15% and used engine oil incorporated up to 0.75% by weight of cement. Moreover, the cubical samples were cast for determining the compressive strength, dry density, and water absorption, while the cylindrical specimen was cast for evaluating the splitting tensile strength of concrete. The results confirmed that compressive and tensile strengths augmented by 19.40% and 16.67%, at 10% cement replacement by wheat straw ash at 90 days, respectively. Besides, the workability, water absorption, dry density, and embodied carbon were decreased as the quantity of WSA increased with the mass of PC, and all of these properties are increased with the incorporation of used engine oil in concrete after 28 days, respectively.
    Matched MeSH terms: Industrial Waste
  9. Kahar INS, Othman N, Noah NFM, Suliman SS
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2023 May;30(25):66445-66472.
    PMID: 37101217 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26951-0
    Waste electrical and electronic equipment or e-waste has recently emerged as a significant global concern. This waste contains various valuable metals, and via recycling, it could become a sustainable resource of metals (viz. copper, silver, gold, and others) while reducing reliance on virgin mining. Copper and silver with their superior electrical and thermal conductivity have been reviewed due to their high demand. Recovering these metals will be beneficial to attain the current needs. Liquid membrane technology has appeared as a viable option for treating e-waste from various industries as a simultaneous extraction and stripping process. It also includes extensive research on biotechnology, chemical and pharmaceutical, environmental engineering, pulp and paper, textile, food processing, and wastewater treatment. The success of this process depends more on the selection of organic and stripping phases. In this review, the use of liquid membrane technology in treating/recovering copper and silver from industrial e-waste leached solutions was highlighted. It also assembles critical information on the organic phase (carrier and diluent) and stripping phase in liquid membrane formulation for selective copper and silver. In addition, the utilization of green diluent, ionic liquids, and synergist carrier was also included since it gained prominence attention latterly. The future prospects and challenges of this technology were also discussed to ensure the industrialization of technology. Herein, a potential process flowchart for the valorization of e-waste is also proposed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Industrial Waste
  10. Som AM, Ramlee AA, Puasa SW, Hamid HAA
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2023 Feb;30(7):17108-17121.
    PMID: 34841489 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17633-w
    In exploring the application of natural coagulants in industrial wastewater treatment, plant-based coagulants have been gaining more interests due to their potential such as biodegradability and easy availability. Hylocereus undatus foliage as a plant-based coagulant has been proven to be efficient during the coagulation-flocculation process; however, limited research has been reported focusing only on palm oil mill effluent (POME) and latex concentrate wastewater. In addition, no previous study has been carried out to determine the performance evaluation of Hylocereus undatus foliage in treating different types of wastewater incorporating different operating conditions using optimization techniques. Hence, this study employed response surface methodology (RSM) in an attempt to determine the performance evaluation of the coagulant in paint wastewater treatment. Four independent factors such as the pH value, coagulant dosage, rapid mixing speed and temperature were chosen as the operating conditions. Three water parameters such as turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and suspended solids (SS) were chosen as responses in this study. Results revealed that through central composite design (CCD) via Design Expert software, the optimum conditions were achieved at pH 5, coagulant dosage of 300 mg/L, rapid mixing speed of 120 rpm and temperature at 30 °C. The experimental data was observed to be close to the model predictions with the optimum turbidity, COD and SS removal efficiencies found to be at 62.81%, 59.57% and 57.23%, respectively.
    Matched MeSH terms: Industrial Waste/analysis
  11. Jhatial AA, Goh WI, Mastoi AK, Traore AF, Oad M
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2022 Jan;29(2):2985-3007.
    PMID: 34383212 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15076-x
    Rapid urbanization and 'concretization' have increased the use of concrete as the preferred building material. However, the production of cement and other concrete-related activities, contribute significantly to both the carbon dioxide emissions and climate change. Agro-industrial wastes such as Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) and Eggshell Powder (ESP) have been utilized in concrete as supplementary cementitious materials, to reduce the cement content, in order to minimize the carbon footprint and the environmental pollution associated with the dumping of waste. Both POFA and ESP have been utilized in ternary binder foamed concrete; however, higher content of cement replacement tends to reduce the concrete's strength significantly. Therefore, this research was conducted to study the influence of ternary binder foamed concrete, incorporating 30% POFA and 5-15% ESP by weight of the total binder, when reinforced with polypropylene (PP) fibres. Based on the results, the ternary binder foamed concrete showed better strength than the control foamed concrete due to the pozzolanic reaction and the addition of PP fibres slightly improved the strength. Furthermore, ternary binder foamed concrete can reduce up to 33.79% of the total CO2 emissions. In terms of cost, all ternary binder foamed concrete mixes reduced the overall cost of the mix. The lowest cost per 1 MPa was achieved by ternary binder foamed concrete mix which incorporated 30% POFA, 5% ESP and 0.20% PP fibres. However, the optimum S5 ternary binder foamed concrete mix, which incorporated 30% POFA, 10% ESP and 0.20% PP fibres, exhibited a cost of $3.74 per 1 MPa strength, which was $1.1 lower than the control foamed concrete. PP reinforced ternary binder foamed concrete is an eco-efficient and cost-effective concrete that can be used in numerous civil engineering applications, mitigating the environmental and the emissions generated by agro-industrial waste.
    Matched MeSH terms: Industrial Waste
  12. Peter AP, Chew KW, Koyande AK, Yuk-Heng S, Ting HY, Rajendran S, et al.
    Bioresour Technol, 2021 Dec;341:125892.
    PMID: 34523555 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125892
    Continuous automation of conventional industrial operations with smart technology have drawn significant attention. Firstly, the study investigates on optimizing the proportion of industrial biscuit processing waste powder, (B) substituted into BG-11 as a source of cultivation medium for the growth of C. vulgaris. Various percentages of industrial biscuit processing waste powder, (B) were substituted in the inorganic medium to analyse the algal growth and biochemical composition. The use of 40B combination was found to yield highest biomass concentration (4.11 g/L), lipid (260.44 mg/g), protein (263.93 mg/g), and carbohydrate (418.99 mg/g) content compared with all the other culture ratio combination. Secondly, the exploitation of colour acquisition was performed onto C. vulgaris growth phases, and a novel photo-to-biomass concentration estimation was conducted via image processing for three different colour model pixels. Based on linear regression analysis the red, green, blue (RGB) colour model can interpret its colour variance precisely.
    Matched MeSH terms: Industrial Waste
  13. Mohammad Ilias MK, Hossain MS, Ngteni R, Al-Gheethi A, Ahmad H, Omar FM, et al.
    PMID: 34886153 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312427
    The present study was conducted to determine the potential of utilizing the FeSO4·7H2O waste from the titanium manufacturing industry as an effective coagulant for treating industrial effluent. In this study, the secondary rubber processing effluent (SRPE) was treated using ferrous sulfate (FeSO4·7H2O) waste from the titanium oxide manufacturing industry. The FeSO4·7H2O waste coagulation efficiency was evaluated on the elimination of ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from SRPE. The central composite design (CCD) of experiments was employed to design the coagulation experiments with varying coagulation time, coagulant doses, and temperature. The coagulation experiments were optimized on the optimal elimination of NH3-N and COD using response surface methodology (RSM). Results showed that coagulant doses and temperature significantly influenced NH3-N and COD elimination from SRPE. The highest NH3-N and COD removal obtained were 98.19% and 93.86%, respectively, at the optimized coagulation experimental conditions of coagulation time 70 min, coagulant doses 900 mg/L, and temperature 62 °C. The residual NH3-N and COD in treated SPRE were found below the specified industrial effluent discharge limits set by DoE, Malaysia. Additionally, the sludge generated after coagulation of SRPE contains essential plant nutrients. The present study's finding showed that FeSO4·7H2O waste generated as an industrial byproduct in a titanium oxide manufacturing industry could be utilized as an eco-friendly coagulant in treating industrial effluent.
    Matched MeSH terms: Industrial Waste/analysis
  14. Show KY, Lo EKV, Wong WS, Lee JY, Yan Y, Lee DJ
    Bioresour Technol, 2021 Oct;338:125509.
    PMID: 34271500 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125509
    Safe disposal of effluent from palm oil production poses an environmental concern. The highly polluting effluent is customarily treated by unsustainable open ponds with low efficiency, direct emissions, and massive land use. This study looks into an application of integrated anaerobic/oxic/oxic scheme for treatment of high strength palm oil mill effluent. The anaerobic reactors functioned as a prime degrader that removed up to 97.5% of the chemical oxygen demand (COD), while the aerobic reactors played a role of an effluent polisher that further reduced the COD. Their complementing roles resulted in a remarkable removal of 99.7%. Assessment of emission mitigation and biogas energy revealed that yearly energy of 53.2 TJ, emissions reduction of 239,237 tCO2 and revenue of USD 1.40 millions can be generated out of electricity generation and heating. The integrated scheme provides a viable and sustainable treatment of the high strength palm oil mill effluent.
    Matched MeSH terms: Industrial Waste/analysis
  15. Mohamad-Zainal NSL, Ramli N, Zolkefli N, Mustapha NA, Hassan MA, Maeda T
    J Biosci Bioeng, 2021 Aug;132(2):174-182.
    PMID: 34074597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.04.014
    Alcaligenaceae and Chromatiaceae were previously reported as the specific pollution bioindicators in the receiving river water contaminated by palm oil mill effluent (POME) final discharge. Considering the inevitable sensitivity of bacteria under environmental stresses, it is crucial to assess the survivability of both bacteria in the fluctuated environmental factors, proving their credibility as POME pollution bioindicators in the environment. In this study, the survivability of Alcaligenaceae and Chromatiaceae from facultative pond, algae (aerobic) pond and final discharge were evaluated under varying sets of temperature (25-40°C), pH (pH 7-9) and low/high total suspended solid (TSS) contents of POME collected during low/high crop seasons of oil palm, respectively. Following treatment, the viability status and compositions of the bacterial community were assessed using flow cytometry-based assay and high-throughput Illumina MiSeq, respectively, in correlation with the changes of physicochemical properties. The changes in temperature, pH and TSS indeed changed the physicochemical properties of POME. The functionality of bacterial cells was also shifted where the viable cells and high nucleic acid contents reduced at elevated levels of temperature and pH but increased at high TSS content. Interestingly, the Alcaligenaceae and Chromatiaceae continuously detected in the samples which accounted for more than 0.5% of relative abundance, with a positive correlation with biological oxygen demand (BOD5) concentration. Therefore, either Alcaligenaceae or Chromatiaceae or both could be regarded as the reliable and specific bacterial indicators to indicate the pollution in river water due to POME final discharge despite the fluctuations in temperature, pH and TSS.
    Matched MeSH terms: Industrial Waste
  16. Mousazadeh M, Niaragh EK, Usman M, Khan SU, Sandoval MA, Al-Qodah Z, et al.
    Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2021 Aug;28(32):43143-43172.
    PMID: 34164789 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14631-w
    Electrocoagulation (EC) is one of the emerging technologies in groundwater and wastewater treatment as it combines the benefits of coagulation, sedimentation, flotation, and electrochemical oxidation processes. Extensive research efforts implementing EC technology have been executed over the last decade to treat chemical oxygen demand (COD)-rich industrial wastewaters with the aim to protect freshwater streams (e.g., rivers, lakes) from pollution. A comprehensive review of the available recent literature utilizing EC to treat wastewater with high COD levels is presented. In addition, recommendations are provided for future studies to improve the EC technology and broaden its range of application. This review paper introduces some technologies which are often adopted for industrial wastewater treatment. Then, the EC process is compared with those techniques as a treatment for COD-rich wastewater. The EC process is considered as the most privileged technology by different research groups owing to its ability to deal with abundant volumes of wastewater. After, the application of EC as a single and combined treatment for COD-rich wastewaters is thoroughly reviewed. Finally, this review attempts to highlight the potentials and limitations of EC. Related to the EC process in batch operation mode, the best operational conditions are found at 10 V and 60 min of voltage and reaction time, respectively. These last values guarantee high COD removal efficiencies of > 90%. This review also concludes that considerably large operation costs of the EC process appears to be the serious drawback and renders it as an unfeasible approach for handling of COD rich wastewaters. In the end, this review has attempted to highlights the potential and limitation of EC and suggests that vast notably research in the field of continuous flow EC system is essential to introduce this technology as a convincing wastewater technology.
    Matched MeSH terms: Industrial Waste/analysis
  17. Hashiguchi Y, Zakaria MR, Toshinari M, Mohd Yusoff MZ, Shirai Y, Hassan MA
    Environ Pollut, 2021 May 15;277:116780.
    PMID: 33640825 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116780
    Most palm oil mills adopted conventional ponding system, including anaerobic, aerobic, facultative and algae ponds, for the treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME). Only a few mills installed a bio-polishing plant to treat POME further before its final discharge. The present study aims to determine the quality and toxicity levels of POME final discharge from three different mills by using conventional chemical analyses and fish (Danio rerio) embryo toxicity (FET) test. The effluent derived from mill A which installed with a bio-polishing plant had lower values of BOD, COD and TSS at 45 mg/L, 104 mg/L, and 27 mg/L, respectively. Only mill A nearly met the industrial effluent discharge standard for BOD. In FET test, effluent from mill A recorded low lethality and most of the embryos were malformed after hatching (half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) = 20%). The highest toxicity was observed from the effluent of mill B and all embryos were coagulated after 24 h in samples greater than 75% of effluent (38% of half-maximal lethal concentration (LC50) at 96 h). The embryos in the effluent from mill C recorded high mortality after hatching, and the survivors were malformed after 96 h exposure (LC50 = 26%). Elemental analysis of POME final discharge samples showed Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations were in the range of 0.10-0.32 mg/L, 0.01-0.99 mg/L, and 0.94-4.54 mg/L, respectively and all values were below the effluent permissible discharge limits. However, the present study found these metals inhibited D. rerio embryonic development at 0.12 mg/L of Cu, and 4.9 mg/L of Fe for 96 h-EC50. The present study found that bio-polishing plant installed in mill A effectively removing pollutants especially BOD and the FET test was a useful method to monitor quality and toxicity of the POME final discharge samples.
    Matched MeSH terms: Industrial Waste/analysis
  18. Mohd Isha NS, Mohd Kusin F, Ahmad Kamal NM, Syed Hasan SNM, Molahid VLM
    Environ Geochem Health, 2021 May;43(5):2065-2080.
    PMID: 33392897 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00784-z
    This paper attempts to evaluate the mineralogical and chemical composition of sedimentary limestone mine waste alongside its mineral carbonation potential. The limestone mine wastes were recovered as the waste materials after mining and crushing processes and were analyzed for mineral, major and trace metal elements. The major mineral composition discovered was calcite (CaCO3) and dolomite [CaMg(CO3)2], alongside other minerals such as bustamite [(Ca,Mn)SiO3] and akermanite (Ca2MgSi2O7). Calcium oxide constituted the greatest composition of major oxide components of between 72 and 82%. The presence of CaO facilitated the transformation of carbon dioxide into carbonate form, suggesting potential mineral carbonation of the mine waste material. Geochemical assessment indicated that mean metal(loid) concentrations were found in the order of Al > Fe > Sr > Pb > Mn > Zn > As > Cd > Cu > Ni > Cr > Co in which Cd, Pb and As exceeded some regulatory guideline values. Ecological risk assessment demonstrated that the mine wastes were majorly influenced by Cd as being classified having moderate risk. Geochemical indices depicted that Cd was moderately accumulated and highly enriched in some of the mine waste deposited areas. In conclusion, the limestone mine waste material has the potential for sequestering CO2; however, the presence of some trace metals could be another important aspect that needs to be considered. Therefore, it has been shown that limestone mine waste can be regarded as a valuable feedstock for mineral carbonation process. Despite this, the presence of metal(loid) elements should be of another concern to minimize potential ecological implication due to recovery of this waste material.
    Matched MeSH terms: Industrial Waste/analysis*
  19. Mokhtar NF, Rahman RNZ, Sani F, Ali MS
    Int J Biol Macromol, 2021 Apr 15;176:413-423.
    PMID: 33556405 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.001
    In industrial application, immobilized lipase are typically not reused and served as industrial waste after a certain process is completed. The capacity on the reusability of the spent lipase is not well studied. This current study embarks on reusing the remaining lipase from the spent immobilized enzyme. Active lipases were recovered using a simple reverse micellar extraction (RME). RME is the extraction process of targeted biomolecules using an organic solvent and a surfactant. This method was the first attempt reported on the recovery of the lipase from the used immobilized lipase. RME of the spent lipase was done using the nonionic Triton X-100 surfactant and toluene. Various parameters were optimized to maximize the lipase recovery from the used immobilized lipase. The optimum forward extraction condition was 0.075 M KCl, and backward conditions were at 0.15 M Triton X-100/toluene (pH 6, 2 M KCl) with recovery of 66%. The extracted lipase was immobilized via simple adsorption into the ethanol pretreated carrier. The optimum conditions of immobilization resulted in 96% of the extracted lipase was reimmobilized. The reimmobilized lipase was incubated for 20 h in pH 6 buffer at 50 °C of water bath shaker. The reimmobilized lipase still had 27% residual activity after 18 h of incubation, which higher thermal stability compared to the free lipase. In conclusion, the free lipase was successfully extracted from the spent immobilized lipase and reimmobilized into the new support. It exhibited high thermal stability, and the reusability of the spent lipase will promote continued use of industrial lipase and reduce the cost of the manufacturing process.
    Matched MeSH terms: Industrial Waste
  20. Chang SH
    Carbohydr Polym, 2021 Mar 15;256:117423.
    PMID: 33483013 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117423
    Chitosan, a prestigious versatile biopolymer, has recently received considerable attention as a promising biosorbent for recovering gold ions, mainly Au(III), from aqueous solutions, particularly in modified forms. Confirming the assertion, this paper provides an up-to-date overview of Au(III) recovery from aqueous solutions by raw (unmodified) and modified chitosan. A particular emphasis is placed on the raw chitosan and its synthesis from chitin, characteristics of raw chitosan and their effects on metal sorption, modifications of raw chitosan for Au(III) sorption, and characterization of raw chitosan before and after modifications for Au(III) sorption. Comparisons of the sorption (conditions, percentage, capacity, selectivity, isotherms, thermodynamics, kinetics, and mechanisms), desorption (agents and percentage), and reusable properties between raw and modified chitosan in Au(III) recovery from aqueous solutions are also outlined and discussed. The major challenges and future prospects towards the large-scale applications of modified chitosan in Au(III) recovery from aqueous solutions are also addressed.
    Matched MeSH terms: Industrial Waste
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